Mouse disease in humans symptoms. Mouse fever in women: symptoms and treatment

Content

The disease mouse fever is caused by a virus that provokes pain in the lower back, head and muscles, and fever. Transmission of the disease occurs only through direct or indirect contact with a rodent carrier. People living or vacationing in rural areas are at increased risk. The consequences of the disease can be very dangerous for a person, so if symptoms are detected, it is important to consult a doctor and undergo the necessary tests. A timely visit to the clinic will help you begin adequate treatment and avoid complications.

What is mouse fever

Representatives of rodents often become carriers of infections. Mouse fever is an acute disease caused by a virus of natural focal origin. The manifestations of the disease resemble colds with fever, aches and chills. However, mouse disease in humans leads to intoxication of the body, kidney problems and thrombohemorrhagic syndrome. It has been established that men suffer this fever more severely than women. A lethal outcome is possible due to renal complications and untimely treatment of the mouse disease.

How can you get mouse fever?

The mechanism of transmission of mouse fever is based on the spread of the virus from animal to human. In this case, rodents are only carriers, but do not experience symptoms of the disease. The virus is not transmitted between people. Experts know several ways to become infected with mouse fever:

Airborne dust– a person inhales small particles of mouse feces.

Contact– the virus enters small lesions on the skin upon contact with infected objects.
Nutritional– a person consumes water or food that is contaminated with mouse excrement.

People living or vacationing in rural areas are at particular risk of contracting mouse fever. The disease is widespread throughout almost the entire territory, excluding some areas of Africa. The danger of infection occurs from late spring to early autumn, but there are cases of people getting sick with fever during warm winters. According to medical practice, mouse disease can even affect a group of people at the same time.

Incubation period

After the patient has become infected, the first signs of the disease may appear within 4-46 days. On average, the incubation period for mouse fever is about 1 month. During this stage, the virus begins to multiply in the human body, spreading over large areas. The accumulation of pathogenic fever cells occurs in the tissues of various organs and lymph nodes. How quickly mouse flu manifests itself depends on the functioning and state of the human immune system.

Symptoms of mouse fever

Clinical symptoms of murine fever depend on the stage of the disease. Doctors distinguish 3 periods:

Elementary– lasts less than 3 days. At this stage, diagnosing the mouse disease is difficult, since the manifestations are nonspecific. The symptoms are similar to the flu. Body temperature rises to 40 degrees, chills occur. The patient complains of intense headaches, dry mouth and general weakness. Upon examination, the doctor may detect conjunctivitis in the neck, upper chest, face. Often one of the signs of a fever is the appearance of a rash.

Oliguric period – lasts 5-11 days. This stage is also characterized by high temperature. Its reduction does not improve the general condition of the patient. This period of mouse flu is characterized by the occurrence of pain in the lumbar region, which can have varying degrees of severity. The patient begins to experience nausea and vomiting, occurring several times a day. These manifestations are not related to food or medications. The condition is accompanied by abdominal pain and bloating. At this stage, the mouse virus affects the kidneys, which leads to swelling of the face and eyelids.
Polyuric– consists of gradual recovery: cessation of vomiting and pain, normalization of sleep and appetite, increasing the amount of fluid during urination. At the same time, the patient retains a feeling of dry mouth and general weakness, which begin to disappear after a few days.

In an adult

Symptoms of mouse fever in an adult:

temperature about 40 degrees;

intense headaches;
decreased blood pressure;
pain in the eyes, blurred vision, photosensitivity;
rare pulse;
the appearance of redness on the skin in the face and neck;
the formation of a small rash on the sides, armpits;
nausea, vomiting;
nosebleeds;
eye hemorrhages.

In children

Symptoms of mouse fever in children:

high body temperature (up to 40 degrees);

severe pain in muscles and joints;
frequent nausea, vomiting;
visual impairment;
chills, general weakness;
migraine;
profuse bleeding from the nose and gums.

The first signs of mouse fever

Many patients do not pay attention to the first signs of mouse fever because they resemble a common cold or acute respiratory illness. The onset of the disease is characterized by a sharp increase in temperature, chills, headaches and general weakness in the body. In addition, a rash and redness of the skin may form. A patient at the initial stage of an illness caused by the mouse fever virus begins to feel constant dry mouth.

Often the first manifestations of the disease are less acute, reminiscent of mild symptoms. In this case, a slight cough, general malaise, and drowsiness periodically occur. If you do not see a doctor for treatment when the fever just begins to develop, it will become more severe and begin to progress rapidly.

How to spot mouse fever

It can be very difficult for specialists to determine mouse fever in humans. The first stage of diagnosis is a thorough history taking. This sets:

whether there was contact with an infected animal, whether there was a bite;

the fact that the patient is in places where the virus is widespread: field, cottage, forest;
change of stages that characterize mouse infection;
signs of hemorrhagic fever, renal dysfunction, intoxication syndrome.

Laboratory methods that can help in diagnosis include:

general blood test - helps to detect a slight decrease in the number of platelets;

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) - with this study, specialists can detect in the patient’s blood genetic structures characteristic of the pathogen that causes murine typhus;
at the oligoanuric stage, a general urine test will reveal red blood cells and protein;
a biochemical blood test will show changes in the levels of enzymes (creatine, urea) that are responsible for kidney function;
in severe cases of the disease, doctors take blood to determine the degree of its coagulation.

Treatment of mouse fever

The correct procedure for treating mouse fever is determined by the doctor individually, in accordance with the symptoms, severity and stage of the disease. There is a need to carry out all activities in the hospital infectious diseases department. The patient is prescribed bed rest for up to 1 month and a diet. The following drugs can be prescribed as drug therapy:

antiviral drugs (,);

painkillers (Analgin, Ketorol);
antipyretic drugs (, Paracetamol);
anti-inflammatory (Piroxicam, Aspirin);
vitamin therapy (ascorbic acid);
infusion therapy (saline and glucose solution 5%);
for thrombosis, anticoagulants are prescribed;
if the disease is severe, hormonal therapy with glucocorticosteroids is used for treatment.

Diet for mouse fever

Therapeutic treatment should be accompanied by a diet for mouse fever. It is necessary to exclude the consumption of salty, spicy and heavy protein foods from the diet. If the disease has a typical course and no complications arise, experts recommend using diet No. 4. The following foods should not be eaten as part of this diet:

fatty and rich broths and soups with pasta, milk and cereals;

fatty meat and fish, canned food, offal;
whole milk, fermented milk products;
vegetables and beans;
barley, pearl barley and millet porridge;
products made from flour (white crackers without crust are allowed);
sweets, honey, fruits and berries, jam, compotes;
coffee and cocoa with milk;
carbonated drinks.

