China's population age composition in percent. Age and sex composition of the world population

In the age groups over 70, a significant excess of the female population is characteristic. The People's Republic of China includes mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau. China is largest country in the world by population.

The population of China is characterized by a high average age, which is a consequence of the "one family - one child" policy. China's population growth rate is only 0.49%, ranking 151st in the world (as of 2011).

The official government policy is against forced abortions and sterilizations, but there are exceptions for the population as local officials strive to meet population policy goals.

95% of the population of Macau are Han Chinese; mostly Cantonese and some Hakka from neighboring Guangdong. The official languages are Portuguese and Putonghua, although the inhabitants mostly speak Cantonese. English is spoken in tourist areas. Macau has a university (University of Macau) with 7,700 students from Hong Kong. According to the 2000 census, the population of China was 1.2 billion people.

It should be taken into account that the Chinese statistics of accounting for the urban population is very specific, and the criteria for classifying a settlement as a city in the second half of the 20th century changed significantly. In 1955, it was established that a city (shi) is a settlement where more than 100 thousand people live.

Reducing the minimum number of inhabitants in a settlement from 100,000 to 3,000 allowed a sharp increase in urbanization rates. In approximately half of the countries of the world (as a rule, these are the economically developed countries of Europe, North America, Australia), women predominate numerically.

For planning the social and economic development of Chinese society, the dynamics of the age and sex composition of the population is of paramount importance. It has an impact on fertility, mortality and natural increase, affects all phenomena related to the health of the population. An analysis of the ratio of the male and female population shows that in many countries of the world there is a predominance of the male population over the female.

Before the formation of the People's Republic of China, according to various sources, there were on average 110-115 men per 100 women, in 1949 this ratio was 100:108.91. Infanticide (killing of newborn girls) was common in ancient China. In a number of countries, the predominance of the male population is due to migration, since the majority of migrants are men. However, the composition of the population of China was influenced not by external, but by internal migration, which affected the composition of the population by sex in certain regions of the country.

Grouping of the states of the world according to the ratio of children and the elderly population

In the early 1950s, due to changes in social conditions in the country, the sex ratio of the population in the early childhood became more normal. According to the 1953 census, the number of men per 100 women was 107.56: the proportion of men - 51.81% total strength population, women - 48.19%.

As a result, the total excess of men over women in 1953 was 21.6 million people. In subsequent years, the change in the ratio between the number of women and men was ambiguous. Obviously, the reason here lies most likely in socio-psychological factors. main reason This is the desire of the peasants, as before, to have a son in the family, and not a daughter, and control over the number of children in the family will exacerbate this situation.

Families that have decided to obtain a certificate of a one-child family, for the most part, have a male child. The state must take into account such consequences of birth control policies.

The age-sex composition of the population represents the ratio of age-sex groups. An age group is a group of people of the same age. This is the main element of the age structure of the population. Depending on the objectives of the study, one-year and enlarged age groups are distinguished: 5-year-olds and 10-year-olds. However, larger age groups are also used to assess general structural shifts.

Based on the analysis of age-related changes in various bodies and tissues, as well as the working capacity of the body, a classification of the age limits of the second half of a person's life has been adopted. Age 45-59 is defined as middle, 60-74 - elderly, over 75 - senile, in which long-livers stand out - people aged 90 years and older.

On average, about 104-107 boys are born for every 100 girls; by the age of 15, the ratio of both sexes is equalized. In the world as a whole, due to the preponderance of the number of men over women in China and India and other Asian countries, there are 1009 men for every 1000 women.

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1. China - general characteristics

1.1. Geography of China (in order to know how the state is located, with whom it borders, etc.)

1.2. Demographic characteristics of China and the age and sex composition of the population (i.e. the composition of the population, from which it is possible to draw conclusions on the market and potential consumers)

1.3. Cultural characteristics

Education

Family pattern

2. Economic cooperation between Russia and China

2.1. Import-Export Relations between China and Russia

2.2. Import of Russian goods to China

Conclusions (here, in principle, about the market, about the prospects for how Russian goods will be perceived on the Chinese market)

3. Beer market in China(here about the culture of drinking beer, about lope, where, what kind of beer they drink, what manufacturers exist, what competitors)

3.1. Export of Chinese beer

3.2. Import of beer in China

3.3. Separation of the beer industry in China

3.4. Prospects for the development of the beer industry in China

3.5. Beer drinking culture in China

4. Mead and its promotion

Geography of China

The state of China is located in the east of Asia.The territory of the People's Republic of China is vast. It occupies 9.6 million sq. km. The length of the territory from south to north is about 5000 km, from west to east - 3100 km. The total length of the borders reaches 22,800 km.

The border between Russia and China runs in the northeast (its length is 3605 km), as well as in the northwest (40km). China also borders Mongolia to the north, North Korea to the northeast, Kazakhstan to the northwest, and Kyrgyzstan. The western border of China shares it with Pakistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. In the southwest and south, China borders on India.

