The meaning of the trapezium of Orion in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, bse. Constellations and stars of the summer sky (July) Constellation in the form of a trapezoid 5 stars

August 11th, 2017 02:20 am

Author - Astronel. This is a quote from this post.

How to find the stars in the sky
starry sky
Two things never cease to amaze me - the starry sky above our heads and the moral law within us.
Immanuel Kant
At night, thousands of stars flash in the sky, and the picture of the starry sky always delights and amazes us.
And in order to navigate in this sea of sparks of the universe, the stars in the sky were combined into constellations. Total 88 constellations, of which 12 belong to the zodiac. The stars in the constellations are indicated by Greek letters, and the brightest of them have their own name.

So, night came, garlands of stars flashed in the sky, and the Milky Way, our Galaxy, stretched like a white river through the sky. Let's sort through this many distant suns together and find the constellations.
Let's start with the summer-autumn sky
Let's get acquainted with the 4 constellations of the northern sky:
Are looking for Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Cassiopeia and Draco.
In the middle latitudes of our country, these constellations, close to the North Pole of the world, are non-setting.
Even people far from astronomy can find in the sky Ursa Major, because of the great recognition of her the bucket becomes the starting point to search for many other constellations.
So let's start with Ursa Major. Bucket at the end of summer and autumn - in the north, in winter - in the northeast.

Find the two extreme stars of this bucket. If mentally draw a line through these two stars, then the first bright star will be polar Star constellations Ursa Minor. From it towards the handle of the larger bucket are the rest of the stars Ursa Minor.

Poems from a children's astronomical site will help you remember the stars.
THE BIG BEAR
I recognize by the BUCKET!
Seven stars sparkle here
And here's what they're called:

DUBHE illuminates the darkness,
MERAK burns next to him,
On the side is FEKDA with MEGRETS,
A cheeky young man.
Fly away from Megrets
ALIOT is located,

And behind him - MITSAR with ALCOR
(These two shine in chorus).
Closes our bucket
Incomparable BENETNASH.
He points to the eye
The path to the constellation BOOTES,
Where the beautiful ARCTUR shines,
Everyone will notice it now!
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Let's find the constellation dragon.
It seems to extend between the buckets Ursa Major and Minor, leaving towards Cepheus, Lyra, Hercules and Cygnus. About these constellations - later.
Constellation Cassiopeia.
Look at the second from the end of the star bucket handles of the Big Dipper. A bright star bears a name Mizar, and next to Alcor. From Arabic, Mizar is a horse, and Alcor is a rider.
Spend a mental direct from Mizar through the North Star and beyond about the same distance. constellation in the form Latin letter W, That's what it is Cassiopeia.
We should now be able to find constellations Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Cassiopeia, Dragon.

And we are looking for a few more constellations
Cepheus, Perseus, Andromeda, Pegasus, Charioteer and Pleiades
Constellation Cepheus
In summer, being outside the big city, you will be able to make out a strip of the Milky Way, stretching from south to northeast. Between Draco and Cassiopeia, you will find a constellation that resembles a pentagon or a house with a roof, which, as it were, “floats” along the Milky Way. This constellation Cepheus. It is located just between the “kink” of the Dragon and Cassiopeia, and the “Roof of the House” is not strictly directed to the North Star.
You can connect the stars α and β Cassiopeia and slightly extend this line.
Perseus
In August, it is slightly to the left and lower Cassiopeia, you can test yourself by drawing a line between the stars γ and δ Cassiopeia and extending three times further.
Andromeda
Pay attention to the chain of stars stretching from Perseus towards the south. This constellation Andromedae. If you draw a line from the North Star through Cassiopeia, this line will also point to the central part Andromedae. The central bright star of the constellation - Mirach. Above it on moonless nights outside the city you can see faint speck of mist. It's famous Andromeda Nebula - a gigantic spiral galaxy M31, the most distant object visible to the naked eye. The distance is about 2.5 million light years.

Pegasus
Pegasus wonderful with its square formed by four stars.
And up and to the left of the extreme star of the Pegasus square are visible three bright stars s constellation Andromeda. Together they form a bucket.
The square of Pegasus will be indicated by δ, γ, ε and α of Cassiopeia, these two lines will intersect just in the area of \u200b\u200bthe square of Pegasus.

Auriga
You probably noticed a bright yellow star to the left and below Perseus. This Chapel- the main star of the constellation Auriga, which is visible under the constellation Perseus.
If you walk along the chain of stars of the constellation Perseus, you will notice that the chain first goes vertically down (4 stars), then turns to the right (3 stars). If you continue straight to the right from these three stars, you will find a silvery cloud, upon closer examination, it will break up into 6-7 stars of a miniature "ladle". That's what it is diffuse stellar Pleiades cluster included in the constellation Taurus.
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We are looking for Vega with Lyra, Swan, Orla, Dolphin, And summer-autumntriangle
Back to the constellation Draco
The Dragon it seems to extend between the buckets of Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, leaving towards Cepheus, Lyra with Vega, Hercules and Cygnus.
At the constellation dragon, eat four stars in the form of a trapezoid, forming dragon head in its western part.
Looking for Vega in August - September, the star is clearly visible in the southwest.
Bright white star near the "head" of the Dragon and eat Vega, one of the brightest stars northern sky.

