Types of removable dentures. Classification of dental prosthetics methods, types of dental prostheses, how to choose the best one What types of prosthetics

Dental prosthetics is often a forced and necessary method of treatment, but modern medicine so advanced that there are plenty of opportunities for such an event.

You can choose exactly the method of prosthetics that best suits your needs, while the aesthetic appeal will remain at a high level.

Conventionally, prostheses can be divided into two groups:

• fixed;
• removable.

Each type has both advantages and disadvantages, not in every case they are applicable.

Set once and for all

What are fixed dentures? For example, with the help of a crown, you can restore a tooth even if it is destroyed by almost half. To put this prosthesis, it is enough to have a strong healthy root. used when there is a threat to the health and preservation of the tooth, as well as to improve it appearance.

The prosthesis is fixed to the remaining part with dental cement. Crowns are made from a wide range of materials, which varies in price and their service life.

In the photo, the installation of the crown

The advantages of this type of prosthetics include:

• a wide variety of materials;
• relatively low price;
• long service life;
• positive result.

This method, however, has a significant drawback, in particular, the need to grind the tooth with grinding up to 2.5 mm and its depulpation.

The process requires a violation of the integrity of the surface tissue, which is undesirable in the case of a healthy tooth.

Lumineers - modern and beautiful

For aesthetic purposes, they are used to restore the teeth of the front row. They are mini-prostheses that are worn over the front of the tooth. This requires turning the surface up to 1 mm.

There is a more perfect variety, called, not accompanied by turning. The prosthesis is so thin that when glued on top of the tooth, it does not seem unnatural.

The advantage of this type of prosthesis is a high degree of attractiveness of the smile, but this method is not able to cope with serious damage to the tooth.

The prosthesis can cover only one part of the tooth, while the inner zone must be healthy. The main disadvantages of the method are a short service life, as well as high cost.

Bridge based on own teeth

Bridges are a prosthesis consisting of several cast-type crowns. This method helps to hide the absence of one or more teeth. To install a bridge, at least two abutment teeth are required, in case of their absence, implants are used.

The bridge resembles a dentition, covering the missing areas and fixed at the edges. There is a huge variety of materials for this prosthesis, so it can be used to simulate the dentition, similar to natural.

The method has many positive characteristics. These include:

• aesthetics of the dentition;
• relatively affordable price;
• comfortable wear and easy care.

adhesive bridge

Prosthetics with bridges is only permissible on absolutely healthy teeth, while it does not exclude the need for grinding when resting on them.

In this regard, due to excessive load over time, the teeth can become mobile. Lack of pressure under the medial part of the bridge often leads to bone atrophy.

An alternative is adhesive prosthetics, which in essence resembles a bridge, but the mount is fixed not on a ground support, but with a metal frame to adjacent teeth.

can be called the most expensive method of prosthetics, but it is the most durable. At right approach to the choice of treatment, as well as following all the recommendations of the dentist, you can get a durable artificial root, which subsequently will not need to be changed.

The implanted pin is a solid basis for a bridge or crown, which does not require grinding of adjacent teeth. This method is reliable but has many limitations.

In addition, there is a risk of rejection foreign body resulting in the need for a second surgery.

False teeth - clack, clack, clack

Removable plate dentures

Which teeth are better to insert? This question is asked by patients who have a significant defect in the dentition and who want to learn more about the modern possibilities of dentistry.

They have their own characteristics, and a large group of consumers prefer them. Often there are lamellar prostheses, which are a section of the gum and dental crowns that cover the missing areas of the teeth.

The plates are complete throughout the row or partially removable, which are installed in a specific area.

For partial dentures, a prerequisite is the presence of at least several healthy teeth on which the structure will be installed. The support for fully removable lamellar dentures is the gums or the palate.

Fasteners occur due to suction properties, often additional use is required. Such designs are often referred to as suction cup prostheses.

Lock fastening

This method of prosthetics, depending on the material, differs in price. In general, removable structures require careful maintenance, as food residues can accumulate under them after eating.

It is not always easy to get used to such prostheses; diction and taste sensations are often disturbed.

There are also conditionally removable bridge structures that are easy to remove and fasten on your own, without outside help. Fastening is carried out using special locks that are installed on adjacent teeth, while they do not need to be turned.

This type of prosthetics is fixed not only on healthy teeth, but also on implants and crowns, and this is the main advantage of the design. In general, this method has no significant drawbacks.

Materials for prosthetics

Materials may vary depending on the type of prosthesis. So, for fixed dentures, the main raw materials are:

In dentistry, the above materials are often combined to achieve the desired effect. Metal is considered the most reliable and durable, but it does not have the aesthetic qualities that are characteristic of ceramics.

In this regard, the most preferred option would be a ceramic-metal prosthesis, which has a steel frame and an external design of zirconium oxide.

The prosthesis is distinguished by high strength and aesthetics, but its price is much higher than that of analogues. Plastic and inexpensive, but they can last no longer than two to three years. In addition, artificial material is exposed to external factors.

For the manufacture of removable dentures, other materials are used:

• acrylic;
• Akri Free;
• nylon;
• acetal polyurethane;
• clasp structures.

Acrylic structures, due to their nature, are subject to external influences. The material loses its original appearance, acquires a specific smell and color over time.

Getting used to it is long, the prosthesis often falls off in the process of eating due to the rigidity of the base.

Acetal denture

A new technique in the manufacture of removable structures is Akri Free. The attachment base is made of translucent acrylic resins that are invisible on the gums. The material is flexible, so the service life of the equipment is high.

The only drawback of such prosthetics is the high cost of manufacturing, which is not inherent in other materials of removable structures.