In terms of area, China ranks third in the world. Most of China's territory is mountain ranges, and only 30% of its territory is below 1000 m above sea level. The features of the relief were reflected, first of all, in the distribution of the country's water resources. In the southern and eastern parts flow the largest China rivers - Yangtze and Huanghe. The rivers of eastern China are mostly high-water and navigable. The western, arid part of China is poor in rivers. Basically, they are shallow, navigation on them is poorly developed. Most of the rivers in this area do not drain into the sea.

http://geography.kz/slovar/ kitaj-naselenie/ (geography)

China is a land of geographical and climatic contrasts. Air temperature varies dramatically depending on the region. One of the main factors affecting the climatic features of China is, first of all, the country's position within three zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. According to the temperature regime in China, the southern and northern parts are distinguished. The first - with a temperate and warm climate even in winter, and the second - with cold winters and a sharp temperature contrast between summer and winter. The average January temperature ranges from -4 and below in the North (and in the North of Greater Khingan to -30) and up to +18 in the South. In summer, the temperature regime is more diverse: the average temperature in July is +20 in the North, and +28 in the South.

(http://www.wise-travel.ru/asia/china/info-349.html)

China's population is approximately 22 percent of the world's population. China is a multinational country with 56 different nationalities living on its territory. The most numerous are the Chinese (Han) - 92%.
There are nine provinces in China with a population of more than 50 million people. The population distribution in China is uneven. Since vast areas of the country are practically uninhabitable, about 90% of the population, predominantly Han, are concentrated in about half of its area. The most densely populated area in China is the south of the Great Plain of China along the lower reaches of the Yangtze and Qiantang Rivers, the Zhujiang Delta, the Sichuan Depression and the Huanghuai Plain. About 90% of the total population is concentrated here, and the average density here exceeds 170 people/km2. On the South-Eastern coast, in some places the population density reaches 600-800 people/km2. In addition, there are more than 30 cities in China with a population of more than 1 million people, including: Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, Tianjin, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Harbin, Cangshin, Tatuan, Luida, Slan, Chengdu, Qingdao. China ranks first in the world in terms of the number of citizens.

Desert and highland areas are almost uninhabited. The rest of the larger western part of the country accounts for only a few people per square kilometer. The government is taking measures to resettle people in sparsely populated areas, such as Tibet or the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, but the Han people do not want to live there, considering, in particular, Tibet as a barbaric and uncultured place. In the same way, strangers are not welcomed by the people who originally live there. The huge Han population lived for centuries on the fertile soils between the Huangke and Yangtze rivers. The silt brought to the fields by these two great rivers has fueled highly productive agriculture for centuries. It was there that large Chinese cities grew, and then industrial production.

Demographic characteristics of China

The People's Republic of China is the most populous country in Asia and on the globe. China ranks first in the world in terms of population. The first population census was conducted on July 30, 1935 and determined the number of inhabitants at 601 million 938 thousand. The 2000 census determined 1.2 billion Chinese. At the end of 2009, the population of China was approximately 1 billion 300 million. If it were not for the government's birth control program, there would now be 400 million more Chinese living in the country, experts have calculated. (http://www.echo.msk.ru/news/607278-echo.html)

As a result of social stability, the development of production, the improvement of sanitary and medical conditions, and also due to the lack of birth planning, the population grew rapidly until the 70s. From the 70s. The Chinese government is increasingly aware that rapid population growth negatively affects the country's socio-economic development and the standard of living of the population. Soon the Chinese government embarked on birth control and a comprehensive improvement in the quality of life of the population. Thanks to the measures taken, the birth rate began to decline every year. The decrease in the birth rate occurs under the influence of changes in socio-economic conditions, as well as the action of other important factors:

1) an increase in the level of general and sanitary culture of the population, which influenced the decrease in child mortality (i.e. fewer births required to achieve the desired family size);

2) changing family functions (changing traditional family relations, reducing the economic usefulness of children);

3) the weakening of the religious norms of traditional Chinese society, the loss of the significance of many religious rituals;

4) involvement of women in active labor activity;

5) the spread of education.

Thus, at present, China has made a transition to a new model of population reproduction with low fertility, low mortality and low population growth. The purpose of China's demographic policy is, on the one hand, the coordinated development of the population, and on the other hand, the development of the economy, society, resources and the environment. The main content of birth planning is: encouraging late marriages and late childbearing, limiting the number of babies, with an emphasis on improving the quality of the nation, calling for a married couple to have only one child (by all possible means, the Chinese are indoctrinated with the main demographic slogan of the PRC, which reads: "One family - one child").

Age and sex composition of the population

At present, the age structure of the population of China is characterized by an intensive growth in the number of people of working age. In the first years of the existence of the PRC, 34% of the population accounted for young age, but due to a tough demographic policy aimed at reducing the birth rate, the number of people under the age of 15 began to decrease and now accounts for 33.6% of the total population.

Age table of the population.