Draw a straight line from the extreme star "ladle» Ursa Major (Dubge) through the "head" of the Dragon.
Vega will lie on the extension of this line. Several stars form a figure resembling a parallelogram - constellation Lyra. Vega - staraconstellation Lyra. After Arcturus (aBootes), is the second brightest star in the northern sky. Shine of Vega +0.03m.

Summer-autumn triangle
Vega- one of the peaks summer-autumn triangle, the other peaks of which are bright stars Altair (Alpha Eagle) and Deneb (Alpha Cygnus)).
Swan
One of the most beautiful constellations in our sky - Swan represents a cross with a bright star α Cygnus (Deneb) at the top, it looks like a bird soaring through the sky or a cross,
"Northern Cross". You can find it to the left of Lyra.

Eagle
Find the constellation Aquila. Move your gaze down from Vega, and about halfway to the horizon you will find a bright star - Altair(α Eagle). Altair together with Deneb and Vega form
summer-autumn triangle.

Brightest of all in the evening world
Blue VEGA in LIRA!!!
Amazed by the beauty
So our DRAGON froze!
Between VEGA and DENEB
Draw a dotted line to the South -
There an eagle flies across the sky,
And ALTAIR sparkles!
All summer Summer Triangle visible in the south and southeast, in autumn - high in the south and southwest.
To the left of Altair you will find a weak constellation Dolphin, The constellation is beautiful, reminiscent of one that has emerged from the water dolphin.
Summer is the time of the Perseid meteor shower., which lasts from July 17 to August 24 with maximum 12 August, against the background of star placers and the Milky Way, meteors (“shooting stars”) will fly by with bright flashes every now and then. Do not miss!!
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Other constellations of the summer sky.
Our summer nights are white, the stars are visible only at the end of August, but for the sake of order I will write about the summer sky.
Constellation Bootes α Bootes (Arcturus).
To the left of Bootes, a semicircle, turned downward - constellation Northern Crown, further to the left constellation Hercules, - a quadrilateral with broken lines diverging from its corners (arms and legs of Hercules).
Under the constellation Hercules constellation is located Ophiuchus, which looks like an irregular polygon, and left and right constellation from him snakes.
Bright stars of the summer sky!

Under the constellations of the Serpent and Ophiuchus is the constellation of Scorpio, reminiscent of this animal. And to the right and below the constellation Libra.
Under the constellations Eagle and Shield located constellation Sagittarius.
Scientists suggest that it is in the direction of this constellation that the center of our galaxy is located.
Below the constellations Pegasus and the Little Horse is constellation Aquarius. It is easily recognizable by the so-called "propeller" with four stars resembling this object.
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Constellations of the winter sky
From the end of autumn and winter we are looking for Gemini, Orion, Taurus, Charioteer, Small Dog, Big Dog.
In January, at about eight o'clock in the evening, we will find the bucket of B. Medveditsa. Let's draw a straight line from the weakest bucket star (Megrets) through the rightmost bucket star (Merak) to the East. On the way of your straight line, two bright stars will meet, located one above the other. These are the main stars constellation Gemini. Ta the star aboveCastor, lower and brighter - Pollux.

In the south and southeast we see a beautiful picture of the winter constellations. Seven stars brighter than the second magnitude are visible in a small area of the sky. Almost at the zenith, yellow Chapel of the Charioteer, under it - orange Aldebaran, to the left and below - Betelgeuse And Rigel, the stars of Orion. Floats above the horizon Sirius shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. On the left, in the southeast, yellowish Procyon(α Small Dog) and Pollux from the constellation Gemini.
Unfortunately, Sirius is practically invisible in our latitudes.
The main character in the picture of the winter constellations is the hunter Orion. Its seven brightest stars are instantly remembered: three bright stars form the belt of Orion, above it, closer to the constellation of Gemini, there is a reddish betelgeuse, and to the right a hot star Bellatrix(they mark the shoulders of the hunter), and below is a bright star Rigel and the star of Saif point to his feet.

By the way, top star Orion's belt is located almost at the celestial equator, therefore, those stars that are below it belong to the southern hemisphere of the sky, those that are higher belong to the northern one.
Under Orion's belt is a small misty speck. This is the Orion Nebula, a gigantic cloud of interstellar gas, the cradle of a new generation of stars.
To the right and above the hunter is the constellation Taurus, it stretched to the right letter U. The bull is furious and rushes at Orion; Aldebaran marks the red eye of Taurus. The body of Taurus is marked with a small bucket Pleiades.Pleiades- the brightest open star cluster earthly sky. A person can see 6-7 stars in the Pleiades with the naked eye.

Orion
Not afraid of winter and cold,
girded tighter,
Equipped for hunting
ORION speaks
Two stars from the big leagues
In ORION it is RIGEL
In the lower right corner
Like a bow on a shoe.
And on the left epaulette -
BETELGEUSE shines brightly.
Three stars obliquely
Decorate the belt.
This belt is like a clue.
He is a heavenly guide.
If you go to the left
Miracle- SIRIUS find.
And from the right end
Path to the constellation TAURUS
He points straight
Into the red eye ALDEBARAN.
Under the feet of Orion is a small constellation of the Hare, and to his left, low above the horizon, is the constellation Big Dog. His main star Sirius is the brightest in the entire night sky of the Earth. Orion's other dog, Small Dog, marked with bright Procyon, is under Gemini.
To the left of Taurus under the constellation Perseus, familiar to us from the summer, find the constellation Charioteer(just under it there will be already familiar to us Twins). There is a bright star in the constellation Auriga, even brighter than Aldebaran. This Chapel.

winter triangle
We'll find it again Betelgeuse(orange bright star in Orion) and Procyon. Under Betelgeuse and to the right of Procyon low on the horizon we will see (if we see!) a bright white flicker Sirius - the brightest star Earth's starry sky!
Sirius - Procyon - Betelgeuse form winter triangle stars.

