Wikipedia interprets the concept of "dust" as the smallest dry particles of something floating in the air. She is so familiar and yet mysterious. We do not see her, but she is a constant source of trouble for housewives and a headache for allergy sufferers.

Manifestations of allergies to dust according to statistics today are observed in 40% of the world's population. Moreover, today it is considered the most common allergen.

The symptoms of dust allergy are well known: sneezing, watery eyes, runny nose.

Chemical analysis of house dust shows that it is habitable. Scientists find in the dust the smallest grains of desert sand and microparticles of meteorites, not to mention various household, ashy, woolen components and dead skin flakes.

In addition to all this, it is a kind of biocenosis, in which there are millions of bacteria, fungi, microalgae and dust mites. Especially a lot of dust mites are found in bed, upholstered furniture, carpets.

A human dwelling is the best habitat for these invisible monsters. The most favorable climate for them: temperature - 25۫°С, humidity - 75%. Dust mite waste often serves as an allergen.

If, waking up in your bed in the morning, you feel a constant nasal congestion, and your eyes are watery, most likely you are allergic to house dust.

Considering that a person's skin is renewed every 28 days, about 700 g of dead scales accumulate per year, which serve as a food environment for ticks.

What diseases can dust cause?

Allergy to house dust causes not only a runny nose and sneezing in children, but also serves as a provoking factor in the development of diseases such as skin rashes, bronchitis, pneumonia.

In adults and children, contact with house dust can cause comorbidities.

1. Chronic rhinitis. Dust-induced rhinitis always begins acutely, accompanied by endless sneezing, tearfulness, and wet discharge from the nose. The child usually still complains of itching in the nose and burning in the throat.
2. Conjunctivitis. It is also accompanied by lacrimation, the eyes turn red, they stop seeing well, swelling occurs. In a child, conjunctivitis may occur with discharge from the eyes, similar to mucus.
3. Bronchial asthma. The most serious consequence of the penetration of allergens into the human body is bronchial asthma. In young children, this disease can lead to lethal outcome therefore treatment should be started immediately. It also causes a lot of trouble for adults: from shortness of breath to respiratory spasm.

Exactly the same symptomatology gives an allergy to paper dust. The pollen of house plants can also act as an allergen.

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But cement and asbestos dust are especially dangerous, as they lead to a gradual accumulation of particles of the substance in the lungs, which cannot be removed later. Such an allergy may not manifest itself for years, but as a result, the disease of asbestosis, which is incurable, may develop.

How to deal with allergies

There are two main ways to deal with allergies caused by house dust.

1. Avoid contact with the source of allergens. For this:

• ventilate the apartment as often as possible. On the street, oddly enough, the air is almost 10 times cleaner than at home.
• do wet cleaning more often than vacuuming. When you vacuum your apartment, some of the microorganisms are released back into the air.
• do a general cleaning in the house, removing excess debris and old things that litter the territory of the rooms.
• change bedding: mattresses, pillows, blankets, at least once every few years and replace downy elements with modern hypoallergenic materials.
• change bedding more often, use air purifiers.
• do not keep many books open. The concentration of living elements in the dust of old libraries is off scale. Try to limit paper and book dust to cabinet space.

2. Accept antihistamines. The most popular and publicly available: "Suprastin", "Tavegil", "Eris". For children, it is better to use drops such as Aquaramis, Aqualor, Salin. Adults for local application recommend "Tafen" and "Nasal".

Dust allergy treatment is never quick, so expect a lot of strength and patience from you to get rid of unpleasant symptoms.

Summing up

So that you and your child are not affected by the problem of allergy to house dust, try to always keep your home clean, provide constant air access to the apartment. Furnish your home with modern hypoallergenic materials. Young children are especially susceptible to house dust, so the children's room should be free, easy to clean, without bulky furniture and old carpets. It is better to buy modern bright microfiber rugs for children that are easy to wash and knock out. It is impossible to get rid of dust in the house, but any housewife can control its level.

If the problem of allergies has already affected you and your child, then the best solution would be a visit to the doctor. This disease requires long-term monitoring, serious diagnostics for the establishment of an allergen, therefore effective treatment can only be prescribed by a doctor.

Dust can affect the organ of vision, lead to inflammatory processes in the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis). Cases of conjunctivitis and keratitis have been described in workers in contact with dust containing arsenic compounds, aniline dyes and quinacrine.