Year	Proportion of population under 14 (%)	Proportion of population aged 15 to 64 (%)
1953	36,3	59,3
1964	40,4	56,1
1972	35,8	59,4
1982	33,6	61,5
2000	23	70
2006	20,8	71,4

The main feature of the age composition of the population of modern China is the significant predominance of the male population over the female. In China, only 100 girls are born for every 120 boys. The reason for such a serious demographic imbalance is connected with the ancient Chinese tradition: in every Chinese family there must be a son - the support and continuation of the family. In the conditions of demographic policy, parents often go to the trick. They ask doctors in advance about the sex of the unborn child, and if the sex turns out to be female, they terminate the pregnancy to try to give birth to a boy. According to the results of 2006:

If the imbalance between the male and female population continues to increase, then by 2020, 40 million Chinese men are at risk of being left without a spouse.

To date, there are more than 800 million working-age people in China, of which 2/5 are young people. 51.182% - men and 48.18% - women.

From an economic point of view, the demographic situation in China so far is ideally conducive to rapid economic growth. China is still a relatively young country, with an average age of about 34. Seventy percent of the Chinese are people between the ages of 16 and 64. The workforce is over 800 million, double that of the United States of America. Although the birth rate is less than two, China's population will continue to grow for another two decades and will peak at 1.46 billion around 2032.

However, in addition to this, there is a “demographic deficit”. Simply put, China's population is currently aging faster than the population of any other country in the world, and this trend is projected to continue in the next few decades. In China, there are currently 160 million people over the age of 60, which is approximately 12% of the total population. By 2050, 459 million people in China are expected to be over 60 years old, which is roughly equal to the entire population of the United States of America by that time and which is 32% of China's population. At mid-century, China will be almost seven years older than the United States of America and almost the same age as the countries of northern Europe.

(http://www.skolkovo.ru/ images/stories/book/SIEMS_ Monthly_Briefing_2009-09-2_ rus.pdf )

Education

By 1982, 32 years after the founding of the PRC, the population increased by 566 million, and only 325.2 million people were educated: 157.1 million at the primary level, 52.5 million at the second level secondary school, 5.8 million - at the technical school level, 3.18 million - higher education. The number of illiterate women was 70% of the total number of illiterates. And although today the level of education in China has risen significantly, the country still (if we consider China as a whole) remains an illiterate country.

China is a country with a high and rapidly growing level of literacy of the population, including the peasant (majority of the population). Only 15-17% of the adult population remains illiterate in China.
Even better is China's other important indicator - the proportion of illiterate women in the 15-24 age group. It shows the effectiveness of the fight against illiteracy over the past twenty years and indirectly testifies to the position of women in the family and society. In China, this figure is only 4%.
The education system in China, as elsewhere, includes primary and secondary schools, as well as higher and secondary specialized education.

Short description

1.1. Geography of China (in order to know how the state is located, with whom it borders, etc.)

1.3. Cultural characteristics

Education

Family pattern

2. Economic cooperation between Russia and China

2.1. Import-Export Relations between China and Russia

2.2. Import of Russian goods to China

Conclusions (here, in principle, about the market, about the prospects for how Russian goods will be perceived on the Chinese market)

3. Beer market in China

3.1. Export of Chinese beer

3.2. Import of beer in China

3.3. Separation of the beer industry in China

3.4. Prospects for the development of the beer industry in China

3.5. Beer drinking culture in China

4. Mead and its promotion

Composition of [China's] population by age and sex

For planning the social and economic development of Chinese society, the dynamics of the age and sex composition of the population is of paramount importance. It has an impact on fertility, mortality and natural increase, affects all phenomena related to the health of the population. The working-age population depends on the distribution of the population by age and sex. Forecasts of the age and sex structure provide the basis for forecasting the total population, analyzing future changes in population reproduction rates, and in the composition of the labor force.

Composition of the population by sex

An analysis of the ratio of the male and female population shows that in many countries of the world there is a predominance of the male population over the female. The difference in the ratio of men and women is based on biological factors, due to which more boys are born everywhere than girls, approximately 105-106 per 100. But as children grow older, social factors come into play that change the initial ratio, determining a greater or lesser mortality of men or women.

The predominance of men is, as a rule, the result of higher female mortality as a result of early marriages and large families, which, in conditions of discrimination against women and poor medical care undermined their health early. This gender composition is typical for most Asian countries - India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and other countries.

The gender structure of China's population is also characterized by the predominance of the male population over the female population. Before the formation of the People's Republic of China, according to various sources, there were on average 110-115 men per 100 women, in 1949 this ratio was 100:108.9. Among the factors influencing the sex ratio of the population, wars play an important role. Although China has been a participant in wars for a long time and has been prone to civil conflicts, nevertheless, this has not had a significant impact on the proportion of the male population. The determining factors were social factors, namely the unequal social, economic and domestic status of Chinese women in society and the resulting high mortality among the female population. Infanticide (killing of newborn girls) was common in ancient China. Women's greater susceptibility to disease and higher mortality than men were due to malnutrition, early marriage, frequent childbirth, hard work in the workplace and in the household.