Nylon and acetal dentures are similar in properties to Acry Free technology. They do not rub the gums and are well attached, the service life is quite long, and the aesthetic appearance corresponds to a high level.

True, this material also has its drawbacks:

It can be called the most perfect way for a removable type. The design is made with a focus on the characteristics of the patient, the load is distributed evenly over the jaw.

The aesthetic appearance of the structure is at a height, but the price of clasp prostheses is appropriate. However, this method is one of the most durable for removable dentures.

The only drawback is the long production time. It is necessary to visit the dentist more than once so that he adjusts the structure down to the millimeter.

Thoughts of ordinary people

Prosthetics have already become so popular that many people have fixed structures that others do not even know about. Patient reviews only contribute to making the right decision in favor of various prostheses: removable and permanent.

I suffered for a long time with a tooth, did not hold at all. As soon as they put it in, it began to collapse within a week, then significant pieces fell off, after a couple of months I again went to the dentist. After a couple of replacements, the dentist offered to put a crown, there is so little left of his tooth, and such frequent filling can ruin completely.

The procedure for filing the tooth was painless, the crown was ready pretty quickly. I thought that it would be unusual with cermets, but in general I don’t see a tangible difference. I've been happy for a year now, I don't know any problems. According to the dentist, and ten more I pass without problems.

Oksana, Smolensk

The front teeth have become completely shaky, I have already lost a couple, and I don’t really want to eat only porridge and mashed potatoes. When I went to treat a tooth, the dentist suggested a bridge structure, which not only can strengthen the teeth, but also looks attractive outwardly. Of course, appearance is not particularly important to me, but the opportunity to eat apples is what you need. I had to wait about a month, but now I have a stable prosthesis that is nice to look at.

Viktor Ivanovich, Samara

I have terrible teeth, the front row is uneven, and even the pronounced yellowness has always embarrassed me. It was already too late to fix anything, and there was no particular desire, and a friend put veneers on herself. After consulting with a dentist, I came to the conclusion that this is a suitable solution. Now I go with beautiful smile self-esteem increased exponentially.

Olga Sergeevna, Moscow

I did not dare to get permanent prostheses, and I need so much money. The doctor suggested trying removable plates first. I've been going with them for a few months now, everything is fine. True, after all, the realization comes that the permanent ones will be even better.

Christina, Ryazan

From questions to the dentist

What to do when total absence teeth?

the only option is complete dentures. The plates are attached with suction cups to the gums and hard palate. The patient can choose the most suitable option as a material, Akri Free is more perfect.

Due to the difficult fixation on the lower jaw, in the absence of teeth, it is often recommended to resort to implants, to which it is easier to fix other types of prostheses. This will ensure the reliability of the design, facilitate the process of chewing food.

What is the best temporary denture for front teeth?

It is better to install a temporary crown on the front teeth, and it is not necessary to choose expensive material. Many dentists suggest that polymer dentures be dispensed with, which are quickly produced and have a pleasant appearance, but a short service life.

This type of prosthesis is especially good after the installation of implants, since for the best effect it is necessary to load the pin and the gum surrounding it. The crown will perform this function, and when installing a permanent prosthesis, there will no longer be an undesirable reaction.

In the photo, an adhesive prosthesis of the upper incisor

Another option is an adhesive bridge, which fills the empty space with a simulated natural tooth. A huge advantage of this method is that neighboring teeth are not subjected to significant interference. Minor indentations may be required in some cases, but these can be done by building up a filling that is then polished.

Removable dentures attached to the gums with Velcro should never be installed as a temporary prosthesis, as the tissue deforms over time. As a result, plastic may be required before installing a permanent prosthesis, regardless of its type. This will complicate the process and increase the cost of the procedure.

What are the best prostheses?

The choice of prostheses should, first of all, be based on the need to return the main function of the organ - chewing. For many, along with it, the aesthetic component is also important.

There will not be a patient who would not be interested in the issue of price. All these factors should be taken into account, and only the dentist will help you choose the most suitable option in accordance with the characteristics of the patient.

Depending on how many teeth are missing and the overall degree of damage to others, fixed prosthetics such as crowns or bridges may be preferred. Fixed prosthetics do not require special care.

To restore the aesthetic appeal, veneers are usually installed, but if there are problems with chewing function, it is better to give preference to more stable options, such as implants.

What are the types of dental prosthetics and how to choose the right one for you will tell the dentist:

Recently, dental prosthetics has reached unprecedented heights. This is the most demanded dental service, thanks to which you can replace or restore teeth, restore their function, structure and shape. Let's try to figure out what types of dentures are, their advantages and disadvantages.

Types of prosthetics

There are the following types of dentures:

Modern dental structures restore basic functions and provide no discomfort.

Removable dental structures are:

• removed completely;
• partially removable.

Completely removable structures

This type of prosthetics is often chosen by older people who, due to age-related changes, have completely lost their teeth. A removable structure is also installed temporarily, for example, in preparation for the installation of a fixed prosthesis.

Such prosthetics has become widespread due to the absence of contraindications and almost 100% compatibility. The designs of fully removable dentures differ little from each other. All of them are presented in the form dentition with a plate, which is necessary for fixing on the gums.

Such a design is attached on the suction cup principle. Completely removable restorations replicate the natural color and appearance of healthy teeth. Designs can differ in the material of manufacture and are:

• plastic;
• nylon.

Plastic dentures

Plastic dentures are the most affordable type of dentures. Usually, plastics based on polymerized acrylic acid are used for production, therefore such structures are also called acrylic.