Unfortunately, the constellation Canis Major is a southern constellation and at the latitude of Moscow it rises low above the horizon, i.e. practically invisible.
If you decide to rush to the latitude of the Egyptian resorts in winter, then under Sirius you will find another bright star - canopus(the constellation Carina) is second in brightness, the star of the earth's sky after Sirius.
Shine of Sirius - minus 1.4m, Canopus - minus 0.6m. Shine Chapels +0,1m, Aldebarana +0,9m. A shine polar star only 2m.

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Constellations of the spring sky.
Connect polar star with two extreme stars Ursa Major and extend this line below. This will take us to constellation Leo. This constellation has a bright star Regulus(α Leo).
Between the constellations Leo and Gemini is located constellation Cancer.
To the left of the constellation Leo is a group of faint stars - constellation Coma Berenices.
Between the handle of the Big Dipper and the Hair of Veronica you will see two stars forming constellation Canis Hounds.

Constellation Bootes. Reminiscent of a pentagon elongated downwards with a bright star in the lower corner α Bootes (Arcturus). Let's find arcturus, it is enough to extend the line between the two extreme stars of the handle of the Big Dipper bucket down and here it is.
Combining δ, ε and α Bootes, and extending this line down, we find constellation Virgo containing a bright star Spica (α Virgo).
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Stars shine, shine...
Sometimes I can't even believe
How big is the universe.
Into the pitch black sky
I look, forgetting everything in the world ...
Still, it's great
That at night the stars shine for us!
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For observations, it is good to have a flashlight that gives red light, it does not disturb the adaptation of the eye to the dark. It is enough to put a red cloth on a regular flashlight. In addition, you will need a star chart (preferably with an overlay circle). A similar map can be found in astronomical calendar.
Well, how did you manage to find the pearls of the starry sky?
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I also have a star theme:
Constellations and stars in myths and legends

TRAPEZIA OF ORION

Orion, a multiple star q "of Orion, located in the middle part of the great nebula of the constellation Orion. 9 components of this star are known, of which the 4 brightest (in Fig. A, B, C, D) are located approximately in the form of a trapezoid.

In 1949, V. A. Ambartsumian discovered a number of other similar stellar systems in which the distances between the components are of the same order of magnitude. Such systems began to be called multiple stars of the T. O type. Periodic orbital motions observed in ordinary multiple stars are unlikely in them (see. double stars), as a result of which multiple stars of the T. O. type should be considered unstable and decaying. According to Ambartsumian's definitions, T.O.-type multiple stars decay over several million years. It follows from this that such systems currently observed cannot be older than this age and are young formations. A significant number of multiple stars of the T. O. type are found in stellar associations.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

Constellations of the Northern Subpolar Region

Just like the Moon, the constellations move across the night sky in the direction from east to west - this is due to the fact that the Earth rotates around its axis from west to east. Constellations located in the 40-degree zone from the North Pole of the world belong to the so-called Northern Subpolar Region; they all remain visible at any time of the year, never hiding behind the horizon. The five main circumpolar constellations include Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor and dragon. The latter is a broken chain of stars stretching across a vast region of the sky: the Dragon's tail is located between the North Star and Ursa Major, the body goes around Ursa Minor and Cepheus, and the head is directed towards the constellation Hercules.

Summer star triangle of the Northern Hemisphere

A starry star appearing in the sky of the Northern Hemisphere on warm summer nights triangle(that's what they call it) summer) make up the three brightest bodies in the constellations Lyra, swan And Eagle: Vega, Deneb And Altair.

Winter Star Triangle of the Northern Hemisphere

In winter, in the midnight sky appears winter triangle, which is composed by the brightest stars of Orion ( Betelgeuse), Big Dog ( Sirius) and Small Dog ( Procyon).

Other "carriers" of bright stars include constellations lion And Virgin They are best seen in the spring. Other constellations that are not included in the circumpolar region are sometimes almost completely hidden for us beyond the horizon, but at the same time become partially visible south of the equator. Among them are the constellations of Orion, Taurus, Canis Major, Gemini.

constellations of the northern hemisphere

Andromeda
Twins
Big Dipper
Auriga
Bootes
Veronica's hair
Hercules
Hounds Dogs
Dolphin
The Dragon
Giraffe
Cassiopeia
Swan
Chanterelle
Ursa Minor
Small Horse
Small Lion
Small Dog
Pegasus
Perseus
Northern Crown
Arrow
Taurus
Triangle
Cepheus
Lizard

Description of interesting constellations of the Northern Hemisphere

Andromeda

Andromeda is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, consisting of three bright stars arranged in a line. The Alamak star is a triple system consisting of a main yellow star with a magnitude of 2m and two of its satellites - bluish stars. Star Alferatz (another name for Alfaret, in Arabic "Sirrah al-Faras", translated as "the navel of a horse"). Both stars are navigational stars by which sailors navigate the sea. The third star Mirach, located between them.