In a number of countries, the predominance of the male population is due to migration, since the majority of migrants are men. However, the composition of the population of China was influenced not by external, but by internal migration, which affected the composition of the population by sex in certain regions of the country. Thus, in 1940 in Manchuria there were only 807 women per 1,000 men. In 1959, in areas where intensive development of natural resources was carried out, the sex ratio changed greatly in favor of men: in prov. Qinghai - from 103.5:100 in 1953 to 136.4:100 in 1959, in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Republic - from 114.7:100 in 1958 to 120.7:100 in 1959.

In the early 1950s, due to changes in social conditions in the country, the sex ratio in early childhood became more normal. According to the 1953 census, the number of men per 100 women was 107.56: the proportion of men - 51.81% of the total population, women - 48.19%. However, in the age groups of 7-13 years, 14-17 years and 18-35 years, the excess of men was noticeable. As a result, the total excess of men over women in 1953 was 21.6 million people. In subsequent years, the change in the ratio between the number of women and men was ambiguous. His minimum it reached 100:105.5 in 1964 and then gradually increased to 100:106.3 in 1982, 100:106.6 in 1990 and 100:106.74 in 2000.

As a result, since the early 1950s, there has been a slight increase in the share of women in the total population of China from 48.04% in 1949 to 49.18% in 1996. However, since the mid-1990s, the share of women in the total population of China began to decline again as a result of the implementation of the demographic policy (one-child family) in the context of the transition to a market economy. This was especially true in rural areas in China's most densely populated areas. According to the data of the 5th National Population Census in 2000, the proportion of women in the total population reached its lowest level - 48.37%, comparable to the period of the 50s. Later, at the beginning of the XXI century. In 2004-2007, the share of women in the total population began to increase again to 48.5%. Table 20 shows the ratio of the population of the PRC by sex (data from the last 2000 census) for various provinces and regions of the country. These data confirm that the most favorable sex ratio is typical for urban areas in almost all provinces, the number of men exceeds the number of women in towns and villages, the difference is especially large in the most remote and backward regions - Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hainan (114 , 110, 110, and 113, respectively). Obviously, the reason here lies most likely in socio-psychological factors. This trend is not typical for the cities of central subordination - Beijing and Shanghai and individual provinces with a high level of migration (the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang), which is associated with the outflow of the male population to work in megacities and cities from the nearest villages and towns.

Table 20. The ratio of the population of China by sex
(according to the 2000 census)

Administrative unit	Generally	City	Village	Village
Overall in China

Tianjin


Inner Mongolia


heilongjiang












Hainan (*)
Chongqing (**)








xinjiang

A source: Zhongguo 2000 Nian Renkou Pucha Ziliao. pp. 2-9.

Nevertheless, despite the gradual increase in the proportion of women in the total population of the PRC from 1949 to the present, the gap in terms of the absolute number of men and women continues to widen. If in 1953 the number of men exceeded the number of women by 21.6 million people, in 1964 the gap narrowed to 18.5 million people, in 1982 it increased to 30.7 million people, in 1990 - up to 36.2 million people, in 2000 - up to 41.3 million, in 2006 it amounted to 40.0 million people. In 2000, the results of the 5th National Census recorded a significant excess in the number of births of boys over girls - the sex ratio was 100:122.65 in the whole country and 100:115.5 in cities, 100:121.4 in towns and 100 :125.5 in the villages. In age groups from 0 to 15 years, the sex ratio is shown in Table. 21.

Table 21. Structure of the PRC population by sex in 2000 (aged 0 to 15)

Age, years	Sex ratio

A source: Renkou Yanjiu. 2003. No. 1. S. 3.

The main reason for this is the desire of the peasants, as before, to have a son in the family, and not a daughter, and control over the number of children in the family will exacerbate this situation. Chinese demographers attribute this phenomenon to the one-child family policy, which brought new problems. Families that have decided to obtain a certificate of a one-child family, for the most part, have a male child. The state must take into account such consequences of birth control policies. The elimination of the negative consequences of the one-child family policy associated with the preference for sons will obviously help to equalize the sex ratio of the population.

The Chinese press notes that at present there are also factors in the direction of normalizing the sex ratio, also related to the policy of birth control. There is a decrease in the mortality of women in childbearing ages due to a decrease in the duration of the childbearing period; before it was about 30 years old, from 16 to 45 years old; now, with the spread of late marriages and the restriction of childbearing, it has decreased to 10 years, since children are born mainly in the age range from 20 to 30 years. Previously, frequent childbirth had a negative impact on a woman's health, now the number of complicated pregnancies and childbirth has significantly decreased.

IN early XXI in. the difference in the size of the male and female population in China has reached 40 million people, which cannot but have an impact on the sex and age structure of the country's population in 20-25 years, when those born in the second half of the 90s of the XX century. and at the beginning of this century, men will enter marriageable age, and women - into childbearing age. Thus, from 2020, there will be a shortage of brides in the PRC, which will have a serious impact on the age pyramid of the Chinese population.