Trinitrotoluene dust during prolonged exposure, settling in the lens, causes the development of occupational cataracts. Workers who have prolonged contact with the dust of sulfur and silver bromide salts have professional argyria of the conjunctiva and cornea as a result of the deposition of reduced silver in the tissues.

Coal tar dust has a strong sensitizing effect on the mucous membrane and cornea of ​​the eye, causing severe keratoconjunctivitis - "pitch ophthalmia" when working outdoors in sunny weather.

Skin diseases from exposure to dust

Contaminating the skin, dust of various compositions can have an irritating, sensitizing and photodynamic effect.

Dust of arsenic, lime, calcium carbide, superphosphate irritates the skin, causing dermatitis. Prolonged contact with coolant aerosols (petroleum and mineral oil products) causes the development of oil follicles. The action on the skin of industrial allergens - dust of synthetic adhesives, epoxy resins, capron, nylon and other polymeric materials, as well as dust of chromium, copper, nickel, cobalt leads to the development of allergic prodermatosis (dermatitis and eczema).

Allergic dermatitis and eczema have been described in workers exposed to cement dust. Substances with a photodynamic (photosensitizing) effect include coal and oil processing products (tar, tar, asphalt, pitch).

Contamination of the skin with these compounds against the background of insolation causes photodermatitis of exposed skin areas.

Many dusts of plant and animal origin have a pronounced allergic effect - dust of grass, cotton, flax, grain, flour, straw, various types of wood, especially pine, silk, wool, leather, feathers, rosin, etc.

Measures to prevent dust diseases

Measures to combat dust formation in order to prevent occupational diseases in the USSR are carried out widely and systematically. As a result of hard work to improve working conditions, the number of dust lung diseases in our country has sharply decreased and at present there are only isolated cases.

Hygienic regulation.

The basis for carrying out measures to combat dust is hygienic regulation.

MPCs for fibrogenic dusts in the air of working premises have been established - a list of them is presented in regulatory documents. The development of standards is carried out in accordance with guidelines- "Justification of the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of aerosols in the working area", approved by the Ministry of Health of the USSR in 1983.

Given that dust containing free silicon dioxide is the most aggressive among fibrogenic aerosols, MPCs of such dusts, depending on the percentage of the latter, are 1 and 2 mg/m 3 . For other types of dust MPCs are set from 2 to 10 mg/m 3 .

The task of sanitary supervision in the field of dust control and prevention of dust lung diseases is to determine the level of this factor, identify the causes and sources of dust formation, hygienic assessment of the degree of air pollution of the working area with dust and the development of recreational activities.

The requirement to comply with the MPC established by GOST is the main one in the implementation of preventive and current sanitary supervision. Systematic monitoring of the dust level is carried out by the SES laboratory, factory sanitary and chemical laboratories. The administration of enterprises is responsible for maintaining conditions that prevent the excess of the MPC of dust in the air.

When developing a system of recreational activities, the main hygienic requirements should be imposed on technological processes and equipment, ventilation, construction and planning solutions, rational medical care for workers, and the use of PPE. At the same time, it is necessary to be guided by the sanitary rules for the organization of technological processes and hygienic requirements for production equipment, as well as industry standards for production with dust emissions at enterprises of various sectors of the national economy.

Measures to reduce dust in the workplace and prevent pneumoconiosis should be comprehensive and include technological, sanitary-technical, biomedical and organizational measures.

Dust occupational diseases. Silicosis. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, principles of prevention.

Exposure to dust can cause specific, so nonspecific diseases.

The most characteristic specific diseases are dust fibrosis (pneumoconiosis) - occupational diseases in which the respiratory surface is limited and the respiratory function is impaired in a person. The occurrence of diseases in this group is due to fibrogenic the action of aching, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ consists in the fact that dust, getting into the lungs, accumulates in the alveoli, the interstitial substance, causing the growth of connective tissue and the development of pulmonary fibrosis. At the same time, sclerosis and induration are observed in some places of the lung, while emphysema develops compensatory in others.

In addition to the fibrogenic effect, dust can cause allergic reactions, as well as have a direct toxic effect (in case of inhalation of dust that is toxic in its chemical composition).

From nonspecific diseases emit eye lesions - conjunctivitis, inflammation of the cornea, warts, lung cancer and other diseases.

Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease caused by prolonged inhalation of dust and characterized by the development of diffuse interstitial fibrosis. They can be found in workers in the mining, coal, asbestos, machine-building and some other industries. The development of pneumoconiosis depends on the physicochemical characteristics of the inhaled dust. Clinical picture pneumoconiosis has a number of similar features: a slow, chronic course with a tendency to progression, often leading to disability; persistent sclerotic changes in the lungs

There are the following main types of pneumoconiosis:

Silicosis and silicatoses

metalconiosis,

carboconiosis,

Pneumoconiosis from mixed dust (anthracosplicosis, siderosilicosis, etc.)
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),

pneumoconiosis from organic dust.

Silicosis, the most common and severe type of pneumoconiosis, develops as a result of prolonged inhalation of dust containing free silicon dioxide. Most often found in miners of various mines (drillers, cutters, fasteners, etc.
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), foundry workers (sandblasters, cutters, core workers, etc.
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), workers in the production of refractory materials and ceramic products. It is a chronic disease, the severity and rate of development of which are different and are directly dependent on both the aggressiveness of inhaled dust (dust concentration, the amount of free silicon dioxide in it, dispersion, etc.), and on the duration of exposure to the dust factor and individual body features. Gradual atrophy ciliated epithelium respiratory tract dramatically reduces the natural release of dust from the respiratory system and contributes to its retention in the alveoli. Primary reactive sclerosis develops in the interstitial lung tissue with a steadily progressive course. The initial clinical symptoms are poor: shortness of breath on exertion, chest pain of an indefinite nature, and a rare dry cough. Direct examination often does not reveal pathology. At the same time, even in initial stages it is possible to determine the early symptoms of emphysema, which develops mainly in the lower lateral parts of the chest, a boxed shade of percussion sound, a decrease in the mobility of the lung edges and excursions of the chest, weakening of breathing. Accession of changes in the bronchi is manifested by hard breathing, sometimes dry wheezing. In severe forms of the disease, shortness of breath bothers even at rest, chest pain intensifies, there is a feeling of pressure in chest, the cough becomes more constant and is accompanied by sputum, the severity of percussion and auscultatory changes increases.

Silicosis is caused by the inhalation of dust of silicates-minerals containing silicon dioxide associated with other elements (magnesium, calcium, iron, aluminum, etc.).
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). This group of pneumoconiosis includes asbestosis, talcosis, cementosis, pneumoconiosis from mica dust, etc.
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Silicates are widely distributed in nature and are used in many industries. Silicatosis can develop during work associated with the extraction and production of silicates, as well as with their processing and use. With silicosis, a predominantly interstitial form of fibrosis is observed.

Metalconiosis is caused by the inhalation of dust of certain metals: berylliosis - beryllium dust, siderosis - iron dust, aluminosis - aluminum dust, baritosis - barium dust, etc. The most benign course is characterized by metalconiosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of radiopaque dust (iron eza, tin, barium) with a moderate fibrotic reaction. These pneumoconiosis do not progress if exposure to the dust of these metals is excluded; regression of the process is also possible due to self-purification of the lungs from radiopaque dust. Aluminosis is characterized by the presence of diffuse, predominantly interstitial fibrosis. In some metalloconiosis, the toxic and allergic effect of dust with a secondary fibrotic reaction (beryllium, cobalt, etc.)
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) sometimes with a severe progressive course.

Carboconioses are caused by exposure to carbon-containing dust (coal, graphite, soot) and are characterized by the development of moderately pronounced small-focal and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Anthracosis is carboconiosis caused by inhalation of coal dust. It gradually develops among workers with a long work experience (15-20 years) under the influence of coal dust, miners working on the excavation of coal, workers in processing plants and some other industries. The course is more favorable than with silicosis, the fibrous process in the lungs proceeds according to the type of diffuse sclerosis. Inhalation of mixed coal dust and silica-containing rock causes anthracosilicosis, a more severe form of pneumoconiosis characterized by progressive fibrosis.

Pneumoconiosis from organic dust can be conditionally attributed to pneumoconiosis, since they are not always accompanied by a diffuse process with an outcome in pneumofibrosis. Bronchitis with an allergic component develops more often, which is typical, for example, for byssinosis arising from the inhalation of plant fiber dust (cotton)

Prevention measures:

As with the day of any occupational disease, the following groups of measures are distinguished in the dust pathology prevention system:

1. Technological measures: development of new technologies of the production process in order to reduce dust formation, automation of production, etc.

2. Sanitary measures: sealing of equipment, organization of effective ventilation (local exhaust ventilation), complete shelter of the place of dust formation with the help of casings, etc.