Big Dipper

Ursa Major is a constellation in the northern hemisphere. Of course, Ursa Major is the oldest constellation in the sky. According to Yu.A. Karpenko, one hundred thousand years ago, in the Middle Paleolithic, Neanderthals had already identified this group of stars. Middle modern man will not yield to the Neanderthal in this: almost everyone can find the seven-star Big Dipper in the night sky. However, the Big Dipper is only a small, albeit the most memorable part of the constellation: the third largest in area and including approximately 125 stars visible to the naked eye. Seven stars form the most famous figure in the sky. This is a bucket, which, with its two extreme stars Dubhe and Merak, gives direction to the North Star. The brightest star is Alioth, and the most famous binary system is Mizar - "horse" and Alcor - "rider". It is believed that one who distinguishes between these two stars has sharp eyesight.

Auriga

Charioteer is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, located in the circumpolar region of the sky. The brightest star is the yellow double Capella, which means “goat” or “goat star” in Latin. Capella is the sixth brightest star in the sky, its luminosity is 170 times greater than the sun, the distance to this giant is 13 parsecs. The star is a system of six stars, which, unfortunately, cannot be seen separately even with good binoculars.

Bootes

Bootes is one of the most beautiful constellations in the northern hemisphere of the sky. It attracts attention with its characteristic pattern, similar to an air-filled parachute, where the parachutist is Arcturus, the third brightest star in the sky. The name of the star comes from "arktos" - guardian and "ursus" - bear ("guardian of the bear" following the constellation Ursa Major in the sky).

Veronica's hair

Hair of Veronica is a constellation in the northern hemisphere of the sky, containing about 60 stars visible to the naked eye. The brightest, Hair of Veronica, has a magnitude of 4.3". Looking at it, you can see what the Sun looks like from a distance of 27 light years, since this star is very similar in its characteristics to our star.

Hercules

Hercules is one of the most major constellations northern hemisphere. On a clear and moonless night in the constellation Hercules, about 140 stars can be distinguished with the naked eye, the brightest of them are stars of the third magnitude. If you mentally connect them with lines, you get a characteristic geometric figure of the constellation Hercules - two large trapeziums with a common base, located one on top of the other.

hounds dogs

Hounds Dogs is a small constellation in the northern hemisphere of the sky, in which you can distinguish about thirty stars visible to the naked eye. The brightest star of the Hounds of the Dogs was named by the English astronomer Edmund Halley in honor of King Charles II, whose name is associated with the restoration of royal power in England in the 17th century. This is a beautiful double star: one of its components is golden yellow (3.2), the other is purple (5.7), located at a distance of 20 arc seconds from the first. A pair is best observed with binoculars or a small telescope.

The Dragon

Draco is a circumpolar constellation in the northern hemisphere of the sky, one of the largest in area. It contains more than two hundred stars that can be seen with the naked eye, of which 80 stars are brighter than 6m. Thuban or "Serpent" (alpha Draconis, 3.7) was the northern pole star from 3700 to 1500 BC. e. The brightest star is Etamin (Gamma Draco, 2.2). In Arabic, al-Ras al-Tinnin means "Dragon's head". Another very interesting star - Kuma (Dragon Nude) - is an optical double, its components are clearly visible through binoculars.

Cassiopeia

Cassiopeia is a non-setting constellation in the northern hemisphere of the sky. It contains about 90 stars brighter than 6, visible to the naked eye. The brightest are Rukbah, Rukba, Navi, Shedar and Kaf. They form the “W” figure, being navigational, by which sailors determine their location in the sea. An unusual variable star is Navi. It looks like a flaring new star, changing its brightness from 1.6 to 3. Cassiopeia's variable rho changes brightness from 4 to 6.2 and then it becomes invisible to the naked eye. This star is a supergiant, 40 times heavier and about 500,000 times more luminous than the Sun.

Swan

Cygnus is a constellation in the northern hemisphere of the sky. Bright stars form a characteristic cross-shaped pattern - the "Northern Cross", stretched along the Milky Way. The ancient peoples saw a flying bird in the constellation; Babylonians "forest bird", Arabs - "chicken". Deneb "chicken tail" is a very bright star, a blue supergiant with a luminosity 67,000 times that of the sun. This is the top left corner of the Summer Triangle. Albireo (beta Cygnus "chicken's beak") is a beautiful binary system, easily distinguishable in a small telescope.

Ursa Minor

Ursa Minor is a circumpolar constellation located in the northern hemisphere. It contains almost forty stars that can be seen with the naked eye. At present, the North Pole of the World is located in Ursa Minor at a distance of less than 1 ° from the North Star. Ursa Minor consists of seven stars, better known as the "Little Dipper". The most extreme star in the "handle" of the Bucket is the North Star (alpha Ursa Minor with magnitude 2.0). The next brightest star is Kokhab (beta Ursa Minor with magnitude 2.1. In the period from about 2000 BC to 500 AD, Kokhab was a polar star, translated from Arabic Kokhab-zl-Shemali - “ Star of the North.

Small Horse

The Little Horse is the smallest constellation in terms of area in the northern hemisphere of the sky. It contains no more than ten stars visible to the naked eye on a clear night. These faint stars do not form any characteristic geometric figure that could attract the observer's attention. The star (alpha) of the Little Horse has its own name - Kitalfa or in Arabic al Kitah al Faras, which means “part of the horse”. Its brightness is 3.9 magnitude. The brightness of the remaining stars does not exceed 4.5; they don't have their own names.