See: Taeuber I.B. Current Estimates of the Size and Distribution of China´s Population // Population Index. 1948/Vol. 14. No.1. P. 3; Weidada Shinyan: [Great Decade]. Beijing, 1959. p. 6.
Mariansky A. Modern migrations of the population. M., 1969. p. 170.
Zhongguo tongji zhaiyao - 2008. Beijing, 2008. p. 38.
Calculated from: Zhongguo tongji nianjian - 2007. Beijing, 2007. p. 108
See: Zhongguo 2000 nian zhenkou pucha ziliao: (Materials of the National China Population Census 2000). Beijing, 2002. p. 570-580.

This is confirmed by independent demographic statistics. According to studies, every fifth person on the planet is Chinese. It would seem that demographic issues should not be raised in this country. But in practice this is not the case. The government must decide on the social security of its citizens, and given their number, this is not so easy to do. In this regard, China is seriously engaged in birth planning.

Numerical characteristic of China

Everyone knows that the Chinese are the most numerous nation on Earth. However, it is rather difficult to give an exact figure. Official figures for the PRC claim that there are more than one and a half billion citizens. But no one can say whether this is really so, since a full-fledged population census has never been conducted here.

Initially, it was decided to carry out this process for each yard. In the past, people were counted based on salt intake per household or postal orders. Since that time, China's population policy has changed. We will find out further about what this led to.

After the fall of the Empire, the population corresponded only four times:

in 1953 China's population was 588 million people;
in 1964 - 705 million people;
in 1982, one billion people;
in 1990, 1.13 billion people.

Distinctive features of China

In China, not all territories are populated. Due to the diverse climatic zones, the multifaceted Chinese nature, overpopulated and deserted areas have appeared.

Mostly people settled on the plains, near the sea. The population prefers to have constant access to water, and therefore, to settle in those places where there are streams or rivers. The Chinese economy is still heavily dependent on Agriculture. Therefore, the state continues to promote the creation of farms and public fields. And this is possible only on fertile soils.

The main occupations of the peasants were fishing and rice cultivation. Both require active interaction with water resources. So the deltas of the main rivers Zhujiang and Yangtze are even overpopulated. The south of China's Great Plain and the Sichuan Basin also became locations for metropolitan areas. The population of China in these places exceeds one billion people.

But where the mountains are, cities and villages are extremely rare. Often, land in the highlands is set aside for the cultivation of plants suitable for the area itself.

Gender composition

The Republic of China has long pursued a policy of having only one child per family. Boys were preferred. In order to reduce the birth rate, a family that had more children than allowed was subject to fines, which determined the laws of China.

In terms of sex ratio, today 51.6% of the population is male. Moreover, this figure is increasing from year to year. But China's population policy has not always been so harsh.

Economic justification

The Republic of China is considered one of the most actively developing countries. It is characterized by the processes of the formation of the economy, a change in the political course and the transition to high-tech production processes. The main task in such a situation, according to the decision of the authorities, is to limit the birth rate. What is the reason? The answer is simple: the Chinese economy is simply not able to feed such a large number of citizens.

That is why, since the mid-sixties of the last century, the PRC has limited population growth by imposing bans on the number of children in one family.

At first it was possible to have three offspring. But over time, the law limited the rules to two. And a little later, families with one baby became relevant.

Advertising for demographic purposes

The government has thought about how to actively implement a program for future family planning. The Chinese are given as an example that people who have only one child can afford to provide him with a decent future, dress him, shoe him, and give him what he deserves.

Such agitation in the cities had a positive effect on the inhabitants. Couples try to limit themselves in the number of children. The authorities encourage law-abiding citizens.

For those who have only one baby, certain benefits are provided. So, they can get housing in the first place, arrange a child for free in a kindergarten, give him an education at the best university. Children from rural areas are given large plots of land.

This demographic policy of China has brought positive results. Population growth has been halted. However, hunger also contributed to this factor.

The first reforms carried out by Mao Zedong caused an unprecedented economic recession, and as a result, in three years, from 1959 to 1961, according to various estimates, about 16,000,000 people died.

Large families

The population decline during the Great Chinese Famine paid off. Now China's demographic policy is aimed only at preventing spontaneous population growth. In the Republic of China, a couple who has two children must waive the bonus they receive for one child, and refund everything that the state has previously paid them. Also, this family will be fined additionally. They will be required to pay an amount that, depending on the salary and place of residence, will range from a couple of hundred to a couple of thousand.

late wedding

The country's authorities are confident that the most deliberate marriage is the one that takes place in adulthood. In China, the bar for the permitted time of marriage has been raised. So, girls can tie themselves up only from the age of twenty. Guys are allowed to marry only after reaching the age of 22.