3. Organizational measures: observance of a rational mode of work and rest.

4. Use of personal protective equipment: anti-dust respirators, gas masks, goggles, overalls.

5. Legislative measures - establishment of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) for various kinds whined in industrial premises. So, for example, for dust containing more than 70% free silicon oxide, the MPC is 1 mg/m, from 10% to 70% - 2 mg/m, less than 10% - 4 mg/m 3, and for other types of ash - 6-10 mg/m.

6. Medical measures:

 Preliminary and periodic medical examinations 1 time in 3 months - 1 year.

 Prevention of people with tuberculosis, diseases of the upper respiratory tract, bronchi, diseases of the lungs, pleura, organic diseases to work in conditions of high content of quartz dust of cardio-vascular system and some others.

Dust occupational diseases. Silicosis. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, principles of prevention. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Dust occupational diseases. Silicosis. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, principles of prevention." 2017, 2018.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

Ulyanovsk State University

Institute of Medicine, Ecology, Physical Culture and Valeology

Faculty of Medicine

Department of Public Health, Health and

public hygiene

Abstract on the topic:

industrial dust. Occupational diseases associated with work in a factory with high air occupancy.

Types of pneumoconiosis and their prevention

Completed.

Checked by teacher:

Ulyanovsk.

Industrial dust:……………………………………..3

What is dust ?............................................................. 3

Types of dust ………………………………………..........3

Industrial enterprises that generate dust ....... 4

The impact of industrial dust on health…………....5

Pneumoconiosis:…………………………………………... 6

Definition ………………………………………..... 6

Kinds . ……………………………………………….....6

Prevention……..….…………………………………….8

Methods for determining the content of dust in the air ...... 9

Conclusion………………………………………………...10

Literature………………………………………………… 11

industrial dust

Anthropogenic sources of environmental pollution include industrial dust emitted in significant quantities by many industrial processes. Industrial dust also has a harmful effect on the human body.

What is dust?

Dust (aerosol) called crushed or otherwise obtained fine particles of solids, hovering (in motion) for some time in the air. Such hovering occurs due to the small size of these particles (dust particles) under the action of the movement of the air itself.

The air of all industrial premises is polluted with dust to one degree or another; even in those rooms that are usually considered clean, not dusty, there is still dust in small amounts (sometimes it is even visible to the naked eye in a passing sunbeam). However, in many industries, due to the characteristics of the technological process, the methods of production used, the nature of raw materials, intermediate and finished products, and many other reasons, intensive dust formation occurs, which pollutes the air of these premises to a large extent. This can pose a certain danger to workers. In such cases, airborne dust becomes one of the factors of the working environment that determines the working conditions of workers; it is called industrial dust.

Types of dust

By the nature of education dust are divided into groups: organic, inorganic , synthetic and mixed. organic dust: dust of plant origin (wood, cotton, flax, various types of flour, sugar, tobacco, etc.), animal (skin, wool, hair, crushed bones, feathers, down, etc.). Inorganic dust - dust of metals and their oxides, various minerals, inorganic salts and other chemical compounds. Synthetic dust: plastics, synthetic fibers and other organic products of chemical reactions . mixed dust, the most common and cosmic dust.

Where the dust is generated: disintegration aerosol, formed as a result of crushing or abrasion, grinding, screening, turning, sawing, pouring; condensation aerosol resulting from evaporation followed by condensation into solid particles; combustion products (smoke), as a result of combustion with the formation of particulate matter in the air.

According to the structure of the dust: amorphous - specks of rounded shape; crystalline - dust particles with sharp edges (formed during metal grinding); fibrous- dust particles of an elongated shape: lamellar- dust particles in the form of layered plates, etc.

Dust origin:soluble ( sugar, flour dust ) and insoluble ( bleach dust ) in water and other liquids, including biological media (blood, lymph, gastric juice, etc.).

According to the dispersion of dust:visible(particles larger than 10 µm) ; microscopic(from 0.25 to 10 µm); ultramicroscopic(less than 0.25 microns), the degree of dispersion determines mainly the depth of penetration of dust into the respiratory tract.

According to the effect on the body dust: toxic, containing SiO2; non-toxic, silicon-free.