Artificial teeth made of porcelain or ceramic mounted on plastic arches. Since acrylic is a rather plastic material, the plastic prosthesis takes the shape of the patient's jaw in a fairly short time, as a result of which he quickly gets used to it.

But, in addition to convenience and affordability, plastic structures based on polymerized acrylic also have significant disadvantages:

1. although due to the plasticity of acrylic polymers, the patient quickly gets used to the prosthesis, but because of this, the design itself is not very resistant to the variable loads associated with chewing food. As a result, the plastic prosthesis begins to loosen, loses its shape and tightness. As a result, it can easily fall out;
2. false plastic teeth are “striking”, as they do not look too natural;
3. for the production of structures made of acrylic plastic, casting is used, that is, liquid plastic is poured into molds. While it is in a liquid state, microscopic bubbles begin to form in it. As a result, the surface acquires a porous structure. The smallest remains of food accumulate in the pores, which serve as a habitat for pathogens;
4. Acrylic-based plastics contain a by-product of the acrylic polymerization process, methyl methacrylate. It is toxic and depressing nervous system, kidneys and liver.

Modern dental plastics have a high degree of purification, thanks to which toxic poisoning with methyl methacrylate is excluded. However, an allergic reaction can develop to such a dangerous chemical.

Thus, due to the above disadvantages, plastic prostheses not recommended to wear for a long time. They are best used as temporary or worn for short periods of time.

Nylon

Modern methods of dental prosthetics offer prostheses from a more advanced material - nylon. The only drawback of nylon prostheses is the high cost.

And you should pay attention to this moment: nylon, unlike plastic structures, is unable to evenly distribute the chewing load. If a person constantly chews on one side, this inevitably leads to inflammation of the gums and bone tissue atrophy.

Nylon constructions are different wear resistance, elasticity, flexibility. This material has several advantages:

• does not emit toxic substances;
• hypoallergenic;
• the surface is solid, not porous;
• enhanced aesthetic appearance.

Partially removable dentures

Completely removable structures, which are held in the mouth with suction cups, have one significant drawback - their fixation in the oral cavity is rather unreliable.

Therefore, dentists try to find a fulcrum in the patient's mouth, which is necessary for reliable fastening of the prosthesis. Usually these are the patient's preserved teeth. The structures that bonded to natural teeth by means of attachment are called partially removable dentures.

Such systems are made made of nylon or acrylic plastics. According to the device, partially removable dentures are divided into the following groups:

• clasp;
• conditionally removable;
• immediate prostheses;
• one-sided partially removable.

Clasp

The most perfect partially removable design are clasp prostheses. The principle of their operation is that the load is redistributed with the help of arc elements.

Due to this, the device wears out rather slowly, as well as no increased local loads on the bones and tissues of the jaw.

Clasp structures according to the method of fixation are as follows:

1. with clasps - these are metal devices that, due to their special shape, cover a healthy tooth, securely fixing the prosthesis;
2. on micro-locks - in the dental crown, which is put on a healthy tooth, fixation devices are mounted. The second half of such a device is fixed on the prosthesis. The connection of the two parts of the attachment occurs according to the lock principle, as a result of which the entire structure is fixed very securely;
3. on telescopic crowns - a crown with an attachment built into it is put on a crown that is permanently installed on the tooth. One crown at the same time enters into another.

One-sided partially removable

When it is not possible to install a clasp system, which requires two points of support on both sides of the jaw, such a type of prosthetics as one-sided partially removable comes to the rescue.

A lamellar prosthesis is represented by one or more ceramic teeth based on acrylic plastic or nylon. The device rests on the gum and is fixed with metal clasps to adjacent teeth.

Immediate dentures

In their design, immediate prostheses resemble clasp prostheses, but only without an arc. This design is used as a temporary prosthesis when the patient is waiting for the manufacture of a permanent removable prosthesis or is preparing for an operation to implant a fixed prosthesis.

To fix it, a simple fixation is used to two adjacent teeth with suction cups or acrylic clasps.

Conditionally removable

These dentures are small structures that usually replace one missing tooth. They are of two types:

• on clasps - when the prosthesis is attached to adjacent teeth using metal fixing devices;
• glued - the design is fixed with special dental glue.

Such a prosthesis no need to remove regularly, which is why they call it conditionally removable.

Fixed prosthetics

All types of removable structures have the following disadvantages: over time, the quality of fixation decreases, food particles are clogged under the prosthesis, unnatural loads occur during chewing.

Fixed dentures help to avoid such inconvenience. They are used for damage to dental tissue and tooth decay due to caries. Such prosthetics are used to give the teeth a new color and shape. The building material can be metal, ceramic or metal-ceramic.

Types of fixed dentures:

• crowns - they are installed in the place of the absence of one or two adjacent teeth;
• bridges (bridges) are structures that consist of several crowns connected together. They are intended to fill the defect of the dentition. The support of the prosthesis is adjacent teeth, which are specially ground. Such prosthetics restores the anatomical shape of the teeth, because the shape of the bridge is as close as possible to the structure of the natural row of teeth;
• Veneers are thin plates that are bonded to your teeth with a special compound. They are used to eliminate various visual defects: chipped teeth, darkening of tooth enamel and malocclusion.

Implant prosthetics

The use of dental implants is the most radical method dental prosthetics. The implant is implanted directly into the jaw (in the gum or bone) and serves as the base of an artificial tooth.

Implanting a metal body into the jaw is a rather serious operation. If the performance is poor, the consequences can be very sad. Implant prosthetics is carried out only in certified clinics. Implants are made from chemically inactive highly resistant alloys of various metals of increased strength.