However, those young people who are still studying at the university cannot get married. The administration often excludes such students for such a reckless act. But, despite this, in recent years, guys and girls are more likely to think about the wedding at a young age. An ancient custom is becoming popular again. The characterization of China would be incomplete without dwelling on this point in more detail.

Features of marriage traditions

Traditions continue to play an important role in the life of this nation. Despite all the efforts of modern politicians to renew the state, medieval rituals are still preserved in some villages and settlements.

Even in the capital of China, Beijing, until recently, the parents of the bride and groom agreed on marriages. It was the mother and father who chose the right partner for their child for life. To refuse a candidate agreed upon at the council of senior relatives meant to reject the whole family.

But lately the situation has begun to change. Girls and boys themselves prefer to look for a mate. Moreover, representatives of the beautiful half of humanity often take a leading position in this process.

As for divorces, the statistics in China on them are small. In Western countries, divorce is ten times more common. Nevertheless, in the Celestial Empire they are also thinking about the problem with the increased number of divorces.

The territory of China is quite extensive. Many different ethnic groups live here. They have completely different rules. They can have as many children as they want. They are not eligible for benefits. In addition, since the territory of China is quite vast, many indigenous people tend to move from large cities to calmer and less populated regions. Therefore, the migration of the population within the country is clearly expressed here.

Problems of society. China's population policy in brief

Due to the policy of population reduction, the Chinese in modern world began to suffer from the problems caused by such a policy. Thus, the population does not have a proper balance between the generation that is being born and the dying. As a result, in the People's Republic of China, the number of pensioners far exceeds the number of young people.

In 2000, according to official estimates social institutions It turned out that on average the inhabitants of the country live 71 years. More than ninety million Chinese have already reached the age limit of 65 years. There are 7% of them in the country.

Now the state is trying to draw the attention of all citizens to the fact that the problem of the older generation is only increasing. It exists, and no one has yet been able to solve it. Very soon, the country's losses in the payment of pensions, material maintenance, the issuance of free medicines to old people will exceed the earnings of young Chinese who go to the treasury.

On the other hand, China's policy is aimed at reducing the population even more in the next 20 years. According to experts, China will soon overtake other countries in all social indicators.

Children problem

However, most believe that China's future is in jeopardy. Fighting children from large families, who are open to any task, have been replaced by pampered loners who cannot cope even with elementary tasks.

Having grown up with his parents as the only pet, the Chinese continue to enjoy the guardianship of his elders on the most insignificant issues. In some of them, egoism is too strong to do the right things, make some sacrifices for the good of the nation and think about someone other than themselves. Traditions that would teach how to raise one child have not yet been developed in China.

The press is full of headlines about how children dare to act too selfishly, which can usually shock people from other countries. Mothers and fathers pamper their children by helping to brush their teeth, tie their shoelaces, take a shower until the age of ten. As a result, they cannot even get dressed without outside help.

Parents become overprotective. They plan the whole life of their child. Often, without asking the opinion of a son or daughter, they are sent to study for those specialties that are highly valued in China. This does not take into account the level of abilities of the future student, his hobby, inclination to the subject.

Parents try to arrange a child in life. Traditionally, a boy brings happiness to the house, and with the birth of a girl, it ends. The man can usually stay with his parents while the woman goes to her husband's house. The village family is also trying to give birth to a boy so that he will help more on the field.

All this makes politicians think seriously. The territory of China is far from fully developed. There is a need to populate desert regions. It is quite possible that in the near future this fact will be the reason for a local change in demographic policy.

The realities of modernity

The peculiar demographic policy of China and certain foundations and prejudices in society lead to the fact that young women get rid of pregnancy if an ultrasound scan shows that a girl may appear. Often near the hospital, in the trash cans on the street, buried in the ground, they find the bodies of newborn babies.

The state forbids the killing of children. However, it also imposes a fine for the birth of a second child. In this light, it becomes quite understandable why women in the PRC dare such horrors.

Such features of China give scientists a reason to argue that if the number of children born does not increase by 2050, then the main part of the country's population will be pensioners aged between fifty and ninety years.

China is one of the most mysterious and interesting countries in the world, which attract both with its history or culture, as well as with the peculiarities of economic and demographic factors. The best-known of all the facts about China is its population, which is over a billion people.

People's Republic of China(official name) remains the first country in the world to achieve this indicator even before 1982, when the next census was conducted. On the this moment China exceeded it by almost 400 million people.

There are several important factors influencing population growth, which in different ways influenced the formation of a virtually mono-ethnic people, as well as some estimates and statistics regarding the demographic situation in the country in different periods of history, including future ones.

The main reasons for the rapid growth of the population are considered cultural, as well as economic factors, which should be considered in the context of history.

Therefore, in order to have a clear understanding of the characteristics of the demographic situation in China, it is worth considering the following factors:

Statistical data (including estimates) regarding the number of inhabitants as of today.
Ethnic components of Chinese society.
The history of changes in the number of inhabitants of the country.
Population growth trends.
Forecasts regarding future changes.