If rat fever provokes malfunctions in the urinary system, then you will need to eat food rich in vitamins B, C and K. Doctors prescribe in this case. What can you eat if you have mouse fever like this:

low-fat ham and sausages, mild cheese;

vegetable salads;
soups with pasta and cereals in vegetable broth;
sturgeon caviar;
weak tea, coffee, cocoa with milk and cream, sweet juices;
dairy products;
sweets (you should exclude ice cream and baked goods);
pies and biscuits without soaking, puddings;
boiled liver, meat and tongue, cutlets and meatballs;
vegetables (exclude mushrooms and cucumbers);
soft-boiled eggs;
pasta with added butter.

Consequences of mouse fever

An infection caused by a fever virus, carried by rats, mice and other rodents, is capable of severe damage to the human urinary system. It often provokes kidney problems. The consequences of mouse fever can be expressed in the following diseases:

pyelonephritis;

renal failure;
glomerulonephritis;
uric acid diathesis.

During the period of mouse fever, secondary infections of a bacterial nature may occur, which can cause the development of serious illnesses:

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give treatment recommendations based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Found an error in the text? Select it, press Ctrl + Enter and we will fix everything!

Discuss

Symptoms and treatment of mouse fever, consequences and prevention of the disease

Many existing diseases are caused by infections.

Infectious diseases are divided into several types, among which are the so-called natural focal ones. Pathologies of this type have some features: their development is possible only in a limited area and under certain conditions; rodents are carriers of the virus.

When such infections enter the human body can be very dangerous and have quite serious consequences. Mouse fever is just one of these diseases of infectious etiology.

Mouse fever: description

As is already clear from the name, the disease is characterized by a febrile state, but, in addition, there are other signs: thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, general intoxication of the body and kidney damage.

How is the virus transmitted?

In this case, the virus carriers are Norway rats and voles. What is characteristic is that rodents themselves do not suffer from the disease, but are only carriers. The virus is shed through the feces and urine of animals.

Routes of infection can be of the following types:

Nutritional. A person eats food or water that contains virus secretions.
Airborne dust. Inhaled dust contains contaminated excrement.
Contact. Damaged skin comes into contact with carriers of the disease or with objects contaminated by them.

The virus is not transmitted from person to person.

Most often, residents of villages and villages suffer from mouse fever, and the majority of patients are men from 16 to 50 years old. The disease is seasonal - outbreaks of fever with renal syndrome are recorded in the warm season (from May to October). In Russia, natural foci of the disease are located in the Ural and Volga districts.

Symptoms of mouse fever in an adult

Murine fever with renal syndrome develops in stages. Signs and symptoms of mouse fever in adults are determined by the stage of the disease.

There are four stages of the disease:

Mouse fever has symptoms similar to other pathologies (intestinal infection, acute respiratory infections), which makes diagnosis difficult and therefore the disease is very dangerous. If the correct diagnosis is not made in time and treatment is not started, there is a huge risk of complications.

Particular attention should be paid to the symptoms of mouse fever in children. The child's body is more sensitive to the infectious agent, therefore the incubation period proceeds much faster, and the signs of the disease corresponding to the second and third periods are more intense and brighter. In addition, they can appear less than a week after infection.

To the above signs of mouse fever may be added bleeding gums. A high temperature often causes nosebleeds. Although children are much less likely to contract mouse fever, parents should be wary. At the first suspicion of infection, you should immediately contact your pediatrician in order to prevent possible dangerous consequences.

Treatment of mouse fever in adults

Treatment of the disease is carried out only in a hospital setting under the close supervision of an infectious disease specialist. While in the infectious diseases department, the patient must strictly follow all the doctor’s instructions and observe bed rest, which is set for a period of 7 to 30 days.

The patient is prescribed the following medications:

Painkillers (ketorold, analgin);
antipyretics (nurofen, paracetamol);
antiviral (lavomax, amiksin, ingavirin);
anti-inflammatory (piroxicam, aspirin);
vitamin complex (B vitamins, ascorbic acid);
infusion therapy (5% glucose solution, saline solution).

If necessary, the doctor may prescribe hormonal therapy with prednisolone. Treatment of thrombotic complications is carried out with anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin). In case of severe kidney damage, hemodialysis may be prescribed.

To diagnose a disease the following factors are required:

For an accurate diagnosis of mouse fever, the doctor prescribes a number of laboratory tests

General urine test (protein and red blood cells will indicate the presence of the disease);
complete blood count (a low platelet count should raise suspicion);
enzyme immunoassay, which allows us to determine the presence of special antibodies in the patient’s blood, the task of which is to fight the causative agent of the disease;
polymerase chain reaction is a virus detection method that helps detect the genetic materials of the pathogen in the patient’s blood;
biochemical blood test to detect kidney problems;
stool analysis (blood found in stool indicates the presence of bleeding in the digestive system).

For the purpose of additional diagnostics, they may be prescribed following procedures:

Chest X-ray;
electrocardiography;
ultrasonography;
blood clotting test.

Treatment of mouse fever is carried out by a therapist together with an infectious disease specialist. You may need help from an epidemiologist.

Prevention

Since mouse fever prevention does not involve vaccination, you can protect yourself by taking the necessary precautions. The most effective preventive remedy for children, men and women is maintaining hygiene rules, which include the following:

Following these basic rules will help you avoid contracting mouse fever and protect you from its unpleasant consequences.

Type of incidence and features of the spread of mouse fever

The following types of morbidity exist:

Production path (professional activities in forests, oil pipelines, drilling stations, etc.).
An agricultural type characterized by autumn-winter seasonality.
The forest type is the most common option. Infection occurs when visiting the forest (picking mushrooms, berries, etc.).
Garden type.
Household type. Infection in the country, in a country house, etc., that is, in those places that are located next to the forest or directly in it. With this type, the most cases of damage to the elderly and children have been recorded.
Camp type (rest homes, forest sanatoriums, children's camps, etc.).

Among the features of distribution the following can be distinguished:

The incidence of mouse fever is isolated, however, there are also outbreaks: group infections - infection occurs in several people at the same time (usually 10-20), sometimes 30-100.
Most often, men (up to 90)% of the total number of infected people fall ill.
A large percentage of young people aged 18 to 50 are affected (80%).