There are the following types of implants:

1. root-shaped - perform them in the form of a tooth root and install in its place;
2. lamellar - they are used if the periosteum of the jaw is destroyed due to illness or injury. A plate is implanted into the jaw, which is distinguished by better fixation due to the larger area;
3. basal - they are installed in case of serious damage to the jaw. By their design, they resemble lamellar implants, but are installed in the jaw bone;
4. submucosal - their installation is carried out under the mucous membrane of the gums. Usually they are used for the front teeth, which do not experience a large load when chewing.

Thus, there are different kinds prostheses. To choose the right option for you, need to see a specialist. Only a qualified dentist will be able to recommend the best option in each case.

A denture is an artificial structure that replaces a lost tooth or its individual sections with a full restoration of the chewing function and external structure.

Modern dentistry uses many varieties of dentures. They are distinguished by the type of construction, indications for use, material of manufacture, durability, cost and a number of other features. All options can be divided into two types:

• removable dentures;
• fixed dentures.

Removable

Removable dentures are structures that are not intended for permanent wear. Periodically, they need to be removed during sleep, rest and for caring for them.

Indications for use:

• if the jaw is completely devoid of teeth;
• removal of more than 6 teeth in a row on one side of the jaw;
• absence of chewing teeth on one or both jaws;
• temporary replacement of lost teeth in the preparatory period for the installation of fixed dentures.

In all these cases, a removable prosthesis allows you to return the chewing function of the dentition and eliminates pronounced cosmetic imperfections. oral cavity.

Depending on the design features, dentures can be:

• completely removable;
• partially removable.

Fully removable dentures

Removable dentures are an affordable design that does not require surgical intervention during its installation. They are used if the own teeth of the oral cavity are completely absent or have lost their functionality and must be removed.

Externally, the prosthesis is an anatomically curved plate in the shape of the gum and palate (for the upper jaw). It is devoid of special fasteners and is fixed due to the suction effect of the gums.

Fully removable dentures cope with their main task and have the most affordable cost, however, they are characterized by a number of limitations and disadvantages:

• unstable contact with the jaw;
• complex process of adaptation;
• pain with a slight increase in the load on the jaw;
• restrictions on eating a certain type of food (hard and requiring careful chewing);
• violations of diction, discomfort when coughing, laughing;
• the need for systematic care;
• gradual thinning of the tissues of the gums and jawbone;
• the need for regular dental check-ups;
• rapid wear of the prosthesis.

Partially removable

They are used if there are still healthy teeth in the oral cavity. A partial denture can be used permanently or as a temporary measure in preparation for further dental procedures.

This is the most affordable solution, especially if fixed prosthetics services are not recommended or unavailable to the patient.

There are several types of partially removable dentures.

• Lamellar prosthesis- similar in structure to fully removable dentures, but is used in the absence of several chewing teeth. The lack of suction effect of the gums is compensated by the presence of special hooks (clasps) with which the prostheses are attached to healthy teeth. There are plastic, acrylic and nylon options.
• Immedia prostheses- play the role of temporary correctors of the dentition in preparing the mouth for fixed prosthetics. They are usually made from softer materials (such as nylon) and are not designed for a long service life.
• Unilateral prosthesis- differs from lamellar one-sided design; used in the absence of one or more teeth on one side.
• Clasp prostheses— high-tech and durable constructions with optimal redistribution of the load over the entire jaw due to the built-in metal arc frame. Recently, metal-free clasp models with elastic clasps have also begun to appear, which makes it possible to avoid preliminary grinding of the supporting teeth. Unlike other types of partial dentures, the clasp does not require mandatory removal at night, so it is much more convenient in everyday use.

On a note! Most dentures are made of plastic, but there are also softer models made of nylon. They are held in the mouth due to the elastic properties of the material itself and are more suitable for unilateral and temporary dentures. However, nylon dentures are less wear resistant and have a characteristic springy effect when chewing.

Fixed

Fixed structures are installed with the expectation of permanent wearing, additional fixation is not required. When installing, surgical techniques and various options for preparing teeth are actively used. A denture completely imitates lost teeth and, as a rule, does not differ from them either in appearance or in the way of care. It is possible to remove an already installed structure only in a dental office.

Implants

Implantation is a modern way to replace the root of a completely lost tooth. An implant is an artificial structure that is implanted directly into bone tissue jaws.

Indications for use:

• loss of one or more teeth surrounded by perfectly healthy teeth (implantation allows you to keep them in their original state);
• installation of supporting implants under the bridge (allows you to avoid grinding healthy teeth);
• inconvenience or pain when using removable dentures;
• complete loss of teeth (with the aesthetic unacceptability of using removable dentures);
• loss of anterior incisors.

In dentistry, there are several types of implants, the choice of which is determined by the state of the tissues of the oral cavity, the location of the lost tooth and the purpose of the structure (under the crown, for the installation of the bridge).

• Endosseous (intraosseous) plate implants. The base of the structure is made in the form of a plate, which provides a large area of ​​contact with the bone. Such prosthetics is relevant in case of deficiency of the own jaw bone tissue for the installation of a root implant.
• Root implants screw or cylindrical shape completely imitate the natural tooth root. For installation, a sufficient amount of bone tissue is required (if necessary, extensions can be made).
• Subperiosteal implants are a complex metal complex that is installed under the gum and takes on part of the load. Such an implant is not built into the bone and is used only in case of severe thinning of the latter (for example, in the elderly).
• Intramucosal dental implants used for atrophy of the alveolar process (only in the presence of a thick mucosa - at least 2 mm).