China is the country with the largest population

The People's Republic of China officially conducted a population census 6 times. The last census in China was conducted in 2010 and is one of the most accurate.

According to these statistics, China's population in 2010 was exactly 1 billion 339 million 724 thousand 852 people. Only data from mainland China took part in the official count - the population of Hong Kong (7.1 million), Macau (550 thousand) and the disputed Taiwan (official name - the Republic of China, 23.2 million) was not taken into account.

Compared to a census ten years earlier, mainland China's population grew by 94.6 million between 2000 and 2010.

According to some estimates, in 2013 the number of Chinese was already 1363.95 million people.

The official population counter of the PRC in 2016 reports that the population had grown to 1376.57 million by that time.

It is noteworthy that with such indicators, the population growth rate in China is about 0.47-0.49% per year. This indicator is only 159 among all countries in the world. In terms of population, China deservedly ranks first in the world, ahead of India, as of 2013 - by more than 110 million inhabitants.

Ethnic groups of China

According to official 2010 census figures, 91.51% of China's residents are Han Chinese, the largest ethnic group in the world. Thus, China is considered a mono-ethnic country, which is more than remarkable.

Since 1953, for 57 years, this indicator has decreased by 2.43%, while total number population of the country for the same period increased by more than 2 times. As of the last census, minorities make up about 8.5 percent of China's population.

Among the minorities in the Middle Kingdom, the most common are:

Zhuang - 1.26%, almost 17 million;
Hui - 0.79%, about 10.5 million inhabitants;
Manchus - 0.78%, just under 10.4 million people;
Uighurs - 0.75%, 10 million people;
Miao - 0.7%, 9.4 million people.

In addition, in national composition In the country, the Tujia and Bui peoples, as well as the Mongols, Tibetans, and Koreans, retain a little tangible presence.

In some cases, the increase and decrease in the number of representatives of certain ethnic groups in China has changed in the course of political and historical events, although these changes over the past century against the background of the general demographic picture can hardly be called tangible.

So, in 1951, the capture by the Chinese authorities Tibet led to an increase in the population of the Tibetan ethnic group.

In 1949, in connection with the formation Republic of China on the island of Taiwan, which separated from the mainland, and the proclamation by the communists on the mainland People's Republic of China the political conflict between the territories officially belonging to the PRC, but at the same time actually independent of each other, sharpened.

The island of Taiwan at one time, from 1895 to 1945, belonged to Japan, so the ethnic component of the population in the Republic of China can also make changes to the overall picture of the demographic situation, since the PRC still has its own territorial claims to Taiwan.

Formation of China within current borders

In fact, China includes the mainland, some islands, as well as special administrative units:

Macau- on the peninsula of the same name Macau and the islands of Taipa and Coloane;
Hong Kong.

Both of these formations were once colonies of European countries. Macau belonged to Portugal for almost 5 centuries - from 1557 to 1999. Hong Kong was a colony of Great Britain, which in 1997 returned this territory to the PRC under a joint declaration of the PRC and the United Kingdom.

In both special districts, the main population is ethnic Chinese - about 95%.

After 1999, China actually did not change territorially, although claims to other disputed territories were and subsequently resolved in favor of the PRC.

Thus, in some disputed territories, China asserted its jurisdiction as a result of agreements with Kyrgyzstan in 1996 and 1999, Kazakhstan in 1994 and 1999, Tajikistan in 1999 and 2011, as well as with Russian Federation in 2005. In addition, the PRC maintains territorial claims to almost all neighboring states.

Chinese languages and youth factor

Most of the languages and dialects in China are not widely spoken. The most popular are putonghua language, as well as the Mandarin dialect, common in the Chinese capital of Beijing and in the territories adjacent to it, Mandarin is used by the majority of Chinese - about 70% of the population speaks it.

The common Mandarin language is close to the majority young population, and older generations are more likely to use dialects of local ethnic groups or Mandarin.

Trends and causes of population growth in China

China has always been a huge country with a large population. In 2100 BC, its population was approximately 4 million people. Thanks to well-established traditional and cultural values, most of China's lands have always remained part of one large country.

The growth rate of 0.47-0.49% per year, as well as the ratio of the number of children born to the number of women (1.18 - the so-called fertility rate), in which China occupies only 183rd place among the countries of the world, cannot be considered the reason for China's population growth total.

The fact is that it is the largest Asian country with below average growth, and it is only thanks to the size of the territory and the base population that the average growth of more than 22 million people a year is such an impressive number. Although in history there are also periods of rapid growth of the Chinese population.

Historical dynamics of population change in China

Due to historical changes, there is a constant increase in the number of inhabitants in the territory of modern China, with some periods of decline.

So in 700 BC, the population in China grew to 12 million. In 57 AD the population reached 38 million, and in 290 it was 24 million.

Until 1200, the population only grew again and reached a 9-digit number - 105 million people. But in the thirteenth century this number dropped again to 77 million.

After that, until 1910, the population only grew and, as of the beginning of the 20th century, reached over 400 million people.