Basically, with timely and correct treatment the prognosis is favorable. In percentage terms it looks like this:

After an infection in a person stable immunity is developed, repeated cases of infection are quite rare.

If you notice the first signs of mouse fever, you should immediately contact a specialist for laboratory testing and a subsequent course of treatment. To avoid the development of complications, do not delay the diagnosis of the disease.

Mouse fever is a very serious infectious disease, the symptoms of which appear suddenly in men, women and children and can cause serious health problems if not treated properly.

Hemorrhagic fever is a serious disease with a huge number of deaths. It is an acute infection primarily aimed at damaging and stopping the functioning of the kidneys or lungs. The excretory system and mucous membranes, especially the eyes, also suffer.

Once in the body, the virus begins to have a decomposing effect on the blood vessels. The bodies of the infection are very tenacious and are able to survive even at subzero temperatures. Many people confuse the onset of this disease with a standard acute viral infection.

But even if there is the slightest possibility of mouse fever, it is necessary to see an infectious disease specialist, since untimely initiation of treatment can provoke problems with the kidneys, which will have to be treated for many years.

Toxins of the disease also affect the walls of blood vessels, resulting in their ruptures and serious hemorrhages, which is a huge stress and serious injury for the body.

How can you get mouse fever?

Anyone can get mouse fever. But among doctors, a general clinical portrait of a member of a risk group is common. This is an average man belonging to rural areas. The reason for this is the main source of infection, namely the field mouse.

Naturally, in a busy city there is less chance of encountering such an animal, so field workers end up on the list of infected people many times more often than other people. Symptoms begin to appear early, but due to frequent neglect of the basic rules of hygiene, in rural areas they begin to develop brightly and rapidly.

It is important to understand the fact that the infection itself is not transmitted from infected to healthy. Therefore, there is no chance of becoming infected after contact. According to statistics, fever is more common in men, although the gap is small. This is due to neglect of hygiene rules.

The main causes of infection are as follows:

If a person inhales air saturated with particles of saliva or droppings of sick rodents.
When consuming foods with residues of mice and rats. Sources of infection can be not only baked goods, but also pickles stored in cellars and barns.
In contact with rodents. The virus is able to enter the body through wounds on the skin and mucous membrane.

According to statistics, you can most often become infected in the summer, as the number of encounters with small carriers of the infection increases significantly.

Incubation period

The development of the disease looks like a common cold, but it very quickly develops into a serious infectious disease that metastasizes to almost all internal organs of a person.

The patient's kidneys are primarily affected. Malfunctions in the operation of excretory systems in 70% of cases result in the death of the patient. It is precisely because of these features that it is very important to identify the disease in the early stages and prevent its further development. The average incubation period for fever is about a week.

But there have been cases where the disease took root in the body for about 3 weeks.

The disease proceeds according to the following scenario:

The patient's temperature rises. The readings on the thermometer can reach 41 degrees. This state will continue for about four days.
Severe migraines, vomiting and nausea, and constant chills will begin to appear.
Vision will weaken, the infected person will begin to see the world in red, and “spots” will flash before their eyes.
A small red rash will appear on the chest and neck.
At this stage, approximately 4-5 days, the most unpleasant time occurs for the kidneys and excretory system of the body. Their work is disrupted, the patient practically cannot go to the toilet, and experiences constant pain in the abdomen and bladder area.
Frequent bleeding begins in the stomach, nose, and uterus.
After a week and a half, the symptoms will begin to subside and the temperature will subside. The vomiting will go away in two to three days. But fever can manifest itself for several years in a row in increased fatigue, drowsiness and excessive sweating.

Symptoms of mouse fever in men and women.

It is very important to understand that effective treatment of hemorrhagic fever is only possible with serious, potent antibiotics. The entire process must be carried out under the close supervision of doctors. Otherwise, the patient will face complications in the form of pneumonia, various types of hemorrhages and kidney failure.

Classification

Mouse fever (symptoms in men and women in their primary manifestations do not depend on classification) is divided into several main types. They are distinguished by several characteristics.

By transmission route:

Contact-household method.
Food.
Water.

By method of infection:

Ticks.
Mosquitoes.
Contagious.

All types of infection are dangerous; anyone can catch them, regardless of their health status. Urban residents do not have such a high chance of becoming infected; the main risk group is rural residents, field and forest workers, as well as those who are constantly in contact with wild animals.

The most important rule that must be followed in order not to become infected is not to violate hygiene and sanitary standards, strictly monitor the timely implementation of instructions, maintain cleanliness in the place of residence and minimize contact with any representatives of wild fauna.

It is necessary to carefully store food and water, keeping them hermetically sealed, since the main route of infection is through animal excretions that fall on the food. More often, men suffer from hemorrhagic fever, since they are less inclined to scrupulously observe the rules and standards of hygiene, and often forget about washing their hands and cleanliness of the body.

Symptoms

Mouse fever (symptoms in men, women and children are generally the same) manifests itself through many factors.

For different genders and ages they will occur with different intensity:

Men	Women	Children
At the initial stages, the symptoms are not as bright as in women and children, but they begin to manifest themselves earlier. Men are significantly more likely to experience cerebral hemorrhage, which is often associated with weak blood vessels and high levels of stress in everyday life.	The female body resists longer during the incubation period; the time it takes for the disease to develop without symptoms can reach two weeks. Symptoms are more vivid and serious than in men. Impairments in kidney function will appear in the first two weeks.	Children and teenagers begin to feel unwell earlier than adults and react to everything more acutely. The first signs will appear on the second or third day, since the child’s body is weak and resists worse.

The main symptoms of hemorrhagic fever are:

Intoxication, most often manifested in severe headaches and weakness of the body.
Fever. It can reach 41 degrees.
Nausea and vomiting.
Severe pressing pain in the lower back and abdomen.
Significant decrease in urine output per day.
Increased urine output at the end of the period of fever.

First signs

It is very important to identify the disease in the early stages of its development and promptly take all necessary measures.

The clinical picture of murine fever generally consists of five main stages:

Initial period starts counting directly from the time of infection and continues until the first symptoms appear. This is the so-called incubation period. Its duration has already been mentioned earlier. Most often, the disease manifests itself earlier in men; women resist the infection a little longer.
The next part is the first exacerbation. Here the patient describes his condition as a common cold: there is body aches; temperature; nausea; general loss of strength; intoxication occurs.
At the third stage The daily rate of urea excretion is significantly reduced. This clearly indicates problems in the functioning of one or both kidneys. This condition will disturb the patient for a little less than two weeks. Typically the period is 10 – 12 days. On the 3rd day of this stage, severe nausea and vomiting, pain and heaviness in the lumbar region will begin.
After these days the temperature gradually returns to normal, and with the right approach to treatment, kidney function is restored. The body can produce up to 3 liters of urine per day. This is a positive symptom, and it indicates a gradual normalization of the body’s functioning.
Final stage can last from a month and stretch for many years. The fever disappears, but the following remain: severe fatigue; general exhaustion of the body; sleep problems (both insomnia and constant drowsiness); increased sweating.