Industrial plants generating dust

Mining industry enterprises (mining mines, gas production)

Building materials factories

Enterprises for the processing of materials (linen, cotton, wood, glass (grinding))

Enterprises using combustion (CHP, blast furnace industry)

The impact of industrial dust on the body

Industrial dust can have a direct and indirect effect on the body. Direct impact dust can be divided into the following groups: 1 . Respiratory effects: Prolonged dust irritation of the nasal mucosa can lead to chronic rhinitis. When large amounts of dust are inhaled, large and medium bronchi (bronchitis) can be affected, and lung tissue is also directly affected. Dust particles that enter the alveoli are intensively captured by phagocytes, they can accumulate and die in large numbers in the lumen of the alveoli, which leads to the growth of connective tissue. The connective tissue shrinks, forms scars, and compresses the vessels. All this leads to atelectasis of some areas and emphysema of others, disrupting the function of breathing. Blood circulation in the small circle is disturbed, and stagnation occurs, this is how the picture develops pulmonary fibrosis- PNEUMOKONIOSIS. 2 . Impact on mucous membranes: conjunctivitis, gingivitis, etc. can be a consequence of dust getting on the mucous membranes. 3. Impact on the skin: Industrial dust can penetrate the skin and into the openings of the sebaceous glands, as a result, it can lead to pyoderma, dermatitis. Indirect Impact dust, as a result, dust does not act directly on the human body, but through environmental factors. An increased concentration of dust in the air leads to a decrease in the level of illumination, a decrease in the transparency of the air, UV cannot penetrate through the dust curtain. Water (mist) can accumulate on dust particles and microorganisms can settle.

Dust occupational lung diseases are one of the most severe and widespread types of occupational diseases throughout the world, the fight against which is of great social importance.

The main dust occupational diseases are pneumoconiosis, Chronical bronchitis and diseases of the upper respiratory tract (URT).

Neoplasms of the respiratory organs are among the extremely rare dust diseases.

In accordance with the classification adopted in the USSR in 1976, the following types of pneumoconiosis were distinguished according to the etiological principle:

1. Silicosis - pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of quartz dust containing free silicon dioxide, i.e. silica and its modifications in crystalline form: quartz, cristobalite, tridymite. The most widespread is the crystalline variety of silica - quartz, containing 97 - 99% free SiO2. The effect of quartz-containing dust on the body is associated with mining, since about 60% of all rocks are composed of silica.

2. Silicosis - pneumoconiosis arising from the inhalation of dust of minerals containing silicon dioxide in a bound state with various elements: aluminum, magnesium, iron, calcium, etc. (kaolinosis, asbestosis, talcosis; cement, mica, nopheline pneumoconiosis, etc.).

3. Metalconiosis - pneumoconiosis from exposure to dust of metals: iron, aluminum, barium, tin, manganese, etc. (siderosis, aluminosis, baritosis, berylliosis, staniasis, manganoconiosis, etc.). Among metalconioses, berylliosis (pneumoconiosis from inhalation of beryllium dust and its compounds), which is particularly aggressive, and manganoconiosis (manganese pneumoconiosis) should be noted. Manganoconiosis develops by inhalation of aerosols of disintegration and condensation of manganese and its compounds.

4. Pneumoconiosis from mixed dust: a) with a significant content of free silicon dioxide - more than 10%; b) not containing free silicon dioxide or containing up to 10% of it.

5. Pneumoconiosis from organic dust: vegetable - byssinosis (from cotton and flax dust), bagassosis (from sugarcane dust), farm lung (from agricultural dust containing mushrooms), synthetic (plastic dust), as well as from exposure to soot - industrial carbon.

In addition, industrial dust can lead to the development occupational bronchitis, pneumonia, asthmatic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Some of the dust settles on the nasal mucosa, bronchi. Depending on the nature and concentration in the air, it causes a different reaction of the nasal mucosa. Hypertrophic and atrophic rhinitis develop. Chromium compounds and nickel sulphate cause ulcerative necrotic lesions of the mucous membrane and even perforation of the nasal septum. Dust is trapped in respiratory tract, causing local processes: bronchitis, bronchiolitis.

Dust bronchitis are becoming the most common types of pathology. As the dust content decreases, the incidence of pneumoconiosis and bronchial asthma decreases, and small concentrations of dust cause dust bronchitis. Dust bronchitis occurs when moderately aggressive mixed dusts of coarse dispersion (metal, vegetable, cement, etc.) are inhaled. The prevalence and timing of the development of the disease depend on the concentration and chemical composition dust, more often bronchitis develops after 8-10 years of work at the respective enterprise.

Bronchitis from allergenic dust is accompanied by bronchospasm, complicated by asthma. Vegetable dust - cotton, linen, jute causes bronchitis of an asthmatic nature with exacerbations after a day off. In the future, they are complicated by emphysema and pneumosclerosis. Bronchial asthma causes ursolic and some other types of dust that have an allergenic effect.