Over the past 60 years, there has been the largest change in the number of Chinese. Thus, from 1950 to the present day, the number of inhabitants of Chinese territories has increased by 800 million people, which is associated with an improvement in the quality of life of an ordinary Chinese by the transition to the industrial age.

Modern age structure of the population of China

Today, there is a preponderance of the number of men relative to the female population. According to the 2010 census, there are about 118-119 male births per 100 female births, with males outnumbering females in all age categories, except for the oldest population.

Thus, under the age of 15 in China, there are 113 men for every 100 women. In the age category up to 65 years - 106 men per one hundred women, and over the age of 65 - only 91 men per 100 women.

Demographic policy of the People's Republic of China. "One family - one child"

In order to reduce the population growth rate in China over the past 40 years, the authorities of the People's Republic of China since the mid-seventies of the last century began to implement strict population policy, which is characterized by the following elements:

policy "one family - one child";
popularization of late marriages;
additional restrictions for creating a family;
free abortions and others.

One child policy implies the availability of certain benefits for a Chinese family with one child. Thus, a family of three has advantages in obtaining housing, as well as in educational institutions where children are sent free of charge. In some especially overpopulated areas of China, penalties have been adopted for families with more than one child, which involve fines, return of bonuses, and so on.

Officially, women in China can get married at 20, men at 22, which is a guarantee later marriages. But contrary to government policy, there are trends in some areas towards traditionally early marriages.

The state is taking certain restrictions for its citizens in terms of the possibility of creating a family. So, for example, it is known about the prohibition of creating a family for students, which can even lead to expulsion from a higher educational institution.

Among other things, throughout China there is a large number of medical institutions where abortions are performed free of charge, which also specifically affects demographics. It is noteworthy that most Chinese families prefer to have sons - due to economically sound reasons. Since traditionally women remain more sensitive to the problems of unwanted pregnancy than men, with the prospect of the future, most families, having learned about the imminent birth of their daughter, try to get rid of the child and, consequently, possible problems. The aspect of the predominantly atheistic worldview in the PRC also contributes to this in some way.

In addition, in rural areas, boys also remain preferred due to the need for a strong family work contract, which is needed for housekeeping. It is not uncommon for newborn girls in the Chinese outback to be killed by their own parents in order to have a better chance of a prosperous life for the rest of the family.

The current population of China - demographic indicators

The largest population growth in China, as described above, occurred in the second half of the 20th century. Traditionally, the growth in the number of inhabitants occurred in rural areas with an agrarian direction of employment. But besides this, the trend towards an increase in the urban population also continued.

The number and density of population in different regions

The average population density in China is 134 people per 1 square kilometer, which, in total, is comparable to that of some Central European countries, such as Switzerland.

At the same time, almost half of the territory of China, mainly high mountainous regions, has a population of less than 50 people per 1 square kilometer. These territories include Qinghai, Tibet Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Prefecture and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Prefecture. The most densely populated territories in China are the provinces of Tianjin, Henan, Guangdong, Anhui, Zhejiang, as well as the territory of Shanghai, Hong Kong and Macau, where the population density is from 400 to 900 people per 1 square kilometer and above. All these territories are mainly located in the Eastern and South-Eastern parts of the country.

Urbanization in China. Major cities with the largest population

The last 35 years for China have been characterized by the rapid growth of urban population. In most cases, this is due to the incorporation of rural areas into cities.

So in 1978, as a result of the administrative reform, which changed the required population for recognizing a settlement as a city from 100 thousand to 3 thousand people. This made it possible to increase the number of urban population, which already in 2014 amounted to about 55% of all residents of China. At the same time, most of them (about 35% of the country's inhabitants) live in rural areas, attached to urban prefectures during the reform.

According to China's standards for counting urban population, 85% of city residents must be engaged in non-agricultural activities in order to maintain this status.

In 2010, China recorded 34 million-plus cities, of which 7 settlements overcame the threshold of 10 million inhabitants.

The largest cities in China by population, according to the census:

Shanghai - 22.3 million people;
Beijing - 18.8 million;
Chongqing - 15.3 million;
Tianjin - 11.1 million;
Guangzhou - 11.1 million;
Shenzhen - 10.4 million;
Wuhan - 10.1 million

Lifespan

Over the past 10 years, life expectancy in China has averaged about 73 years: about 71 for men, and, according to various sources, 74-75 for women.

73.5% of Chinese people are of working age (from 15 to 65 years old). The percentage of children was 17%, and the percentage of those unable to work due to old age was 9.5%.

Population Growth Projections in China

The US Census Bureau and the UN present their projections for population changes in China in the coming decades.

The peak and turning point, according to both analytical estimates presented to the public, will be in 2030, when the population will grow to 1.39 billion people. Already in 2050, both organizations predict a drop in the population to the level of 1.3 billion.

In addition, the United Nations believes that closer to 2100, the number of inhabitants of the Middle Kingdom will fall to below 1 billion people.