It is interesting . Dental implants are made with an individual approach to the characteristics of the patient, so there is a group of so-called combined implants that can combine the features of root and lamellar forms, adapting to the needs of the musculoskeletal system of a particular patient. For example, a disc implant, which is used for severe bone atrophy, or a transosseous clinical implant, which is implanted through an incision in the chin.

Bridges

The bridge is a rigid construction of 2 crowns and intermediate artificial teeth. It can be attached to healthy abutment teeth or pre-installed implants. The maximum span length is 4 teeth.

Indications:

• if 1 chewing tooth, 2 premolars or up to 4 incisors in a row are lost;
• the presence of healthy abutment teeth or pre-installed implants.

According to the method of manufacture, bridges are distinguished:

• Stamped (soldered) - are made by soldering from individual crowns and artificial teeth.
• Solid - the bridge is a single whole, forming a stronger structure than a stamped sample.
• Adhesive - the only type devoid of abutment crowns. The role of the supporting element is performed by a fiberglass arch, which abuts with its ends against the drilled holes of the lateral teeth. The supporting element is too weak, so this design is used only as a temporary measure or for prosthetics of one missing tooth. The artificial analogue of the intermediate tooth itself is formed directly during the installation of the bridge in the oral cavity from modern composites. Such a bridge prosthesis is considered the most sparing.

According to the location of the central part:

• flushing - a hole remains between the gum and the bridge, which prevents food retention;
• tangent - the bridge touches the gums in front;
• saddle-shaped - the bridge touches the gums both on the outer and inner sides of the gums (an undesirable option, valid only for prosthetics of the front teeth).

In addition, bridge prostheses differ in the material of manufacture and, accordingly, are made of metal, ceramics, cermets, zirconium oxide, plastics, metal-plastics.

Metal-ceramic crowns

It is the most developed form of prosthetics for partially or completely destroyed teeth. It offers a functionally and aesthetically complete replacement for the lost representatives of the dentition.

A ceramic-metal prosthesis is a thin (0.3-0.5 mm) frame made of a metal alloy of chromium or nickel with cobalt. The ceramic layer of "enamel" is applied in layers and subsequently fired at a temperature of 800 degrees Celsius to give maximum strength and the characteristic structure of dental tissues. Such crowns look quite natural and last up to 10 years.

On a note! Classic metal-ceramic crowns are not recommended for installation on the front teeth, as the metal on the incisors can shine through, depriving the smile of naturalness. For such cases, it is better to use alternative materials, for example, the metal frame can be replaced with gold, and ceramics with zirconium oxide. In particular, a zirconium crown not only has external data completely identical to a healthy tooth, but also surpasses ordinary ceramics in strength, significantly extending the life of such a prosthesis (up to 15-20 years).

Micro prostheses

The purpose of microprosthetics is to preserve severely damaged teeth, and the prefix “micro” characterizes the size of the prosthesis used: not the entire tooth, but its individual sections, is restored. In some cases, microprosthetics can include the installation of pin prostheses, adhesive fiberglass bridges and even crowns, but in the classical sense, this definition mainly includes veneers (prosthesis in the form of an overlay) and filling tabs.

• Filling inlays are fillings on teeth that are made by a dental technician. individual cast and then installed on the destroyed area, covering the damaged cavity. Such a prosthesis differs from a conventional filling in less shrinkage during installation, which is very important in the treatment of extensive lesions.
• Veneers are thin plates made of a biocompatible material that perform mainly a cosmetic and preventive task. They help to restore and protect teeth, hide existing damage to the enamel (discoloration, cracks, etc.), mask small chips, erosion and dystopia (curvature) of the smile line with minor tooth growth disorders.

Even the partial absence of teeth makes the process of eating uncomfortable or painful, so many seek to restore the integrity of the dentition. Modern dentistry has a huge variety of types of dental prosthetics., each of which is characterized by its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.

Classification of dental prosthetics methods

Restoring the functionality of the dentoalveolar apparatus through dental prosthetics is a common practice. Classification of types of dentures is carried out according to the following criteria:

• the possibility of self-removal of the prosthesis;
• coverage area;
• installation technology.

Types of dental prostheses according to the method of their removal

According to this classification All types of dental prostheses can be divided into two main types: removable and non-removable. Each of them has its own subjective advantages and disadvantages, the structural difference between them is the possibility of self-removal of artificial teeth - without the participation of medical staff and the use of a special dental instrument.

Removable dentures

All types of removable dentures can be removed from the oral cavity. Maintaining such a prosthesis is even easier than brushing your teeth. For their manufacture, polymers are most often used - nylon prostheses and acrylic prostheses are distinguished by their low weight and plasticity.

Among the disadvantages of removable dentures, one can only single out the fact that some insert structures fall out of the mouth during use, others are characterized by rapid wear, creating an increased load on the gums, or an unaesthetic appearance.

What are removable dentures used by modern dentistry clinics:

• plate;
• clasp;
• sandwich;
• butterflies.

All types of removable dentures do not require preliminary preparation of the patient's oral cavity before their installation. The only necessary condition is the removal of an impression from the surface of the gums and abutment teeth in order to manufacture the product that is most suitable in shape and size.

Fixed dentures

Fixed variants of dental prosthetics are characterized by the lack of the possibility of self-extraction of prostheses from the oral cavity. They are installed on a pre-prepared base, the remaining intact teeth are used as a supporting element. To fix the products, dental cement is most often used, which ensures reliable adhesion of the prosthesis to the support.

There are the following types of fixed dentures:

• crowns;
• bridges;
• tabs;
• veneers, lumineers, micro prostheses.

The cost of a high-quality fixed structure together with the installation is often several times higher than the price of a removable structure with the same coverage area. The advantages of this type of prosthetics include the high constructive durability of products and the best imitation of the dentition both in appearance and functionality.