It is important to understand that hemorrhagic fever is a serious disease, the consequences of which will have to be overcome for many years, and the sooner treatment begins, the fewer complications will follow. Therefore, at the first symptoms, the patient must be under the supervision of medical personnel.

Diagnostics

At the first suspicion of the presence of this disease, men, women and children should immediately contact their local physician, but if the stage of fever has begun, they should immediately call emergency medical help.

If the fever is generally mild, treatment can be carried out under the supervision of three doctors:

Therapist.
Infectious disease specialist.
Nephrologist.

When hemorrhagic fever develops in a severe form, the patient is required to undergo hospitalization. The diagnostic process entails many subtleties and features. One of the most important is the method of transmission of the virus directly from the carrier to the sick person.

The general process of studying fever includes the following subpoints:

Questioning and external examination of the patient. When collecting anamnesis, the attending physician must pay attention to the individual nature of the complaints and how long ago they began. The fact of contact of the infected person with rodents must be clarified.
Research of collected samples in the laboratory. A blood test helps identify the presence of an inflammatory process. A biochemical blood test will allow doctors to assess whether the kidneys and excretory system are functioning normally. The indicator depends on the plasma level of substances such as urea and creatinine. The PCR test makes it possible to find traces of infection in the biological material of the sick person. In the initial stages of fever development, other diagnostic methods will, unfortunately, be unable to help.
Stage of instrumental research. This area is limited to just ultrasound. The analysis is able to visualize the structure of the kidneys and identify significant disturbances in their function and harmful deviations from the normal state.

This diagnostic kit is enough for an experienced doctor to accurately determine whether the mouse fever virus is present in the patient’s body or not.

Treatment

Mouse fever (symptoms in men, women and children are described above) has some subtleties and treatment features that should never be neglected.

Such complex diseases require a comprehensive set of therapeutic actions, medications and appropriate therapy:

From the very beginning to the end of the period of fever, the patient must strictly adhere to bed rest. This is due to the tendency of the pathogen to disrupt the functioning of blood vessels. They become brittle, which often leads to hemorrhages. The duration of the period that the patient will spend in bed should be determined by his infectious disease doctor and on average ranges from 3 to 5 weeks.
In order to minimize pain, broad-spectrum analgesics are used. Their group includes, for example, Analgin and Ketorolac.
Lavomax can be an excellent drug that can fight the virus.
It is imperative to systematically reduce fever and fight inflammation. This is where Nurofen, Paracetamol and similar drugs can come to the rescue.
It is necessary to take sorbents in order for the body to cope with the increased content of toxins and other toxic substances.
It is also important to keep the systems in good shape. To do this, you can take vitamins and a glucose-containing complex of medications.
If an infected person experiences swelling, it is necessary to use a hormonal complex. Dexamethasone or Prednisolone is usually prescribed.

All these drugs should be prescribed only by your doctor. It is important to follow a strict dosage in order to avoid side effects from medications superimposing complications from fever. Neglecting these simple rules leads to death.

Traditional methods

The main goal of the traditional medicine methods used in the fight against mouse fever will be to minimize the harmful effects of the disease on kidney function and their proper functioning.

Among others, there are several of the most effective means to achieve the desired effect:

Decoction with flax seeds. 2 tsp. seeds, pour 300 ml of water, bring to a boil, cool to room temperature and the resulting solution is used 5 - 6 times a day, half a mug.
Drink with blue cornflower. For 500 ml of hot water, take about 2 tbsp. l. cornflower flowers. They must be infused for 2 hours, then the liquid must be filtered. This decoction should be taken three hours before meals. During the day, it is advisable to drink the entire prepared drink.
Horsetail also effective in fighting mouse fever. For a mug of boiling water you need to prepare 3 tbsp. herbs, then leave for an hour and filter. The tincture should be taken evenly throughout the day.
Buckwheat. The tops of this plant have healing properties. For 1000 ml of water you need to take 50 g of the crushed plant, boil it for 15 minutes, filter and take it measuredly until the end of the day.
Currant. This plant helps when there is a risk of blood clots. Freshly prepared currant juice should be drunk 50-200 ml three to four times a day.

Diet for mouse fever

With such a serious disease, it is necessary to strictly adhere to a certain diet in order to avoid problems with the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys.

The main rules that the patient must follow:

It is required to completely eliminate all alcoholic beverages from the diet.
Products containing a high percentage of vinegar should not be consumed during a fever, as well as in the next 3-4 months after. These are items such as marinades and mayonnaise.
Smoked and canned foods have a detrimental effect on the functions of the excretory system, so you need to consume them to a minimum.

Fatty fried meat and fish products.
Whole milk, any fermented milk products.
Fatty and strong broths.
Bean by-products.
Milk cocoa and coffee.
Sweet foods and foods high in glucose.
Carbonated soft drinks.

Diet is also very important, since a weakened body can very easily undergo uncontrolled development of fungal components, which can provoke the development of thrush, dysbacteriosis, the appearance of gastritis and even accelerated formation of ulcers.

Consequences and complications

Mouse fever (symptoms in men and women appear early and clearly enough to react in time) develops in the patient’s body very rapidly and carries with it many negative consequences and complications.

These include:

Complications in the functioning of the kidneys. This includes renal failure, pyelonephritis, uric acid diathesis and other unpleasant diseases of the excretory system.
Chronic pictures such as renal failure, myocarditis, abscesses, pancreatitis.
Brain hemorrhages.
Pulmonary edema.

Mouse fever is a fast-moving, scary and unpleasant disease, the symptoms of which can become fatal for men, women and children if not treated properly with medications. If there is the slightest chance of hemorrhagic fever, you should immediately consult a doctor.

It is best to undergo inpatient treatment in order to exclude the possibility of a sudden exacerbation and the occurrence of undesirable consequences. Preventive measures in the future - maintaining good hygiene and minimizing contact with wild animals - will help avoid the recurrence of this terrible disease.