Orion

Orion is a bright equatorial constellation in the northern hemisphere with a characteristic pattern. The star Betelgeuse (alpha Orion), which in Arabic means "armpit" is a red supergiant, an irregular variable, the brightness of which varies from 0.2 to 1.2. The distance to the star is 520 light years, and the luminosity is 14,000 times that of the sun. This is one of the largest stars known to astronomers: if placed in the place of the Sun, it will reach the orbit of Jupiter. The volume of Betelgeuse is 160 million times larger than the sun.

Pegasus

Pegasus is a large equatorial constellation located southwest of Andromeda. It contains more than one and a half hundred stars visible to the naked eye. The brightest of them are Enif, which has a magnitude of 2.5 and Markab (alpha Pegasus) with magnitude 2.6. The rather bright star Sheat (beta Pegasus) is a semi-correct star, the brightness of which varies randomly from 2.4 to 2.8. Translated from the Arabic name of the brightest stars, the constellations mean: Markab - "saddle" or "carriage", Sheat - "shoulder", Algenib - "horse's navel", Enif - "nose".

Perseus

Perseus is a constellation in the northern hemisphere of the sky with a characteristic pattern that looks like an open compass. The brightest star of Perseus is Mirfak, which means “elbow” in Arabic. This huge giant, located at a distance of 590 light years, has a magnitude of 1.8, 62 times the size of the Sun and 5000 times brighter.

Arrow

Arrow is a small and very beautiful constellation in the northern hemisphere. Contains about thirty stars visible to the naked eye. There are no bright stars in it and only one star - and Arrows, has its own name - Sham. In the constellation is the variable FG Arrows, which gave its name to an independent type of variable stars. It changed its temperature in 100 years from 50,000 to 4,600°K and chemical composition atmosphere. The FG Arrows star is ejecting huge clouds of carbon dust as its shell expands.

Triangle

Triangulum is a beautiful but small constellation in the northern hemisphere. It contains about twenty stars with a brightness greater than magnitude 6. When viewed with the naked eye, the constellation takes on the shape of a right-angled triangle located under Andromeda. The top of the Triangle is the star Metalakh (alpha), translated from Arabic - “top of the triangle”. The brightest star is beta with magnitude 3.

Cepheus

Cepheus is a constellation in the northern hemisphere of the sky, with a characteristic pattern resembling an irregular pentagon. The southern part of Cepheus enters the Milky Way. There are about one hundred and fifty stars in the constellation, visible to the naked eye. The constellation has no bright stars, the brightest is Alderamin (alpha Cephei) with magnitude 2.4 magnitude. The star Delta Cephei is a double star with a magnitude of 3.7 to 4.5 with a period of 5.4 days, it was discovered by the English amateur astronomer John Goodryke in 1784.

Lizard

The Lizard is a small constellation in the Milky Way. Its faint stars do not form any characteristic geometric figure. On a clear night, about thirty stars can be found in it with the naked eye. Only one of them has a magnitude of 3.8, so the entire constellation can only be seen on a moonless night at very good conditions for observations.

Learning to find Ursa Minor, Cassiopeia and Dragon

So, let's start our acquaintance with the starry sky. Today we will get acquainted with the four constellations of the Northern sky: Ursa Major, Ursa Minor (with the famous North Star), Draco and Cassiopeia. All these constellations, due to their proximity to the North Pole of the World in the European territory of the former USSR, are non-setting. Those. they can be found in the starry sky on any day and at any time. The first steps should begin with the Big Dipper known to everyone. Did you find it in the sky? If not, then to search for it, remember that on summer evenings the “ladle” is located in the northwest, in autumn - in the north, in winter - in the northeast, in spring - directly overhead. Now pay attention to the two extreme stars of this "bucket".

If you mentally draw a straight line through these two stars, then the first star, the brightness of which is comparable to the brightness of the stars of the "bucket" of the Big Dipper, will be the Polar Star, belonging to the constellation Ursa Minor. Try to find the rest of the stars in this constellation. If you observe in urban conditions, then it will be difficult to make out the stars of the "small bucket" (namely, as the constellation Ursa Minor is unofficially called): they are not as bright as the stars of the "big bucket", i.e. Big Dipper. To do this, it is better to have binoculars on hand. When you see the constellation Ursa Minor, you can try to find the constellation Cassiopeia. I don’t know about you, but for me it was initially associated with another “bucket”. Rather, it is even a "coffee pot". So, look at the second from the end star of the “bucket handle” of Ursa Major. This is the star next to which an asterisk is barely visible to the naked eye. The bright star is named Mizar, and the one next to it is Alkor (here is the model range of iconic Soviet telescopes for astronomy lovers, produced by the Novosibirsk Instrument-Making Plant (NPZ)). They say that if translated from Arabic, then Mizar is a horse, and Alcor is a rider. Being familiar with the Arabic language, I cannot confirm this, but we will trust the books.

So, Mizar is found. Now draw a mental line from Mizar through the North Star and then about the same distance. And you will surely see a rather bright constellation in the form of the Latin letter W. This is Cassiopeia. Still, something like a "coffee pot", isn't it?

Learning to find Perseus, Andromeda and Charioteer

To find the Auriga and the Pleiades in August, it is recommended to look at the sky around midnight, in September - about 23 hours, in October - after 22 hours. To begin our walk through the starry sky today, locate the North Star and then the constellation Cassiopeia. On these August evenings, it is visible from the evening high above the northeastern part of the sky.