Types of dental prosthetics by coverage area

The dimensions of the structures depend only on the number of dental units they replace, so the classification of types of prosthetics is as follows:

• complete jaw prosthesis;
• partial jaw prosthesis;
• single prosthesis;
• micro prosthesis.

Complete removable dentures are used for complete dentition. When using a removable structure, the gum and part of the palate serve as a support when installed on upper jaw or gum and part of the sublingual space - on lower jaw. In fact, such designs are full-fledged false teeth.

A partial denture is used to restore the integrity of the dentition in the absence of one or more teeth. The nearest teeth serve as a support for removable structures, which allows you to better distribute the load when chewing food. Often, false products of this type differ from full dentures only in the presence of holes for the remaining teeth of the patient and attachments to the abutment back teeth. An example of a fixed prosthesis of this type is a bridge structure on implants.

A single prosthesis either replaces one lost tooth or restores functionality and aesthetic appeal to a damaged but preserved tooth. These structures include not only prostheses, but also crowns, veneers, lumineers.

Micro prostheses are installed on damaged teeth to restore their structural integrity and functionality. Filling is the most common dental service of this type.

Technological classification of types of dentures

Types of dental prostheses used in modern prosthetics differ significantly in their design features. A variety of technologies allows you to restore the integrity of the dentition for people who have contraindications to the installation of structures of a certain type. In the absence of contraindications, the choice of a suitable prosthesis may depend on both ease of use and cost.

Lamellar prosthesis

One of the simplest technologies for the manufacture and installation of a removable structure is lamellar. The product is a rigid base that is applied to the gum like a suction cup, relative to which the imitators of teeth are attached, made of different materials.

Such a prosthesis is inexpensive, has no contraindications. A prosthesis on suction cups can be used with complete adentia - with the complete absence of incisors, canines and molars.

The product is made according to a cast and can be installed on the day of the first visit to the dentist. In the presence of healthy teeth, holes will be left in the prosthesis, chewing teeth in this case will serve as reference.

The disadvantage of this type of prosthesis is the low level of convenience. During operation, the structure does not hold too tightly, and its loss is prevented only with the help of special fixing pastes. The presence of emphasis on the sky or the sublingual region causes a deterioration in diction, increased salivation and a deterioration in the functioning of taste buds. The design requires regular replacement due to wear.

Clasp prosthesis

The design of the clasp type is better and more perfect than the plate type. It is based on a cast metal frame made of stainless alloys (mainly nichrome). Parts imitating the gums and teeth are similar to the laminar prosthesis.

Clasp dentures can be classified according to the type of attachment. A prosthesis on clasps (hooks) is cheaper and can be used with complete adentia, a prosthesis on locks requires the presence of back supporting teeth, to which it is attached in the oral cavity.

Clasp dental prostheses are better, more stable and reliable than lamellar ones, they do not disrupt the functioning of taste buds, however, they may not meet the aesthetic requirements of the patient. The prosthesis on the locks can be noticeable due to the metal fixing elements, the installation of the structure on the clasps does not have this drawback.

"Sandwich"

Dental design "Sandwich" combines the strengths of clasp and plate products. It has no unmasking elements and does not cover the palate or the sublingual region. As a support for its installation, molars or their roots are used.

You can not insert the "Sandwich" with complete adentia - when there are not even roots left of the dentition. If the teeth are missing, but the roots remain, the possibility of its use remains. Professional dentists say that this type of design is better than the clasp.

A dental prosthesis, called "butterfly" due to its shape, is used to replace one or more lost teeth arranged in a row. It is made of polymers: acrylic, nylon.

The mechanism for fixing the butterfly prosthesis is polymer clasps on the side parts of the structure. They are attached to the teeth on the sides of the prosthetic section of the dentition, so the installation of a "butterfly" to replace the back molars is not possible. If the gap between the supporting teeth is more than three teeth, the use of this technology is also excluded.

The weak side of this prosthesis is the low durability, justified by the low price. The design can cause discomfort and pain in the abutment teeth. If more than two weeks have passed since the installation, the presence of discomfort during the operation of the prosthesis is a reason for the next visit to the dentist.

Implants and bridges

Implants are the general name for fixed dentures, which are supported by the bone tissue of the jaw. Under the implant, it is customary to mean only a part made of metal that serves as a link between the future tooth prosthesis and the bone.

Dental prostheses such as crowns and bridges are placed on implants (see photo). The difference between them lies in the coverage area and in the ratio of the number of implants placed to the number of simulated teeth.

One crown is placed on one implant, when choosing a bridge, the implants become a support for more artificial teeth.

Bridges also have their own classification. They can be installed on two implants or on more of them, depending on the length of the prosthetic section of the dentition. The dental bridge is made both in the form of an integral product, and in the form of a composite structure, depending on the wishes of the patient. If the bridge is not installed on the implants, but on the own adjacent teeth, it becomes necessary to cut (grind) them.

All types of dentures and fixed type bridges on implants require surgical intervention. The patient must undergo a complete medical examination aimed at identifying contraindications for the procedure. There are quite a few contraindications to implantation - from the poor condition of bone tissue to low blood clotting.

After the installation of the implant, rehabilitation is required. After that, temporary crowns are placed so that the gum takes the desired shape in the places where future artificial teeth are attached.

Despite the high cost of such dentures, a large list of contraindications, possible complications and long-term rehabilitation, dental implants are in high demand, which is associated with the positive characteristics of such products:

• Due to the metal base, the prosthesis does not cause allergies and rejection, it has high strength.
• Patients quickly get used to the implanted design after installation.
• The applied dental cement provides a strong connection between the prosthesis and the implant, which is why this design has an unlimited service life.
• Another feature of this prosthetic technique is the ideal imitation of the dentition.