Video about mouse fever, its symptoms and treatment methods

How to protect yourself from mouse fever:

Why is mouse fever dangerous?

Symptoms of mouse fever in children:

high body temperature (up to 40 degrees);
severe pain in muscles and joints;
frequent nausea, vomiting;
visual impairment;
chills, general weakness;
migraine;
profuse bleeding from the nose and gums.

The first signs of mouse fever

Many patients do not pay attention to the first signs of mouse fever because they resemble a common cold or acute respiratory illness. The onset of the disease is characterized by a sharp increase in temperature, chills, headaches and general weakness in the body. In addition, conjunctivitis, rash and redness of the skin may form. A patient at the initial stage of an illness caused by the mouse fever virus begins to feel constant dry mouth.

Often the first manifestations of the disease are less acute, reminiscent of a minor cold in symptoms. In this case, a slight cough, general malaise, and drowsiness periodically occur. If you do not see a doctor for treatment when the fever just begins to develop, it will become more severe and begin to progress rapidly.

How to spot mouse fever

It can be very difficult for specialists to determine mouse fever in humans. The first stage of diagnosis is a thorough history taking. This sets:

Øwhether there was contact with an infected animal, whether there was a bite;

Øthe fact that the patient is in places where the virus is widespread: field, dacha, forest;

Øchange of stages that characterize mouse infection;

Øsigns of hemorrhagic fever, impaired renal function, intoxication syndrome.

Laboratory methods that can help in diagnosis include:

v a general blood test - helps to identify a slight decrease in the number of platelets;

vPCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) - with this study, specialists can detect in the patient’s blood genetic structures characteristic of the pathogen that causes murine typhus;

vduring the oligoanuric stage, a general urine test will reveal red blood cells and protein;

vbiochemical blood test will show changes in the levels of enzymes (creatine, urea) that are responsible for kidney function;

v in severe cases of the disease, doctors take blood to determine the degree of its coagulation.

Consequences of mouse fever

§ pyelonephritis;

§ renal failure;

§ glomerulonephritis;

§ uric acid diathesis.

During the period of mouse fever, secondary infections of a bacterial nature may occur, which can cause the development of serious illnesses:

§ pulmonary edema;

§ meningitis;

§ abscesses;

§ cerebral hemorrhages;

§ myocarditis;

§ pancreatitis;

§ sepsis;

§ renal failure in chronic form.

The prognosis of the disease will be favorable if the infected person goes to the hospital on time. After the examinations, the doctor will be able to establish the correct diagnosis. Appropriate treatment should be prescribed based on the data obtained. It is important to follow all doctor's instructions correctly, as complications from the infection can be severe and fatal.

Prevention

Preventing mouse fever will help reduce the risk of contracting the virus. Since the disease is transmitted exclusively from animals, you should try to avoid contact with them and their waste products:

§ make food and water inaccessible to rodents;

§ Wash your hands thoroughly before each meal;

§ if products are damaged by mice, do not consume them under any circumstances;

§ carry out heat treatment of the food you eat;

§ avoid visiting places where rodents gather;

§ check residential and non-residential premises for the presence of rodents, if their places of residence are found, eliminate them;

§ carry out deratization (comprehensive measures to exterminate rodents).

To ensure the effectiveness of deratization, extermination measures are usually combined with preventive measures aimed at creating unfavorable conditions for nesting and reproduction of rodents, as well as their ability to enter premises. To do this, the ventilation ducts are sealed with metal mesh, the windows of basements and attics are glazed, an electric barrier is installed in the basements, and the surrounding area and food bases in the form of garbage stations are treated with poisons. If you store food in a cellar or basement, check them carefully.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an acute viral zoonotic infection of a natural focal nature, occurring with severe intoxication, damage to the endothelium of small vessels, the development of hemorrhagic syndrome and kidney damage. The disease has many names: Korean, Far Eastern, Manchurian, Ural, Transcarpathian, Yaroslavl and Tula hemorrhagic fevers, hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis, Scandinavian epidemic nephropathy, Churilov's disease, mouse fever.

The disease was first described during an epidemic outbreak in the Caribbean in 1647-1648. Subsequently, severe epidemics with high mortality were repeatedly recorded in the countries of Africa, America and Europe. During the construction of the Panama Canal, more than 10 thousand people died during the outbreak, more than 1,500 people were sick in America in the 1950s, more than 200 thousand people got sick and more than 30 thousand died in Ethiopia in the 1960s.

The viral nature of hemorrhagic fever was proven by the Russian scientist A. S. Smorodintsev in 1940. In 1954, M.P. Chumakov proposed calling the infection “hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome” and in 1982 recommended that WHO eliminate numerous synonyms used as names in numerous countries. The virus was first isolated in 1976 from rodent tissue by South Korean scientist N. W. Lee.

The carriers of pathogens in nature are wild forest mouse-like rodents: in Europe - red and bank voles, in the Far East - Manchurian field mice. Human infection occurs through airborne dust, contact and nutritional routes. Pathogens are not transmitted from person to person. The transmission factor is the urine and feces of infected animals.

Currently, hemorrhagic fever is widespread in Eurasia. In Russia, the disease ranks first among natural focal infections, 95% of which are registered in its European part. The most active outbreaks are located in the Middle Volga region and the Urals. About 5-6 thousand cases of illness are registered annually. Their numbers are growing every year.

The relevance of the HFRS problem is determined by the following factors:

Constant increase in incidence.
Expansion of natural hotspot areas.
Difficulty identifying.
More frequent formation of severe forms.
High mortality (5 - 20%).
High incidence of residual effects.
Difficulty in carrying out preventive measures.
Large economic losses due to long periods of temporary disability.

Rice. 1. Mouse-like rodents are the reservoir and source of hantaviruses, the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.

The causative agents of mouse fever are hantaviruses.

The fact of the viral nature of HFRS was proven in 1944 by the Soviet scientist A. A. Smorodintsev, but the virus was first isolated in 1976 by the South Korean scientist N. W. Lee from rodent tissue and was named Hantaan virus after the name of the Hantaan River.

The virus belongs to the Hantavirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family, which includes 30 genetically and serologically distinct pathogens that cause hemorrhagic fever-like diseases. Thus, the Puumala virus circulates in Europe (causing epidemic nephropathy), the Dubrava virus circulates in the Balkans, and the Seul virus is distributed throughout the continent.

Hemorrhagic fever is reported throughout the world. There are 8 types of hantaviruses circulating in the Russian Federation, 5 of which are pathogenic for humans - Dobrava/Belgrade, Puumala, Seoul, Hantaan and Saaremaa.