Stretch your hand forward, spreading the thumb and forefinger of this hand to the maximum possible angle. This angle will be approximately 18°. Now point your index finger at Cassiopeia, and thumb lower perpendicularly down. There you will see the stars belonging to the constellation Perseus. Compare the observed stars with a fragment of a star map and remember the location of the constellation Perseus.

After that, pay attention to the long chain of stars stretching from Perseus towards the south point. This is the constellation Andromeda. If you draw a mental line from the North Star through Cassiopeia, then this line will also point to the central part of Andromeda. Using a star chart, find this constellation. Now pay attention to the central bright star of the constellation. The star has its own name - Mirach. Above it, you can find three dim stars that form a triangle, and together with Alferatz, a figure resembling a slingshot. Between the upper stars of this "slingshot" on moonless nights outside the city, you can see a faint misty speck. This is the famous Andromeda Nebula - a gigantic galaxy visible to the naked eye from Earth. Within the city, you can use small binoculars or a telescope to search for it.

While searching for Perseus, you probably noticed a bright yellow star to the left and below Perseus. This is Capella - the main star of the constellation Auriga. The constellation Auriga itself is visible under the constellation Perseus, but for a more effective search for it, it is necessary to conduct observations after midnight, although part of the constellation is visible already in the evening (in central Russia, Capella is a non-setting star).

If you follow the chain of stars of the constellation Perseus, as shown on the map, you will notice that the chain first goes vertically down (4 stars) and then turns to the right (3 stars). If you continue the mental line from these three stars further to the right, then you will find a silvery cloud, upon closer examination, for a person with normal vision, it will break up into 6-7 stars in the form of a miniature "ladle". This is the Pleiades open star cluster.

Learning to find Lyra and Cepheus

Let's start with Vega, especially in August - September, the star is clearly visible high above the horizon in the southwestern, and then in its western part. Residents of the middle lane can observe this star all year round, because. it is non-setting in the middle latitudes.

When you got acquainted with the constellation Draco, you probably paid attention to the four stars in the form of a trapezoid, forming the "head" of the Draco in its western part. And for sure you noticed a bright white star not far from the "head" of the Dragon. This is Vega. In order to be convinced of this, draw a mental line from the extreme star of the “dipper” of the Big Dipper (the star is called Dubge) through the “head” of the Dragon. Vega will lie just on the continuation of this straight line. Now examine carefully the vicinity of Vega and you will see several faint stars forming a figure resembling a parallelogram. This is the constellation Lyra. Running a little ahead, we note that Vega is one of the vertices of the so-called summer-autumn triangle, the other vertices of which are the bright stars Altair (the main star of the Aquila constellation) and Deneb (the main star of the Cygnus constellation). Deneb is located near Vega and it's signed on our map, so try to find it yourself. If it does not work out, then do not despair - in the next task we will learn to look for both the Swan and the Eagle.

Now move your gaze to the near-zenith region of the sky, if, of course, you are observing in the late summer or autumn evening. If you are outside of a big city, you will probably be able to see a strip of the Milky Way stretching from south to northeast. So, between the Dragon and Cassiopeia, you can easily find a constellation that resembles a house with a roof, which, as it were, “floats” along the Milky Way. This is the constellation Cepheus. If you are observing in a big city and the Milky Way is not visible, then Cassiopeia and the Dragon should also be your guide. The constellation Cepheus is located just between the "kink" of the Dragon and Cassiopeia. The "roof of the house" is not strictly directed to the North Star.

The July sky is one of the most starry, as 10 constellations rise at once during this month - more than at other times of the year. Venus and Jupiter are gradually disappearing from the horizon, Mercury and Mars remain visible only in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Only Saturn is visible in the sky. But the constellations of the Serpent and Scorpio, the Dragon and the Bird of Paradise pour out.

Constellations of the summer sky: June | July | August

Bird of paradise

This is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, located close to the pole. The Bird of Paradise is small in area (206 sq. degrees) and one of the most inconspicuous. You can find it in the sky, guided by the Southern Triangle. Alpha and Gamma of the Triangle point exactly to the Bird of Paradise, if you continue the lines from them to the pole. It is not possible to see this constellation on the territory of Russia.

With the naked eye, no more than two dozen stars can be distinguished in the constellation, with the largest having only 4 and 5 magnitudes.

The most conspicuous point of the constellation is Alpha Bird of Paradise - an orange giant, which is now gradually turning into a white dwarf.

The second brightest star is Gamma Bird of Paradise, a yellow giant about 160 light-years from Earth.

Rounding out the trio of bright stars is Beta Bird of Paradise, a double star consisting of an orange giant and a white companion.

It is necessary to note one more star called Alice. Kir Bulychev called her that. The science fiction classic even has a certificate confirming that he is the owner of the name of the star in the constellation Bird of Paradise.

Of particular interest among deep-sky objects is the globular cluster NGC 6101, which can be viewed with a medium-power telescope.

Altar

One of the oldest constellations, which is mentioned in the catalog of Ptolemy, the Altar is a small constellation of the southern hemisphere, which can be found by focusing on the neighboring Peacock and Scorpio. The altar is located south of the "tail" of Scorpio and slightly west of Alpha Peacock. It is impossible to see it on the territory of Russia.

In shape, the constellation resembles the letter H. With the naked eye, up to 60 stars of the Altar can be distinguished.

The brightest is Beta Altar, an orange giant that is 4.6 thousand times brighter than the Sun.

The alpha star is a double star and is 242 light years away from Earth.