Veneers and Lumineers

Veneers and lumineers are cosmetic (aesthetic) prosthetics. They are lamellar structures that imitate the front of the tooth and are most often used in dentistry to hide defects in incisors or canines.

Dental prostheses of this variety are used to hide defects in the structure of the tooth, which are not a disease, but spoil the aesthetics of the appearance of the dentition. The veneer is placed over the tooth and fixed with dental cement.. The approximate service life of a plastic veneer is at least a year.

What to choose for the patient

Many dentists consider the installation of crowns on implants to be the best option for prosthetics. Such designs are the most durable, reliable and convenient. It is advisable to study the pros and cons of other types of prosthetics in order to choose the best one only in two cases: in the absence of funds for the installation of implants or in the presence of a large number of contraindications that do not allow making a choice in their favor.

The use of high-quality materials and innovative technologies in dentistry makes it possible to solve almost any dental problem.

The article will focus on the advantages and disadvantages of removable prosthetics, existing types, materials used for their manufacture.

Types of removable dentures

Removable prosthetics are used mainly in cases where most of the teeth are missing on the jaw.

All designs are divided into several types, the difference between which lies in the materials used and the mode of wearing (some are removed at night, others - only for hygiene procedures).

Acrylic

Acrylic is widely used in dentistry, products made from it have high aesthetic qualities and an affordable price.

Dentures are made in two ways:

• casting;
• pressing.

The designs of acrylic prostheses differ depending on the variety:

• full ones are used to restore the lower or upper row, fixed by suction to the gums;
• a conditionally removable product is attached to pre-implanted pins with the subsequent use of clasps or micro-locks;
• partial replace the missing one or more units in the dentition, there are lamellar, clasp, immediate prostheses (attachment to clasps and attachments).

The cost of partial structures starts from 3,500 rubles, complete from 20,000 rubles.

Acrylic is widely used in dentistry, products made from it have high aesthetic qualities and an affordable price.

Nylon

Soft elastic products for quick adaptation and comfortable wearing. High aesthetic performance, the appearance of the prosthesis is not much different from natural tissues.

The absence of porosity in the structure of the material prevents the rapid growth of bacteria and other microorganisms on the surface.

Nylon products are ideal for allergy sufferers, as the prosthesis does not emit irritants.

• partial, restoring the dentition in the absence of several units (fixation with clasps);
• full, used for complete adentia (attached with glue or suction cups).

The disadvantage of the nylon construction is the low rigidity of the base. When chewing, the load is distributed unevenly, which provokes rapid wear of the supporting teeth and atrophy of the bone tissue.

Due to the soft base, over time, the product is poorly fixed on the jaw, so it is periodically necessary to visit a dental technician in order to rebase the prosthesis.

Nylon structures are not amenable to adjustment, each time you have to order a new model.

The cost of a partial denture is 15,000 - 19,000 rubles, full - over 30,000 rubles.

The disadvantage of the nylon construction is the low rigidity of the base

Acry-free

New generation elastic structures, made of durable material (acrylic resins), which increases the service life. To the touch, the surface of the prosthesis resembles a natural gum.

The translucent base of the product fits snugly to the gums, which eliminates the need to apply a fixing gel.

Acry-free features:

• durability;
• functionality;
• the ability to correct the deformed product.

Benefits of a prosthesis:

• high aesthetic performance;
• does not rub the oral mucosa;
• fast adaptation;
• does not change diction;
• provides a tight fit;
• no shrinkage.

Structures are of two types:

• partial, fixed on hooks made of acrylic resins;
• full, securely sticking to the gum without the help of an adhesive composition.

A microprosthesis for replacing 4 teeth costs from 20,100 rubles, a complete removable design will cost from 38,700 rubles.

The translucent base of the product fits snugly to the gums, which eliminates the need to apply a fixing gel

Clasp

The clasp-type design consists of a metal arc that stiffens the product and a platform that imitates gums and artificial teeth.

Prostheses are made in the laboratory using the latest technologies. The basis for the work is a cast of the patient's teeth and his plaster model.

The popularity of clasp structures is explained by the ideal ratio of price and quality of products. But there is still a clear minus in them, this is a metal base, which can provoke an allergic reaction.

The result of the modernization of the clasp prosthesis is a new hypoallergenic subspecies - quadrotti. Its peculiarity lies in the materials used for its manufacture.

The base and hooks are made of plastic, while ceramics are chosen for the crowns. High aesthetic qualities are achieved through different options staining of retainers and gums.

When installing clasp-type products, the following types of fasteners are used:

• clasp;
• splinting;
• castle;
• telescopic.

The cost of the clasp construction depends on the chosen variety.

A complete mandibular denture with composite retainers and an acrylic surface is within 48,000 - 49,000 rubles, with attachments - over 58,000 rubles.

A nylon quadrotti prosthesis for 1 jaw will cost 46,920 rubles.

The popularity of clasp structures is explained by the ideal ratio of price and quality of products.

New generation prostheses without palate

Removable dentures of a new generation are a design that imitates the gum area and the dentition. The palatal part is absent in it.

The advantageous characteristics of this species are higher than those of analogues. Features: installation is possible in the presence of healthy abutment teeth, if they are absent, then the pins are implanted, which increases the already high cost of prosthetics.

Varieties of new generation prostheses:

• acrylic- an affordable option with high aesthetic qualities, but the reliability of fixation and strength lose to other varieties;
• nylon- elastic, do not rub the mucous membrane, compensate for the missing teeth in a row (1-4), are attached by suction;
• telescopic- provides the most reliable fixation, a metal cap is put on the abutment tooth, and the prosthesis is already attached to it.