Viruses that cause mouse fever are divided into several types:

Eastern type. Viruses circulate in the Far East of our country, in China, Japan and Korea. They cause severe forms of HFRS with a high (10 - 20%) mortality rate. The reservoir of infection is the field mouse.
Western type. The virus circulates in the European part of Russia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Belgium, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, France, etc. It causes a milder form of the disease with low (up to 2%) mortality. The reservoir of infection is bank and red-backed voles.
It is believed that there is a third type of virus that is common in the Balkans. The reservoir of infection is the yellow-necked mouse.

When infected, viruses attack the endothelium of blood vessels. As a result of disruption of its function, patients develop hemorrhagic syndrome.

Virions have a spherical shape, size from 90 to 110 nm. The genome is represented by single-stranded +RNA. It has 3 segments: L - large, M - medium and S - small. The shell is lipid with proteins and inclusions of glycoproteins.

The virus is not stable in the external environment: it persists for several hours in summer, and several days in winter. At a temperature of +50 0 C they are stored for about 30 minutes, at the temperature of a home refrigerator - up to 12 hours. They are quickly destroyed when exposed to disinfectants. They remain viable for a long time (up to 3 months) when frozen in glycerin and lyophilized (dried).

Primates, opossums, sloths, anteaters, guinea pigs and white mice are susceptible to viruses.

Rice. 2. In the photo, hantaviruses are the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.

Epidemiology of the disease

HFRS (mouse fever) is in first place among natural focal infections in the Russian Federation, 95% of which are registered in its European part. The most active foci are located in the Middle Volga region and the Urals (Tatary, Bashkiria, Udmurtia, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions). About 5-6 thousand people get sick every year. Their numbers are growing every year. Mostly sporadic outbreaks of HFRS are recorded, but sometimes small (10 - 20 people) and large (30 - 100 people) outbreaks occur. Depending on the strain of the virus, the mortality rate ranges from 5 to 20%.

Virus carriers

The reservoir and source of infection are wild mouse-like rodents (forest and field mice, lemmings and some insectivores)

In the Far East of our country, in China, Japan and Korea, the reservoir of infection is the field and Asian wood mice, as well as red-gray voles.
In the European part of Russia, Sweden, Finland, Belgium, France and others, bank and red-backed voles are the reservoir of infection. Their infection rate in endemic foci is 40 - 57%.
In the Balkans, the reservoir of infection is the yellow-necked mouse.

In mice, the infection occurs in the form of virus carriage. They excrete pathogens in urine, feces and saliva. Infection of rodents occurs mainly through the respiratory tract.

The bank vole is the main carrier of pathogens in Europe. Animals in forests represent the largest population of animals. They live in deciduous and mixed forests, rich in undergrowth and herbaceous vegetation, feeding on herbaceous plants, seeds of maple, linden, pine, spruce and oak, as well as berries, mushrooms and insects. When moving, the animals penetrate into any buildings and shelters they encounter along the way.

Rice. 3. Field striped mouse (photo on the left) and bank vole (photo on the right).

How does infection occur?

Excreted in the urine, feces and saliva of infected rodents, viruses enter the soil, food and environmental objects. Pathogens enter the human body through the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, digestive organs, as well as through damaged areas of the skin and the conjunctiva of the eye.

A person becomes infected mainly through airborne dust (80% of cases).
Viruses enter the respiratory tract through dust on which dried animal feces have settled.
Transmission of pathogens is possible through contact with brushwood, hay, straw, feed and other contaminated environmental objects.
Viruses can enter the human body with food products that are not heat-treated: carrots, cabbage, etc.

The main factor in the transmission of infection is dirty hands, from which the infection enters the human body through smoking, eating, cleaning a country house after wintering, working on a personal plot, preparing firewood, hay, etc.

HFRS pathogens are not transmitted from person to person.

Seasonality

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is recorded in endemic foci throughout the year, but the frequency of infection cases increases in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods, mainly among residents of rural settlements. In summer and autumn, in connection with work in summer cottages and in the forest, as well as during picnics and hikes, group outbreaks of fever are recorded.

Types of morbidity

The forest type of HFRS occurs when visiting the forest while picking berries and mushrooms. Most common.
The household type occurs among people (usually children and the elderly) living in houses located near the forest or in the forest.
The industrial type of morbidity occurs among workers of oil pipelines, drilling rigs, while working in the forest, etc.
The gardening type is more often registered among summer residents and people living in rural areas.
The camp type is found among people working and vacationing in pioneer camps and rest homes.
The agricultural type is found when working on the preparation of hay, straw, feed and harvesting vegetables.

At-risk groups

agricultural workers,
summer residents,
lovers of picnics and hikes,
military during field exercises.

Factors influencing the deterioration of the epidemiological situation:

Reducing the volume of work to exterminate rodents.
An increase in the number of infection carriers—mouse-like rodents.
Widespread development of land for vegetable gardens, orchards and garages without preventive deratization.

Rice. 4. The reservoir and source of infection are wild rodents - forest and field mice.

How does HFRS develop?

Pathogens enter the human body through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, damaged skin and conjunctiva of the eye. Next, the viruses are captured by macrophages - RES cells, where their replication occurs. This period is called hatchery. Its duration ranges from 7 to 46 days.
On the 4th - 5th day of the disease, pathogens penetrate the bloodstream and spread throughout the body (viremia). Developing infectious toxic syndrome.
Next, the pathogens settle on the vascular endothelium (inner wall). Its defeat is manifested by the development hemorrhagic syndrome. Increased permeability of the vascular wall leads to the fact that the liquid part of the blood leaks into the tissue. The development of hypovolemia is manifested by a drop in blood pressure, an increase in blood viscosity, impaired microcirculation, tissue hypoxia and impaired blood clotting (coagulopathy). The number of platelets in the blood drops. During this period, on days 1–4, the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome and infectious-toxic shock is possible.
In response to massive viremia and the formation of a large number of antigens, which occurs as a result of tissue destruction, an immune system response occurs.
When excreted in urine, viruses damage the kidneys. Swelling and destruction of organs develop, and urine excretion becomes difficult. Kidney damage occurs as acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. During this period, on days 4–11, there is a high risk of developing acute renal failure and an unfavorable outcome.
With a favorable outcome of HFRS from 11 to 30 days, a reverse, positive trend is observed. Kidney function is gradually restored, the electrolyte composition of the blood is normalized, and urination is restored, which is manifested by polyuria (excretion of large amounts of urine) and isohyposthenuria (decreased urine density).
Health is fully restored within 1 - 3 years.