The most interesting is Mu Altar, which is very similar to our Sun and is located only 50 light years away. Moreover, astronomers have discovered that 4 planets revolve around it.

The constellation includes a lot of deep sky objects: star clusters, globular clusters and nebulae.

Northern Crown

This is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, known since ancient times. In terms of area, it occupies only 73rd place, and no more than 20 stars can be distinguished with the naked eye.

The Northern Crown can be seen throughout Russia, and it is best to observe it in late June or early July. Finding it in the sky is easy - the shape of the constellation resembles a crown or a semicircular arc of 6 stars. The constellation Bootes and the head of the Serpent can serve as landmarks.

Alpha Northern Crown is often called Gemma or Agnosia. This is a double star surrounded by a disk of dust, which is very similar to Vega.

A beta star, or Nusakan, is a binary star system 114 light-years away from Earth.

Three more stars from this constellation have planets. And the star R is the most remarkable object for study. This yellow supergiant became the prototype of a whole class of variable stars.

The constellation includes a cluster of galaxies, which received the name Abel 2065 in astronomy. This cluster is easy to distinguish with the naked eye.

The Dragon

This is one of the largest constellations in the northern hemisphere, located close to the pole. The dragon occupies a vast territory of 1083 square degrees and is in 8th place in size.

In outline, the constellation really looks like a reptile with a diamond-shaped head and a long tail. It can be observed in the northern hemisphere at any time of the year. But the best period is from May to December.

Despite the huge area and more than 80 stars visible without the help of optics, it is not easy to detect this constellation. It is most convenient to focus on two Bears. The dragon seems to be floating between them. Part of its tail runs almost parallel to the handle of the Big Dipper bucket. Then the Dragon, as it were, goes around the bucket of Ursa Minor and rushes further, to the south. Following this meandering line, you will reach the head of the Dragon - a rhombus of 4 bright stars.

Among the stars, there are some of the most interesting:

Alpha Draco is located closest to the Polar and is the "tip of the tail" of this celestial beast. This star is often called Tuban. And during the construction of the Egyptian pyramids, it was Tuban that served as the northernmost landmark for navigators.

Gamma Draco, or Etamine, is the brightest star in Draco, an orange giant 148 light-years from Earth. In fact, this is a whole star system, consisting of seven stars of different sizes. Astronomers say that in a million years Etamin will approach the Earth at a distance of 28 light years and become the brightest star in the sky.

There are several binary stars in the constellation, and a planet very similar to Earth revolves around the star Kepler-10b. There are several small galaxies and the Cat's Eye Nebula. And near the head of the Dragon, frequent and powerful meteor showers are observed. You can see them in the middle of autumn.

Hercules

This is one of the largest constellations in the northern hemisphere, covering an area of 1225 square degrees (5th place). In such a vast space without optics, over 200 stars belonging to this constellation can be distinguished.

The outlines of the constellation really resemble a man with a square head and with a sword in his hands, running across the sky. It is difficult to distinguish the full figure of Hercules in the sky, since it occupies a vast area. Focus on the asterism in the form of a trapezoid, which is the "torso" of Hercules. The constellation is located between the Northern Crown and Virgo.

Hercules is best observed in June. In the northern hemisphere, the constellation is visible almost all year round.

Despite its gigantic size, Hercules cannot boast of a set of the brightest stars. The brightest is the Beta star, or Korniforos, which has a brightness of 2.8 magnitudes. Alpha Hercules is a variable star, as its brightness varies over 90 days.

Of the objects of deep space, the constellation can boast of three globular clusters and a bright planetary nebula. The most remarkable object is located in the region of Hercules' "loin" - the solar apex.

Square

One of the smaller constellations in the southern hemisphere. You can find it in the sky, focusing on the "neighbors". The square looks like an elongated line, which is located approximately at an equal distance between the constellations of the Wolf and the Altar.

This is a new constellation identified in 1754 by the astronomer Lacaille.

In the constellation, however, more than 40 stars can be distinguished with the naked eye. And part of the Square in the summer can be seen in the south of Russia.

There are no stars in the Corner that have their own names. The brightest is considered Gamma Nagolona - a double star, consisting of a supergiant and a bright companion.

Another interesting star is Epsilon Pengulum. It is located at a distance of 600 light years from Earth and is also a double. It is noteworthy that each component of Epsilon Bend, in turn, is also a binary star system.

Of the objects of deep space, the most remarkable is the planetary nebula, which is called the Ant. The shape of the nebula, indeed, resembles this insect.

Ophiuchus

This is a huge equatorial constellation, ranking 11th in area in the ranking of 88 known constellations. Its territory is estimated at 948 square degrees.

The outlines of the constellation resemble, rather, a rocket, the top of which is directed towards the constellation Hercules. And the constellation of the Serpent, located to the south, Ophiuchus divides into two parts: the Head and the Tail. On the territory of Russia, the constellation is best observed in June. It can be seen almost throughout the country, with the exception of the northern regions.

The brightest star is Alpha Ophiuchus, or Ras Alhage. It is a binary star system consisting of two giants. Alpha is located in the "head" of Ophiuchus, and together with Vega and Altair forms an equilateral triangle.

70 Ophiuchus is notable for being very close to Earth - only 16.5 light-years away. This is also a binary star, consisting of two orange dwarfs.

And the most famous star in the constellation is SN 1604, or Kepler's Supernova. It broke out only in the autumn of 1604.