The cost of innovative products starts from 40,000 rubles.

Removable dentures of a new generation are a design that imitates the gum area and the dentition

Conditionally removable prosthetics

If it is impossible to use a fixed prosthesis to restore the dentition with missing units (from one to complete adentia), specialists use conditionally removable prosthetics.

The design includes a base, gum part, artificial teeth.

Features of the type: uniform load distribution during chewing movements, reliable fixation of the product in the oral cavity, quick adaptation. When adentia provides for the implantation of at least 4 pins per jaw.

Structures of this type are fixed in the following ways:

• using special glue;
• microlocks;
• metal fasteners (a kind of paws tightly covering the abutment tooth).

The cost of a complete removable denture on attachments and 4-6 implants is 95,450 rubles. A partial product will cost from 35,000 rubles.

Conditionally removable prosthesis on implants

Materials used

For the manufacture of removable prostheses, various materials are used, which differ physical characteristics, cost, appearance.

The following requirements apply to the raw materials used:

They have these qualities:

• acrylic;
• nylon;
• metal;
• zirconium (oxide/dioxide);
• ceramics.

Removable dentures are fixed to the gum in different ways:

• with suction cups;
• special glue;
• clasps (fixing hook-shaped elements clasping the base of the supporting tooth);
• attachments (a lock consisting of 2 parts, one is fixed in the area of ​​​​the root of the abutment tooth, the second - from the inside of the base of the prosthesis).

What is better to put in the complete absence of teeth?

When choosing the type of prosthesis, not only the financial side is taken into account, but also direct indications.

If all teeth are missing on the jaw, then experts often recommend two types of prostheses:

• acrylic (the most budget option);
• conditionally removable structures.

In the partial absence of units in a row, preference is given to all types of clasp prostheses, as well as acrylic and nylon products.

An important determining factor for the installation of a clasp structure is the presence of natural healthy teeth on both sides of the jaw.

Advantages and disadvantages of removable prosthetics

Removable prosthetic structures are used when there are no teeth in the row or when there are too few of them.

This type of prosthetics has its advantages and disadvantages, they must be taken into account to prevent unpleasant surprises in the process of wearing products:

Removable prosthetics
Advantages	Flaws
A large selection of modern composite materials allows you to create combined prostheses that provide comfortable wearing.	Discomfort felt during the adaptation period. The presence of a foreign body causes unpleasant feelings, in particular nausea and vomiting.
The ability to correct any defects in the dentition, even in the absence of units.	Short operational period (3-6 years).
Affordable cost of prosthetic structures.	Removable dentures are non-functional. They do not redistribute the load during chewing on the bone tissue, pressure is exerted on the gum, which causes atrophy of the bone under the product, chafing and irritation of the soft tissues.
Short adaptation period when wearing products made of quality materials.	Prosthetic structures require special care.
Fast process of prosthetics.

Care rules

One of the main requirements when wearing removable dentures is oral hygiene. You need to perform the procedures twice a day: in the morning and in the evening. The prosthesis itself must also be cleaned of food debris and plaque.

The product care policy includes the following:

Fast adaptation is ensured by the following rules:

• to reduce sensitivity and the urge to vomit due to the presence of a foreign body in the mouth, menthol lozenges or warm tea with lemon will help;
• food should be crushed and soft, this will prevent tissue irritation;
• for a strong fixation, it is worth using a special cream;
• regular reading aloud will help eliminate defects in diction and speech when wearing a full prosthesis, thanks to such exercises, the correct pronunciation is developed.

How much does removable dentures cost?

The cost of removable prosthetics depends on the type of prostheses and the materials from which they are made:

Popular questions

Which is better - a removable denture or a bridge?

There is no single answer to the question, since several factors influence the choice of prosthesis:

• the presence of teeth on the jaw, the location of healthy units;
• the state of dentin and tissues of the oral cavity;
• features of the patient's health, a tendency to allergies;
• budget.

With complete adentia, the installation of a removable structure is unambiguously shown. In the absence of several teeth in a row, preference is given to clasp prostheses (partially removable products). If one incisor / molar is missing on the jaw, then a bridge is installed.

Considering the issue in the plane of safety, preference is given to removable structures. They allow you to observe the state of the dentin of adjacent teeth, while the bridge closes them with crowns, under which they can develop various diseases. Diagnosis at an early stage in such cases becomes almost impossible.

Are teeth required for dentures?

Dentures replace one or more missing units, up to the entire row. However, the presence of teeth is not a mandatory criterion. In the absence of an incisor or molar, an implant is placed.

If there are no teeth completely on the jaw, then about 4 pins are installed to create supporting elements. The fixation of some types of removable dentures does not at all provide for the presence of supporting teeth, the structure is held thanks to suction cups or a special cream.

What prostheses are best for the upper / lower jaw?

In dentistry, clasp prostheses are the most popular. The structure is supported by a metal arc. This type is suitable for the lower and upper jaw, but the possibility of installation depends on the condition of the supporting teeth and the presence of an allergy to metal.

Acrylic prostheses are often installed on the upper jaw. A product made of nylon is not suitable due to the elasticity of the material, which makes it impossible to achieve a strong fixation.

With prosthetics of the lower false jaw, it is a little more difficult; acrylic and nylon are ineffective to use.

Products are poorly fixed in the mouth, as a result of small loads during a conversation or eating, they fall out of the oral cavity. Therefore, experts recommend giving preference to a conditionally removable structure with pins.