Rice. 5. The photo shows the concentration of viruses in the vascular endothelium.

Symptoms of hemorrhagic fever

HFRS can have a typical (83% of cases) and atypical course (abdominal variant - 5% of cases, painless - 12%). According to the severity, the disease has a mild, moderate and severe course. In acute cases, the fever lasts 30 days, in prolonged cases - up to 45 days. The disease does not recur and does not become chronic.

The disease is characterized by a cyclical course:

The incubation (initial) period lasts from 7 to 46 days (usually 12 - 18 days).
Sometimes the onset of the disease itself is preceded by a prodrome period, which lasts no more than 2–3 days. The patient is worried about lethargy, muscle-joint pain, increased fatigue, and sore throat.
The fever stage lasts 2 - 3 days.
The oliguric stage lasts from 3 to 9 - 11 days of the disease.
The period of early recovery or polyuria lasts from 12 to 30 days of illness.
The period of late convalescence (late recovery) begins on the 25th - 30th day of illness and can last from 1 to 3 years.

Rice. 6. Symptoms of HFRS (mouse fever) in the initial (febrile) period: redness of the face, neck and eyes.

Symptoms of HFRS in the initial (febrile) period

The disease begins acutely, with high (up to 40 0 C) body temperature and chills, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, nausea and vomiting appear, appetite disappears, hyperemia of the pharynx and nasal congestion are noted, vision becomes unclear - “fog before the eyes” .

Body temperature persists for 2 - 12 days (on average 6 days) and then drops to subfebrile levels without repeated rises. The maximum rise is observed during the day and even in the morning. As the temperature drops, the patient's general condition worsens. Improvement is observed only with mild HFRS. Sometimes there are cases when the body temperature rises only to subfebrile levels.

On days 3–4, signs and symptoms of hemorrhagic syndrome appear:

The soft palate becomes bright red in color, and hemorrhagic enanthema appears on the mucous membrane. The tongue at the root is covered with a brown coating.
Subconjunctival hemorrhage appears in 15–30% of patients. The outlines of objects become blurry, and a feeling of fog or a grid appears before the eyes.
A petechial rash appears in the upper chest, armpit area, above and below the clavicular area, inner surface of the shoulders, shoulder blade area, face and neck. Sometimes the rash occurs in the form of stripes and chains (“scourge strike”).
When examining patients, one can observe “hood syndrome”: the face, neck and upper chest are hyperemic, the face and neck are puffy, the eyeballs are red (“rabbit eyes”).
The skin is dry and hot to the touch.
There is a dull pain in the lumbar region and protein in the urine. The specific gravity of urine decreases. Patients experience severe thirst and dry mouth, nausea and vomiting.
Blood pressure decreases and heart rate decreases.
Abdominal pain appears. The initial (febrile) period of HFRS lasts 2–3 days. Against the background of high fever, the development of infectious-toxic encephalopathy and infectious-toxic shock is possible.

Rice. 7. Hemorrhagic rash due to mouse fever (HFRS).

Rice. 8. In some cases, the rash due to mouse fever as a result of scratching or irritation with clothing is located in the form of stripes (“scourge blow”) - photo on the right.

Symptoms of HFRS in the oliguric stage

The oliguric stage develops in 65% of cases and lasts from 3 to 9–11 days of HFRS. During this period, acute kidney damage develops. The amount of urine excreted sharply decreases, body temperature drops, but the patient's condition worsens.

Manifestations of hemorrhagic syndrome

Manifestations of hemorrhagic syndrome intensify. The petechial rash on the skin becomes more abundant. 10% of patients experience nasal, gastrointestinal and uterine bleeding. Renal syndrome develops.

Symptoms of kidney damage

Pain appears in the lumbar region. They are constant, from aching to strong, debilitating. There is oliguria (decrease in the amount of urine excreted), up to anuria (lack of urine excretion). Urine is released in small portions, has the color of meat slop, its specific gravity decreases, and thirst increases. During this period, patients drink a huge amount of liquid. Pastosity of the neck and face is noted. There is no peripheral edema, as the fluid is localized in the loose periumbilical and retroperitoneal tissue. Azotemia progresses. In some cases, uremia and coma develop. Massive proteinuria is noted in the urine, blood and casts appear, in the blood there is an increased content of urea, potassium, creatinine, and a decrease in the amount of calcium, sodium and chlorides. Dangerous complications at this stage of fever are acute renal and adrenal failure.

Symptoms of damage to the abdominal organs

With the development of a severe form of HFRS, following the development of renal syndrome, abdominal pain and vomiting appear, which at times becomes indomitable. Vomiting often occurs even when drinking a small amount of water.

The pain is localized around the navel and in the epigastrium, often excruciating. Caused by hemorrhages into the retroperitoneal tissue and internal organs. More often there is a tendency to constipation, less often - loose stools. The spleen is of normal size. Sometimes there is a slight enlargement of the liver.

Disorders of the cardiovascular system

Patients experience a decrease in heart rate and a tendency to hypotension. Heart sounds become muffled. Hypotension is often replaced by hypertension and vice versa, which requires constant monitoring of patients, since the developed collapse leads to death.

Symptoms of HFRS with lung damage

The lungs are affected by respiratory infection. Bronchitis usually develops (25% of cases), rarely pneumonia (2% of cases).

Symptoms of HFRS with damage to the nervous system

When the autonomic nervous system is damaged, patients experience bradycardia, pain in the area of the nerve plexuses - the epigastrium and the umbilical region. When the central nervous system is damaged, toxic encephalopathy develops, and sometimes the membranes of the brain are affected. Patients suffer from severe headaches, a state of stupor and delirium develops, and hallucinations and fainting are often observed.

Rice. 9. Symptoms of HFRS are hemorrhagic enanthema on the mucous membrane of the palate and subconjunctival hemorrhage.

Symptoms of HFRS in the early recovery stage - polyuria

With a favorable prognosis, the disease begins to recover from the 12th day. The patient's condition is improving. Urine is released in large quantities - from 3 to 10 liters per day. All symptoms that developed in the previous stage gradually disappear. If fluid resuscitation is insufficient, dehydration may occur. The stage of polyuria or early recovery lasts from the 12th to the 30th day of illness. Weakness and slight polyuria persist for several more months.

Symptoms of HFRS in the late recovery stage

The period of late convalescence (late recovery) begins from the 25th to 30th day of fever and lasts from 1 to 3 years. The concentrating ability of the renal tubules is restored over a long period of time - over many months. At this stage, the patient should carefully follow all medical recommendations. Symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, muscle pain, emotional lability and loss of appetite have been bothering patients for a long time. Symptoms of vegetative-vascular dystonia (pulse instability, blood pressure fluctuations, sometimes sinus arrhythmia, sweating) and diencephalic syndrome (dysmenorrhea, decreased potency, sleep disturbance and baldness) are recorded for a long time. In 1% of patients, irreversible fibrous changes are observed in the renal parenchyma and cardiac muscle.

Rice. 10. Hyperemia of the face and neck with HFRS.

Complications of HFRS

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome occurs with varying degrees of severity:

24% have a mild form of the disease.
52% - moderate.
21% - severe.
3% - very heavy.

Complications may develop at any of these stages. The more severe the disease, the greater the likelihood of severe consequences. The main ones:

Infectious-toxic shock (21%).
Azotemic uremia and coma (due to slagging in the body).
In the initial stage of fever, acute cardiovascular failure develops due to the development of infectious-toxic shock or hemorrhage in the adrenal glands.
Hemorrhagic complications (45%): bleeding (retroperitoneal, gastric, intestinal, uterine, etc.) and hemorrhage (in the adrenal glands, adenohypophysis, brain and heart muscle, rupture of the renal capsule, etc.).
Bacterial complications (22%): pyelonephritis, pneumonia, abscess, phlegmon.
Nephrosclerosis, myocardial dystrophy, pancreatitis, orchitis.

Rice. 11. Terrible complications of HFRS: cerebral hemorrhage (photo on the left) and rupture of the renal capsule (photo on the right).

Rice. 12. Hemorrhage into the pituitary gland during murine fever (HFRS).

After suffering from HFRS, strong lifelong immunity is formed.

Diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever

The diagnosis of HFRS is established on the basis of data from an epidemiological investigation, the clinical picture of the disease and data from laboratory research methods.

History: living in a rodent habitat and having known contact with contaminated material.
Clinical picture: acute onset, fever, redness of the face and neck, subconjunctival hemorrhages, signs of renal failure.
Laboratory diagnostics:

Virological diagnostics (labor-intensive).
Molecular genetics (PCR and sequencing).
Serological diagnostics (detection of specific antibodies): MFA (fluorescent antibody method) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).
General clinical and biochemical tests.
Instrumental research methods.

Differential diagnosis. HFRS should be distinguished from other hemorrhagic fevers, influenza, typhus, leptospirosis, sepsis, encephalitis, acute glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, toxic kidney, and diseases of the abdominal organs.

Rice. 13. Symptoms of HFRS in the initial (febrile) period - a symptom of “rabbit eyes” or “ripe cherries”.

Treatment of HFRS (mouse fever)

Hemorrhagic fever occurs cyclically. The oliguric stage is followed by the stage of polyuria and then convalescence (recovery) occurs. Excessively active and unjustified therapeutic measures carried out in the acute period are often the cause of unfavorable outcomes.

Hospitalization of patients is carried out in general somatic hospitals that have experience in treating patients with hemorrhagic fevers.
Gentle protective mode. In the oliguric stage - strict bed rest.
Diet: table No. 4. The food is not hot, not rough. Meals are fractional, in small portions. Liquid in sufficient quantities in the form of mineral water Essentuki No. 4, Borjomi, fruit drinks, mousses and juices diluted with water. In the oliguric stage, the amount of fluid should be limited, during the period of polyuria - free.
Sanitation of the cavity and bowel movements daily. Measurement of daily urine output every 3 hours (drunk/excreted).
There is no specific therapy for HFRS. In the first 3 to 5 days of fever, specific immunoglobulin, hyperimmune plasma, Virazol, Ribavirin, Reaferon, Amiksin, Yodantipirin are used.
During the oliguric period Inductothermy on the kidney area is indicated for 2 to 5 days. In case of severe renal failure, cleansing enemas are prescribed 1-2 times a day, blood ultrafiltration and hemodialysis are indicated.

Indications for hemodialysis:

With oliguria and no tendency to increase diuresis by 12 - 13 days from the onset of the disease.
For anuria lasting more than 2 days.

Glucocorticoids are administered parenterally:

With oliguria and no tendency to increase diuresis by 11-12 days from the onset of the disease.
With anuria lasting more than a day.

In the polyuric stage the water-electrolyte state is adjusted. The amount of fluid administered per day should not exceed the amount of fluid excreted during the same period by more than 500 - 700 ml. Preference is given to crystalloid solutions (glucose, sodium chloride). Colloidal solutions (plasma and rheopolyglucin) are administered only for health reasons.
Severe hemorrhagic manifestations are treated according to general approaches. According to vital indications, in case of blood loss, blood transfusion is performed. In case of shock, antishock therapy is carried out, albumin is administered intravenously.
With the development of DIC syndrome, fresh plasma and plasma substitutes are administered.
To strengthen the vascular wall, rutin and ascorbic acid are indicated.
Circulatory failure is eliminated by administering cordiamine, korglykon, polyglucin. Oxygen therapy is used. To restore microcirculation, the administration of chimes, aminophylline, and trental is indicated.
Antibiotics are administered only when there is a threat of bacterial complications.
Antipyretics, drugs that relieve pain, nausea and vomiting are used as symptomatic treatment.

Rice. 14. A 22-year-old man with hemorrhagic fever.

Prevention of mouse fever

The high antigenic and genetic diversity of pathogenic hantaviruses and the sporadic nature of hemorrhagic fever outbreaks pose challenges to the development of effective vaccines. For the purpose of prevention, it is recommended to take Yodantipirin, which has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects.

Nonspecific prevention of HFRS involves the fight against rodents, the protection of environmental objects (hay warehouses, grain, homes) from rodent invasion, and the prevention of water and food contamination.

Personal protection measures for humans against rodents:

Protecting the territory from rodents:

the area adjacent to housing should be cleared of bushes and weeds;
garbage pits should be organized at least 100 meters from housing;
Straw should be stored away from the home.

When collecting brushwood in the forest, cleaning a country house, garage and gazebos, you should wear gloves. When sorting straw, hay and branches, you should use respirators or gauze bandages. Do not handle rodents.
Food should be stored in places inaccessible to rodents. Contaminated products are strictly prohibited from being eaten. In settlements located near forests, food storage should be organized in special warehouses protected from rodent infestations.

Articles in the section "Hemorrhagic fevers"