And in terms of the number of variable stars, Ophiuchus is one of the top three. There are 2500 such stars in the constellation.

Of the deep sky objects in the constellation, several globular clusters, an infrared galaxy and an open nebula are observed.

Scorpion

This constellation is located entirely in the Milky Way. Finding him in the sky is not very difficult. The shape of the constellation resembles a wriggling snake, the tail of which borders the Southern Crown, and the "head" with three tentacles stretches towards Ophiuchus.

The constellation is quite large - it covers an area of \u200b\u200b497 square degrees. And Scorpio is considered the brightest constellation in the sky, since it includes 13 of the brightest stars.

The brightest is Alpha Scorpio, or Antares, a red supergiant that is 700 times larger than the Sun and shines 9,000 times brighter. Antares is a double star, and if you look closely, you can find a less visible bluish companion next to the blood-red giant.

Other brightest stars of Scorpio also have their own names: Shaula, Sargas, Akrab, Lesat, Alniyat, Girtab.

There are several open star clusters in the constellation, one of which soon threatens to turn into a black hole.

Snake

Serpens is considered an equatorial constellation. It spreads over 637 square degrees in space and on a clear night, up to 106 stars can be distinguished with the naked eye.

This is a unique constellation, as it is the only one that is not connected together. The fact is that Ophiuchus divides the constellation of the Serpent into two parts: the Head of the Serpent and the Tail of the Serpent. To get your bearings, you can first find the North Crown. A little to the west there will be a bright triangle - this will be the Serpent's Head. The rest of the constellation continues to the west.

On the territory of Russia, the Snake can be observed in almost all regions. The best time is June.

There are no stars of the first magnitude in the composition of the Serpent. Alpha Serpens is a triple star at the base of the triangle known as the Head. She is considered the brightest.

The second brightest is Eta Serpent, which is often called Tang. It is a binary star system consisting of an orange giant and a fainter companion.

Another notable star is Delta Serpens. This is a double star, which includes two also double stars.

Among the objects of deep space, the Eagle Nebula can be distinguished. Its star clusters are surrounded by gas clouds. Which are called the Pillars of Creation.

Southern Triangle

If you look at the July sky at midnight, then closer to the south above the horizon you can see three bright stars that form the Southern Triangle. This is one of the smallest (only 110 square degrees) constellations in the southern hemisphere, but one of the brightest.

You can find it by focusing on the constellation of the Bird of Paradise, which will be to the south and closer to the pole, the Compasses line stretches in the east, and the Altar in the west. More than 30 stars can be distinguished with the naked eye. It is not observed on the territory of Russia.

Of the three brightest stars, only Alpha has its own name - Atrium. This giant is 130 times heavier than the Sun.

The constellation includes a star cluster and a barred galaxy.

The Southern Triangle is remarkable in that it plays an important role in navigation. And his image flaunts on the flag of Brazil.

Trapeze of Orion

multiple star θ "Orion, located in the middle part of the great nebula of the constellation Orion. 9 components of this star are known, of which 4 are the brightest (on rice. BUT, IN, FROM, D) are roughly trapezoid-shaped.

In 1949, V. A. Ambartsumian discovered a number of other similar stellar systems in which the distances between the components are of the same order of magnitude. Such systems came to be called multiple stars of the T.O. type. The periodic orbital motions observed in ordinary multiple stars (see Binary Stars) are unlikely in them, as a result of which T.O.-type multiple stars should be considered unstable and decaying. According to Ambartsumian's definitions, T.O.-type multiple stars decay over several million years. It follows from this that such systems currently observed cannot be older than this age and are young formations. A significant number of multiple stars of the T. O. type are found in stellar associations.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Synonyms:

See what the "Trapezium of Orion" is in other dictionaries:

Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 star (503) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

- ... Wikipedia

One of the very large gas and dust clouds closest to the Solar System in the Galaxy (see Galactic nebulae). The distance to it is about 300 ps. On moonless winter nights, it is visible in the constellation of Orion as a shimmering pale ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Orion's Theta. Theta1 Orionic C Star ... Wikipedia

Star Observational data (Epoch J2000.0) Type Single star Right ascension ... Wikipedia

This is a list of stars in the constellation Orion, the stars are sorted in order of increasing apparent magnitude (decreasing brightness). Name B F HD HIP RA Dec. Abs. Distance (st. g) Sp. class Add. St. Rigel β 19 34085 24436 ... ... Wikipedia

The meaning of the trapezium of Orion in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, bse. Constellations and stars of the summer sky (July) Constellation in the form of a trapezoid 5 stars

See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is ORION'S TRAPEZE in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Constellations of the Northern Subpolar Region

Summer star triangle of the Northern Hemisphere

Winter Star Triangle of the Northern Hemisphere

constellations of the northern hemisphere

Description of interesting constellations of the Northern Hemisphere

Andromeda

Big Dipper

Auriga

Bootes

Veronica's hair

Hercules

hounds dogs

The Dragon

Cassiopeia

Swan

Ursa Minor

Small Horse

Orion

Pegasus

Perseus

Arrow

Triangle

Cepheus

Lizard

Learning to find Ursa Minor, Cassiopeia and Dragon

Learning to find Perseus, Andromeda and Charioteer

Learning to find Lyra and Cepheus

Bird of paradise

Altar

Northern Crown

The Dragon

Hercules

Square

Ophiuchus

Scorpion

Snake

Southern Triangle

See what the "Trapezium of Orion" is in other dictionaries: