What peoples live in Russia? How many peoples live in Russia? Ethnic composition of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation National population census.
National composition Russia
Data on the national composition of Russia are determined through a written survey of the population at the entrance to the All-Russian population census. The population of Russia according to the 2010 census is 142,856,536 people, of which 137,227,107 people or 96.06% indicated their nationality.
The largest number the Russian population. Russians in Russia are 111,016,896 people, which is 77.71% of the population of Russia or 80.90% of those who indicated nationality. The following are the peoples: Tatars - 5,310,649 people (3.72% of all, 3.87% of those who indicated nationality) and Ukrainians - 1,927,988 people or 1.35% of all, 1.41% of those who indicated nationality .
Compared with the 2002 census, the number of Russians decreased by 4,872,211 people, or 4.20%.
The number of Tatars and Ukrainians also decreased by 243,952 (4.39%) and 1,014,973 (34.49%), respectively. Of the peoples whose population was more than 1 million people in 2010, a decrease in the number occurred in all, except for the Chechens and Armenians. The population of Chechens increased by 71,107 people (5.23%), Armenians - by 51,897 (4.59%). In total, representatives of more than 180 nationalities (ethnic groups) live in Russia.
Some maps of Russia by national composition
Settlement map of Russians, Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars in Crimeaaccording to the 2014 census in Crimea.
According to the data in the table at the link, since the 2001 census, the share of Russians in Crimea has increased from 60.68% up 67.90% (by 7.22%) of persons who indicated nationality.During the same time, the share of Ukrainians in Crimea decreased from 24.12% up 15.68% (by 8.44%). The combined share of Crimean Tatars and Tatars increased from 10.26% + 0.57% = 10.83% to 10.57% + 2.05% = 12.62% (1.79% total).
Below is a table by nationality inRussian Federation indicating the number in 2010 and 2000, percentage of total strength of the population of the Russian Federation and from the number of persons who indicated their nationality. The table also shows the difference in the number of persons between the censuses in quantitative and percentage terms. The table shows only nationalities whose number in the Russian Federation, according to the 2010 census, exceeds 100 thousand people. Full table in .
| № | Nationality | Number 2010 people | % of the total population. | % of the decree former national |
Number of 2002 people. | % of the total population. | % of the decree former national |
+/-
people |
+/-
% |
| TOTAL, RF | 142 856 536 | 100,00 | 145 166 731 | 100,00 | −2 310 195 | −1,59 | |||
| total persons who indicated nationality | 137 227 107 | 96,06 | 100 | 143 705 980 | 98,99 | 100,00 | −6 478 873 | −4,51 | |
| 1 | Russian* | 111 016 896 | 77,71 | 80,9 | 115 889 107 | 79,83 | 80,64 | −4 872 211 | −4,20 |
| not indicated nationality** | 5 629 429 | 3,94 | 1 460 751 | 1,01 | 4 168 678 | 285,38 | |||
| 2 | Tatars | 5 310 649 | 3,72 | 3,87 | 5 554 601 | 3,83 | 3,87 | −243 952 | −4,39 |
| 3 | Ukrainians | 1 927 988 | 1,35 | 1,41 | 2 942 961 | 2,03 | 2,05 | −1 014 973 | −34,49 |
| 4 | Bashkirs | 1 584 554 | 1,11 | 1,16 | 1 673 389 | 1,15 | 1,16 | −88 835 | −5,31 |
| 5 | Chuvash | 1 435 872 | 1,01 | 1,05 | 1 637 094 | 1,13 | 1,14 | −201 222 | −12,29 |
| 6 | Chechens | 1 431 360 | 1,00 | 1,04 | 1 360 253 | 0,94 | 0,95 | 71 107 | 5,23 |
| 7 | Armenians | 1 182 388 | 0,83 | 0,86 | 1 130 491 | 0,78 | 0,79 | 51 897 | 4,59 |
| 8 | Avars | 912 090 | 0,64 | 0,67 | 814 473 | 0,56 | 0,57 | 97 617 | 11,99 |
| 9 | Mordva | 744 237 | 0,52 | 0,54 | 843 350 | 0,58 | 0,59 | −99 113 | −11,75 |
| 10 | Kazakhs | 647 732 | 0,45 | 0,47 | 653 962 | 0,45 | 0,46 | −6 230 | −0,95 |
| 11 | Azerbaijanis | 603 070 | 0,42 | 0,44 | 621 840 | 0,43 | 0,43 | −18 770 | −3,02 |
| 12 | Dargins | 589 386 | 0,41 | 0,43 | 510 156 | 0,35 | 0,35 | 79 230 | 15,53 |
| 13 | Udmurts | 552 299 | 0,39 | 0,40 | 636 906 | 0,44 | 0,44 | −84 607 | −13,28 |
| 14 | Mari | 547 605 | 0,38 | 0,40 | 604 298 | 0,42 | 0,42 | −56 693 | −9,38 |
| 15 | Ossetians | 528 515 | 0,37 | 0,39 | 514 875 | 0,36 | 0,36 | 13 640 | 2,65 |
| 16 | Belarusians | 521 443 | 0,37 | 0,38 | 807 970 | 0,56 | 0,56 | −286 527 | −35,46 |
| 17 | Kabardians | 516 826 | 0,36 | 0,38 | 519 958 | 0,36 | 0,36 | −3 132 | −0,60 |
| 18 | Kumyks | 503 060 | 0,35 | 0,37 | 422 409 | 0,29 | 0,29 | 80 651 | 19,09 |
| 19 | Yakuts | 478 085 | 0,34 | 0,35 | 443 852 | 0,31 | 0,31 | 34 233 | 7,71 |
| 20 | Lezgins | 473 722 | 0,33 | 0,35 | 411 535 | 0,28 | 0,29 | 62 187 | 15,11 |
| 21 | Buryats | 461 389 | 0,32 | 0,34 | 445 175 | 0,31 | 0,31 | 16 214 | 3,64 |
| 22 | Ingush | 444 833 | 0,31 | 0,32 | 413 016 | 0,29 | 0,29 | 31 817 | 7,70 |
| 23 | Germans | 394 138 | 0,28 | 0,29 | 597 212 | 0,41 | 0,42 | −203 074 | −34,00 |
| 24 | Uzbeks | 289 862 | 0,20 | 0,21 | 122 916 | 0,09 | 0,09 | 166 946 | 135,82 |
| 25 | Tuvans | 263 934 | 0,19 | 0,19 | 243 442 | 0,17 | 0,17 | 20 492 | 8,42 |
| 26 | Komi | 228 235 | 0,16 | 0,17 | 293 406 | 0,20 | 0,20 | −65 171 | −22,21 |
| 27 | Karachays | 218 403 | 0,15 | 0,16 | 192 182 | 0,13 | 0,13 | 26 221 | 13,64 |
| 28 | gypsies | 204 958 | 0,14 | 0,15 | 182 766 | 0,13 | 0,13 | 22 192 | 12,14 |
| 29 | Tajiks | 200 303 | 0,14 | 0,15 | 120 136 | 0,08 | 0,08 | 80 167 | 66,73 |
| 30 | Kalmyks | 183 372 | 0,13 | 0,13 | 173 996 | 0,12 | 0,12 | 9 376 | 5,39 |
| 31 | Laks | 178 630 | 0,13 | 0,13 | 156 545 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 22 085 | 14,11 |
| 32 | Georgians | 157 803 | 0,11 | 0,12 | 197 934 | 0,14 | 0,14 | −40 131 | −20,27 |
| 33 | Jews | 156 801 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 229 938 | 0,16 | 0,16 | −73 137 | −31,81 |
| 34 | Moldovans | 156 400 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 172 330 | 0,12 | 0,12 | −15 930 | −9,24 |
| 35 | Koreans | 153 156 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 148 556 | 0,10 | 0,10 | 4 600 | 3,10 |
| 36 | Tabasarans | 146 360 | 0,10 | 0,11 | 131 785 | 0,09 | 0,09 | 14 575 | 11,06 |
| 37 | Adyghe | 124 835 | 0,09 | 0,09 | 128 528 | 0,09 | 0,09 | −3 693 | −2,87 |
| 38 | Balkars | 112 924 | 0,08 | 0,08 | 108 426 | 0,08 | 0,08 | 4 498 | 4,15 |
| 39 | Turks | 105 058 | 0,07 | 0,08 | 92 415 | 0,06 | 0,06 | 12 643 | 13,68 |
| 40 | Nogais | 103 660 | 0,07 | 0,08 | 90 666 | 0,06 | 0,06 | 12 994 | 14,33 |
| 41 | Kyrgyz | 103 422 | 0,07 | 0,08 | 31 808 | 0,02 | 0,02 | 71 614 | 225,14 |
** - did not indicate nationality (2002, 2010), including persons for whom information was obtained from administrative sources (2010).
Russia has always been multinational, this feature is closely connected with the history of the country, during which it influenced the consciousness and lifestyle of the people inhabiting the country. The multinational composition of the state is also indicated in the constitution, where it is called the bearer of sovereignty and the source of power.
Due to the heterogeneous composition of the country's population since ancient times, many people who consider themselves to have actually different roots and can be considered to the same extent representatives of other nationalities. But in the USSR, a mandatory fixation of ethnicity was adopted, which served as the basis for determining the number of nationalities and their percentage. Today, it is not necessary to indicate your own, and there is no exact figure in the census data - some people did not mark their origin.
In addition, - a rather vague concept, ethnographers divide some nationalities into several parts, others are divided into separate groups. Some disappear or assimilate.
Number of nations in Russia
Nevertheless, census data allow us to calculate an almost exact number of nations whose representatives live on the territory of Russia. There are more than 190 of them, although only about 80 nationalities make up a more or less significant part of the population: the rest get thousandths of a percent.
The first place is occupied by Russians or those people who consider themselves Russians: these include the Karyms, Ob and Lena old-timers, Pomors, Russo-Ustyintsy, Mezens - there are a lot of self-names, but they all make up a nation. The number of Russians in the country is more than 115 million people.
In second place are the Tatars and all their varieties: Siberian, Kazan, Astrakhan and others. They number five and a half million, which is almost 4% of the country's population. This is followed by Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chechens, Chuvashs, Armenians, Belarusians, Mordovians, Kazakhs, Udmurts and many other nationalities: Caucasian, Slavic, Siberian. Part of the population - about 0.13% - are Roma. Germans, Greeks, Poles, Lithuanians, Chinese, Koreans, Arabs live on the territory of Russia.
Thousands of percent are given to such nationalities as Persians, Hungarians, Romanians, Czechs, Saami, Teleuts, Spaniards, French. There are also representatives of very few nationalities in the country: Laz, Vod, Svans, Ingiloys, Yugis, Arnauts.
Great and varied. In its open spaces, nature is beautiful in its versatility, and other wonders created by man. In addition, the territory of the largest country in the world sheltered dozens of different peoples. This is the greatest wealth of an amazing hospitable state.
We know that many nationalities live in Russia - Russians, Udmurts, Ukrainians. And what people still live in Russia? Indeed, in the far corners of the country, small and little-known, but interesting peoples with their own unique culture have been living for centuries.
The national composition of the population of Russia
We will stipulate right away that Russians make up approximately 80% of the total population. A full one would be very large. According to some reports, more than 200 different nationalities are registered. This information is current as of 2010.
We will begin our acquaintance with the rest of the national composition of Russia with the most common. Large nationalities are those that are present on the territory of the state in the amount of more than 1 million.
Tatars
The ratio of the Tatar nationality among all others in the country is 3.8%. has its own language and regions of the greatest distribution.
In addition, it includes several ethnic groups: Crimean Tatars, Volga-Urals, Siberians and Astrakhan. Most of them live in the Volga region.
Ukrainians
Let's continue our short excursion on the topic of what peoples live in Russia, and move on to the Ukrainians. Their number in Russia is 2% of the total population. According to some historical references, the name of the nationality comes from the word "outskirts", which served as the basis for the name of the country - Ukraine.
Ukrainians living in Russia continue to honor their traditions, celebrating holidays according to their customs, wearing folk clothes. A feature of Ukrainian clothing is embroidery in a variety of colors. The main symbolic colors in the ornaments are red and black.
Bashkirs
The ratio of the Bashkirs to the entire population of the country is 1.2%. The territories where most of these people live are Altai, Tyumen, and other regions of Russia (Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and others).
To this day, ethnologists have not agreed on where the name of the nationality came from and what it means. The most common interpretations are “the main wolf”, “a separate people”, “the brother-in-law of the Ugric peoples”. In total, there are about 40 different assumptions.
The culture of the Bashkirs is significant for their songs, fairy tales, ditties.
Chuvash
Next, let's talk about the Chuvash, answering the question of what peoples live in Russia. The Chuvash people make up 1.1% of the population of Russia. Most of the Chuvash live in Tatarstan, Samara and many other regions of the country, the Krasnoyarsk Territory. And today their main occupation is handicraft, animal husbandry and agriculture.
The Chuvash culture is surprisingly beautiful and interesting. They have their own ancient developed mythology. National clothes are extremely diverse, there are many dozens of different cuts and color options.
Chechens
Chechens in Russia are about 0.9% of the total population. This is one of the most severe nationalities in the country. At the same time, they are distinguished by wit, courage and endurance are inherent in them.
A feature of Chechen songs is a deep, incommensurable longing for their home. There are many motifs of exile in their poetry and songs. Such poetry is not to be found in any other folklore.
One can notice the similarity of the Chechen people with the Circassian and Lezgin. There is a simple explanation for this: all three nationalities belong to a single Caucasian.
And we continue to reveal the most interesting question of what kind of peoples live in Russia.
Armenians
In the population of Russia, Armenians make up 0.8%. Their culture is very ancient. Its roots can be traced back to Greek culture. The special flavor of this nation is created by their indefatigable cheerfulness and hospitality.
Armenian music appeared before our era. And today we know many world singers with Armenian roots. Among them are French singer David Tukhmanov, Jivad Gasparyan and many others.
Armenian clothing is distinguished by luxury and pretentiousness. And children's costumes are simply irresistible, which is not seen in other nations.
We now know what peoples inhabit Russia, but this is far from all. In the far corners of the vast country there are still peoples who are not so many in number, but their culture is so diverse and interesting that we simply cannot help but remember them.
small nations
Russians know quite a lot about peoples whose number exceeds 1 million. But there are also small peoples of Russia, which you may not even hear about in your entire life.
So, in the Volga-Vyatka region, for many centuries, such nationalities as the Mari, Mordovians have lived. The server region is native to Karelians, Komi, Saami, Nenets. Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts live in the Urals. Kazakhs and Kalmyks have long settled in the Volga region.
Western Siberia is the homeland for the Selkups, Altaians, Mansi, Khanty, Shors, Eastern Siberia is for Tuvans, Buryats, Khakasses, Dolgans, Evenks.
In the Far East live such nationalities as the Yakuts, Koryaks, Evens, Udeges, Nanais, Orochs and many other peoples, whose numbers are very small.
The peculiarity of small peoples is that they have preserved and to this day revere their ancient pagan beliefs. They are characterized by following animism (animation of natural objects and animals) and shamanism (belief in shamans - people who speak with spirits).
How many peoples live in Russia in total?
In 2002, a pan-European data collection also included information on the ethnic composition of the countries' populations. Then interesting information was received about what peoples live in Russia, and about their numbers.
Census figures in Russia showed that representatives of 160 different nationalities live in the country. This figure is simply huge in comparison with European countries. On average, people belonging to 9.5 nationalities live in them. On a global scale, Russia's performance is also high.
Interestingly, in 1989, when a similar census was conducted in Russia, a list of 129 nationalities was compiled. The reason for such a difference in indicators, according to experts, is the possibility of self-identification as belonging to one or another nationality. Such an opportunity appeared in 1926. Previously, various peoples of Russia considered themselves Russians, based on the geopolitical factor.
Dynamics in the ratio of nationalities
According to demographic research experts, the number of Ukrainians in Russia has halved in recent years. Belarusians have also become much smaller, as well as Mordovians.
The number of Armenians, Chechens, Azerbaijanis, and Tajiks increased. Some of them even entered the number of those of which there are more than a million on the territory of Russia.
The dynamics in the ratio of nationalities is believed to be influenced by several factors. One of them is the decline in the birth rate, which has affected the entire country. The other is emigration.
Jews left Russia. Russian Germans also emigrated from the country.
Positive dynamics is observed among small indigenous peoples. On the contrary, they have increased in recent decades. Thus, we see that the question of what peoples inhabit Russia is always relevant for study due to its dynamics.
Do only Russians live somewhere?
We learned that many different nationalities live in Russia, in addition to Russians. Many who have discovered it may wonder if there is an area where only Russians live.
The answer is unequivocal: there is no region with a completely homogeneous composition of the Russian population. Approximate to this only the Central region, the Central Black Earth, North-West. All other territories of the country are full of different nationalities.
conclusions
In the article, we examined which peoples live on the territory of Russia, learned what they are called and where they are most common. We were once again convinced how rich the country is not only natural resources, but also human, and this is much more important.
In addition, we learned that the national composition of the population of Russia is not something static. It changes over the years under the influence of various factors (migration, the possibility of self-determination, etc.).
We hope that the article was interesting for you: it helped you make a mental journey through the expanses of Russia and introduced you to its so different, but so hospitable and interesting inhabitants. Now we can, without hesitation, tell anyone who wants to, if he becomes interested, what kind of peoples live in Russia.
1. Features of the national composition of Russia………………………………………2
2. Short story settlement of Russia…………………………………………………….5
3. Placement of nations and nationalities in the regions of Russia…………………….…..…7
4. Problems associated with the development of nationalism that exist at the present stage in Russia………………………………………………….…….……..14
5. List of used literature……………………………………………………19
Features of the national composition of Russia
One of the main indicators characterizing the population is the total number and trends in its change.
The Russian population in our country is still the most numerous (about 116 million people) and makes up almost 80% of the total population. Compared with 1989, its share in the entire population of the country has decreased by 1.7 percentage points. This happened mainly due to the natural decline, which amounted to almost 8 million people, which could not be compensated by a little over three million migration gain of Russians.
The second place in terms of population in the country is occupied by the Tatars, whose number is 5.56 million people (almost 4% of the country's population), the third place is occupied, oddly enough, by the Ukrainians, their number is approximately equal to 2.9 million people.
Due to emigration and natural attrition, the number of Jews (from 0.54 million to 0.23 million people) and Germans (from 0.84 million to 0.60 million people) decreased during the intercensal period.
Mainly due to migration growth, the number of Armenians (from 0.53 million people to 1.13 million people), Azerbaijanis (from 0.34 million people to 0.62 million people), Tajiks (from 0. 04 million people to 0.12 million people), Chinese (from 5 thousand people to 35 thousand people).
For the first time after the population census of 1926, the number of people who identified themselves as Kryashens was obtained (about 25 thousand people). Also, for the first time after the 1897 census, the number of people who called themselves Cossacks (about 140 thousand people) and a number of small peoples of Dagestan was obtained.
The number of citizens of the Russian Federation amounted to 142.4 million people (98% of all residents of the country), 1.0 million people have citizenship of other states and 0.4 million people are stateless. Of the total number of citizens of the Russian Federation, 44 thousand people have dual citizenship. Approximately 1.3 million people did not state their citizenship.
The national composition fully characterizes the ethnic structure of the population.
By linguistic affiliation, the peoples of Russia belong to four language families: Indo-European (89%) - Slavic, Germanic, Romance groups; Altai (6.8%) - Turkic, Mongolian groups; Caucasian (2.4%) - Abkhaz-Adyghe, Nakh-Dagestan groups; Ural (1.8%) - Finno-Ugric, Samoyedic groups. Some small peoples (Kets, Nivkhs) do not belong to any of the existing language families and stand out as isolated. The rapid pace of urbanization, migration processes and the growth of interethnic marriages contributed to assimilation and integration processes.
The primordially Russian regions in Russia are territories stretching from the European North, North-West to the central regions of Russia. The Russian population also predominates in the regions of the Urals, in the south of Siberia and Far East. Russia as a whole is characterized by the diversity of the national composition in many regions.
In the Russian Federation, 32 subjects of the Federation are allocated according to the national principle (21 republics, 10 autonomous districts and 1 autonomous region). The total area of 32 national formations is 53% of the territory of Russia.
All national entities have complex composition population. However, the proportion of the titular nation is in some cases relatively small. Only in 9 subjects of the Federation the share of the titular nation exceeds 50%, for example, in Ingushetia - 74.5 in Kabardino-Balkaria -57.6%, in North Ossetia-Alania -53.0%, etc. The lowest share of the titular nation is in Khanty -Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 1.6%.
The processes of ethnic
assimilation. The objects of assimilation are small ethnic groups, peoples living in a strong territorial mixture with other peoples, as well as national groups (often consisting of representatives of fairly large and well-consolidated ethnic groups living separately), which are characterized by dispersed settlement. Interethnic marriages serve as an important channel for the assimilation process in Russia, but "out-of-family" assimilation also takes place.
From the small peoples of Russia in the XX century. the Turkic-speaking Soyots were assimilated, merging into the Buryat people. Yugas close to the Kets disappeared among the surrounding Russian population, the process of assimilation (linguistic, and then ethnic) partially affected many other small peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Assimilation also covered representatives of many ethnic groups.
communities, mainly concentrated outside of Russia, and in it
most - settled dispersed. True, the rate of development of assimilation processes varies among different national groups living in Russia. The fastest merge with the Russians are representatives of two East Slavic peoples close to them in language and culture - Belarusians and Ukrainians. In 1989, 63% of Belarusians living in our country and 57% of Ukrainians considered Russian as their mother tongue.
Fairly fast assimilation is subjected to those living in the Russian Federation
representatives of other Slavic peoples: Poles, Bulgarians, Czechs,
Serbs. All these ethnic groups live dispersed in Russia, which facilitates the process of their assimilation. Representatives of other non-indigenous ethnic groups of Russia are assimilated
Russians to a much weaker degree. So, the Germans, despite
long-term residence in our country, and a high proportion of people who have passed
into Russian (58%), quite steadfastly retain their ethnic
self-awareness. The process of assimilation of Koreans proceeds even more slowly, to which
the pronounced cultural specificity of this ethnic
community, as well as its anthropological isolation. Although Koreans have been living in Russia for a long time and most of them (63%) consider Russian as their native language, they, like the Germans, retain their ethnic self-consciousness well and show high intra-ethnic solidarity.
Representatives of the Turkic-speaking ethnic groups living in Russia, which make up the main population of several republics of the former USSR, also show ethnic stamina. ( Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks), which is facilitated by their significant cultural specificity. The overwhelming majority of representatives of these peoples retain their national language.
A Brief History of the Settlement of Russia
The history of settlement and land development, differences in the types of population reproduction, the vastness of the territory and the variety of natural conditions have led to a very uneven distribution of the population of Russia. 78.5% of the population lives in the European part (about 30% of the area), and 21.5% lives in the Asian part. In addition, in the zone of continuous settlement, or the “main zone of settlement” (the European part of Russia without the European North, the south of Siberia and the Far East), which occupies only 1/3 of the territory, 93% of the population is concentrated.
The average population density in Russia is 8.5 people. per 1 km 2, it is four times less than the world average. At the same time, the population density ranges from less than one person per 1 m 2 in some areas of the Eastern macroregion to 354 people per 1 km 2 in the Moscow region.
The main strip of settlement is very different from the rest of the country, belonging to the zone of the North. The first has been historically developed economically in connection with the favorable natural and climatic conditions, the benefits of the geographical position; a large number of large cities are located here and the majority of the population is concentrated. The zone of the North is a territory that has been developed relatively recently (“new development”), with focal settlement; it is home to only about 7% of the population.
The historical migrations of the Russian population to Siberia, the Urals, the North, the Far East began as early as the 16th-17th centuries. in connection with the development of new lands. The flow of migrants to the eastern regions of Russia especially increased at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries. in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Historical migrations were forced migrations of peoples: in 1937, Koreans were resettled from Primorsky Krai to Central Asia; in the 1930s, Germans, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, and Crimean Tatars were evicted to the eastern regions, to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia. In the pre-war years, organized migration to the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, where mineral deposits were developed and factories were built. In the 1950s there was a massive development of vast tracts of land in Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. In connection with the collapse of the USSR and the aggravation of interethnic relations in a number of republics of the new abroad, the re-emigration of the Russian-speaking population from the republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia intensified.
The most numerous and permanent migrations of the population in Russia in the 20th century. there were internal migrations of the population from rural areas to cities, from small towns to large ones.
Currently, internal migration accounts for 80% of the migration turnover of the Russian population. The determining direction of internal migration is the Center, the Volga region and the South of the country, which as a result has led to a significant reduction in the population of the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East.
In 23 subjects of the Federation, the population has increased over the past period. The highest growth was noted in the Republic of Dagestan - by 43%, Moscow - 17%, Krasnodar Territory - by 11%, Belgorod and Kaliningrad regions - 10% each. The increase in the population was due to natural growth and the influx of migrants.
In economic geography and regionalism, the main issues in the study of the population are the causes, patterns and features of the spatial and functional behavior of the population, depending on the trends in the external environment.
Placement of nations and nationalities in the regions of Russia
The table shows the peoples and nationalities of Russia and their settlement in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the number (in brackets - as a percentage of the people in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation of the population as a whole in the country according to the 2002 census). So, for example, distribution features become obvious, for example, Tatars, only more than a third (36%) of which live in Tatarstan, and the rest are settled in other regions, including Bashkortostan - almost a fifth of the Tatars of Russia (17.8% ).
| № | Nationality | including | population people |
% | Main regions of settlement - number of people in the subject of the Russian Federation (% of the total number of people in Russia) |
| 1 | Russians | Cossacks, Pomors | 115 889 107 | 79,83 | all subjects of the Russian Federation (Moscow - 8,808,009 people (7.6% of the total number in the Russian Federation); Moscow Region - 6,022,763 people (5.2%); Krasnodar Territory - 4,436,272 people (3.8 %); Sverdlovsk region - 4,002,974 people (3.5%); St. Petersburg - 3,949,623 people (3.4%); Rostov region - 3,934,835 people (3.4%), etc. d.) |
| 2 | Tatars | Kryashens, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars | 5 554 601 | 3,82 | Tatarstan - 2,000,116 people (36.0%); Bashkortostan - 990,702 people (17.8%); Tyumen region - 242,352 people (4.4%) (KhMAO - 107,637 people (1.9%)); Chelyabinsk region - 205,087 people (3.7%); Ulyanovsk region - 168,766 people (3.0%); Sverdlovsk region - 168,163 people (3.0%); Moscow - 166,083 people (3.0%); Orenburg region - 165,967 people (3.0%); Perm Territory - 136,597 people (2.5%); Samara region - 127,931 people (2.3%); Udmurtia - 109,218 people (2.0%); Penza region - 86,805 people (1.6%); Astrakhan region - 70,590 people (1.3%), etc. |
| 3 | Ukrainians | 2 942 961 | 2,02 | Moscow - 253,644 people (8.6%); Tyumen region - 211,372 people (7.2%) (KhMAO - 123,238 people (4.2%)); Moscow region - 147,808 people (5.0%); Krasnodar Territory - 131,774 people (4.5%); Rostov region - 118,486 people (4.0%); Primorsky Territory - 94,058 people (3.2%); St. Petersburg - 87,119 people (1.9%), etc. | |
| 4 | Bashkirs | 1 673 389 | 1,85 | Bashkortostan - 1,221,302 people (73.0%); Chelyabinsk region - 166,372 people (9.9%); Orenburg region - 52,685 people (3.1%); Tyumen region - 45,575 people (2.7%) (KhMAO - 35,807 people (2.1%)); Perm Territory - 40,740 people (2.4%); Sverdlovsk region - 37,296 people (2.2%) | |
| 5 | Chuvash | 1 637 094 | 1,12 | Chuvashia - 889 268 people (54.3%); Tatarstan - 126,532 people (7.7%); Bashkortostan - 117,317 people (7.2%); Ulyanovsk region - 111,316 people (6.8%); Samara region - 101,358 people (6.2%) | |
| 6 | Chechens | Akkin Chechens | 1 360 253 | 0,93 | Chechnya - 1,031,647 people (75.8%); Ingushetia - 95,403 people (7.0%); Dagestan - 87,867 people (6.5%) |
| 7 | Armenians | 1 130 491 | 0,78 | Krasnodar Territory - 274,566 people (24.3%); Stavropol Territory - 149,249 people (13.2%); Moscow - 124 425 people (11.0%); Rostov region - 109,994 people (9.7%); Moscow region - 39,660 people (3.5%), etc. | |
| 8 | Mordva | Mordva-Moksha, Mordva-Erzya | 843 350 | 0,58 | Mordovia - 283,861 people (33.7%); Samara region - 86,000 people (10.2%); Penza region - 70,339 people (8.3%); Orenburg region - 52,458 people (6.2%); Ulyanovsk region - 50,229 people (6.0%) |
| 9 | Avars | Ando-Tsez peoples and Archins | 814 473 | 0,56 | Dagestan - 758,438 people (93.1%); Stavropol Territory - 7167 people. (0.9%); Moscow - 4950 people (0.6%) |
| 10 | Belarusians | 807,970 | 0,55 | Moscow - 59 353 people (7.3%); St. Petersburg - 54,484 people (6.7%); Kaliningrad region - 50,748 people (6.3%); Moscow region - 42,212 people (5.2%); Karelia - 37,681 people (4.7%); Tyumen region - 35,996 people (4.5%) (KhMAO - 20,518 people (2.5%)); Rostov region - 26,604 people (3.3%); Leningrad region - 26,290 people (3.3%) | |
| 11 | Kazakhs | 653 962 | 0,45 | Astrakhan region - 142,633 people (21.8%); Orenburg region - 125,568 people (19.2%); Omsk region - 81,618 people (12.5%); Saratov region - 78,320 people (12.0%); Volgograd region - 45,301 people (6.9%); Chelyabinsk region - 36,219 (5.5%) | |
| 12 | Udmurts | 636 906 | 0,44 | Udmurtia - 460,584 people (72.3%); Perm Territory - 26,272 people (4.1%); Tatarstan - 24,207 people (3.8%); Bashkortostan - 22,625 people (3.6%); Kirov region - 17,952 people (2.8%); Sverdlovsk region - 17,903 people (2.8%) | |
| 13 | Azerbaijanis | 621 840 | 0,43 | Dagestan - 111,656 people (18.0%); Moscow - 95,563 people (15.4%); Tyumen region - 42,359 people (6.8%); Krasnoyarsk Territory - 19,447 people. (3.1%); St. Petersburg - 16,613 people (2.7%); Rostov region - 16,498 people (2.7%); Saratov region - 16,417 people (2.6%), etc. | |
| 14 | Mari | mountain Mari, meadow-eastern Mari | 604 298 | 0,42 | Mari El - 312,178 people (51.7%); Bashkortostan - 105,829 people (17.5%); Kirov region - 38,930 people (6.4%); Sverdlovsk region - 27,863 people (4.6%); Tatarstan - 18,787 people (3.1%) |
| 15 | Germans | 597 212 | 0,41 | Altai Territory - 79,502 people (13.3%); Omsk region - 76,334 people (12.8%); Novosibirsk region - 47,275 people (7.9%); Krasnoyarsk Territory - 36,850 people (6.2%); Kemerovo region - 35,965 people (6.0%); Chelyabinsk region - 28,457 people (4.8%); Tyumen region - 27,196 people (4.6%); Sverdlovsk region - 22,540 people (3.8%) | |
| 16 | Kabardians | 519 958 | 0,36 | Kabardino-Balkaria - 498,702 people (95.9%); Stavropol Territory - 6619 people. (1.3%); North Ossetia-Alania - 2902 people (0.6%) | |
| 17 | Ossetians | Digoron (Digorians), Iron (Ironians) | 514 875 | 0,35 | North Ossetia-Alania - 445,310 people (85.6%); Moscow - 10,561 people (2.1%); Kabardino-Balkaria - 9845 people (1.9%); Stavropol Territory - 7772 people. (1.5%); Krasnodar Territory - 4133 people. (0.8%); Karachay-Cherkessia - 3333 people (0.6%) |
| 18 | Dargins | Kaitag people, Kubachins | 510 156 | 0,35 | Dagestan - 425,526 people (83.4%); Stavropol Territory - 40,218 people (7.9%); Kalmykia - 7295 people (1.4%); Rostov region - 6735 people (1.3%); Astrakhan region - 3550 people (0.7%), Moscow - 2898 people. (0.6%) |
| 19 | Buryats | 445 175 | 0,31 | Buryatia - 272,910 people (61.3%); Irkutsk region - 80,565 people (18.1%); Trans-Baikal Territory - 70,457 people (15.8%); Yakutia (Sakha) - 7266 people (1.6%) | |
| 20 | Yakuts (Sakha) | 443 852 | 0,30 | Yakutia (Sakha) - 432,290 people (97.4%); Khabarovsk Territory - 1454 people. (0.3%); Moscow - 1448 people (0.3%); Krasnoyarsk Territory - 1368 people. (0.3%) | |
| 21 | Kumyks | 422 409 | 0,29 | Dagestan - 365,804 people (86.6%); North Ossetia-Alania - 12,659 people (3.0%); Tyumen region - 12,343 people (2.9%) (KhMAO - 9554 people (2.3%); YNAO - 2613 people (0.6%)); Stavropol Territory - 5744 people. (1.4%); Moscow - 1615 people (0.4%) | |
| 22 | Ingush | 413 016 | 0,28 | Ingushetia - 361,057 people (87.4%); North Ossetia-Alania - 21,442 people (5.2%); Moscow - 4050 people (1.0%), Chechnya - 2914 people. (0.7%) | |
| 23 | Lezgins | 411 535 | 0,28 | Dagestan - 336,698 people (81.8%); Tyumen region - 10,631 people (2.6%) (KhMAO - 8580 people (2.1%)); Stavropol Territory - 6558 people (1.6%); Saratov region - 5308 people (1.3%); Moscow - 4475 people (1.1%) | |
| 24 | Komi | Komi-Izhemtsy | 293 406 | 0,20 | Komi Republic - 256,464 people (87.4%); Tyumen region - 10,555 people (3.6%) (YNAO - 6177 people (2.1%); KhMAO - 3081 people (1.1%)); Arkhangelsk region - 5745 people (2.0%) (Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 4510 people (1.5%)); Murmansk region - 2177 people (0.7%) |
| 25 | Tuvans (tyva) | Tojins | 243 442 | 0,17 | Tyva - 235,313 people (96.7%); Krasnoyarsk Territory - 1492 people. (0.6%) |
| 26 | Jews | 229 938 | 0,16 | Moscow - 79 359 people (34.5%); St. Petersburg - 36,570 people (15.9%); Moscow region - 9899 people (4.3%); Sverdlovsk region - 6810 people (3.0%); Samara region - 6384 people (2.8%); Nizhny Novgorod region - 5312 people (2.3%), etc. | |
| 27 | Georgians | Adjarians, Ingiloys, Laz, Mingrelians, Svans | 197 934 | 0,14 | Moscow - 54,387 people (27.5%); Krasnodar Territory - 20,500 people (10.4%); North Ossetia-Alania - 10,803 people (5.5%); Rostov region - 10,636 people (5.4%); St. Petersburg - 10,104 people (5.1%); Moscow region - 9888 people (5.0%); Stavropol Territory - 8764 people (4.4%) |
| 28 | Karachays | 192 182 | 0,13 | Karachay-Cherkessia - 169,198 people (88.0%); Stavropol Territory - 15,146 people (7.9%); Kabardino-Balkaria - 1272 people (0.7%) | |
| 29 | gypsies | 182 766 | 0,13 | Stavropol Territory - 19,094 people (10.4%); Rostov region - 15,138 people (8.3%); Krasnodar Territory - 10,873 people (5.9%); Volgograd region - 7258 people (4.0%); Samara region - 5244 people (2.9%); Voronezh region - 4779 people (2.6%); Leningrad region - 4573 people (2.5%); Tver region - 4553 people (2.5%), etc. | |
| 30 | Kalmyks | 173 996 | 0,12 | Kalmykia - 155,938 people (89.6%); Astrakhan region - 7162 people (4.1%); Moscow - 2047 (1.2%); Volgograd region - 1617 people (0.9%); Rostov region - 936 people (0.5%) | |
| 31 | Moldovans | 172,330 | 0,12 | Moscow - 36,570 people (21.2%); Tyumen region - 17,938 people (10.4%) (KhMAO - 10,861 people (6.3%); YNAO - 5400 people (3.1%); Moscow region - 10,418 people (6.0%); Rostov region - 7599 people (4.4%); Krasnodar Territory - 6537 people. (3.8%); | |
| 32 | Laks | 156 545 | 0,11 | Dagestan - 139,732 people (89.3%); Stavropol Territory - 2561 people. (1.6%); Moscow - 1834 people (1.2%); Kabardino-Balkaria - 1800 people (1.1%) | |
| 33 | Koreans | 148 556 | 0,10 | Sakhalin region - 29,592 people (19.9%); Primorsky Krai - 17,899 people (12.0%); Rostov region - 11,669 people (7.9%); Khabarovsk Territory - 9519 people (6.4%); Moscow - 8630 people (5.8%); Stavropol Territory - 7095 people. (4.8%); Volgograd region - 6066 people (4.1%); Kabardino-Balkaria - 4722 people (3.2%) | |
| 34 | Cossacks | 140 028 | 0,10 | Rostov region - 87,492 people (62.5%); Volgograd region - 20,648 people (14.7%); Krasnodar Territory - 17,542 people (12.5%); Stavropol Territory - 3902 people. (2.8%) | |
| 35 | Tabasarans | 131 785 | 0,09 | Dagestan - 110,152 people (83.6%); Stavropol Territory - 5477 people. (4.2%); Rostov region - 2231 people (1.7%); Krasnodar Territory - 1331 people. (1.0%); Saratov region - 1276 people (1.0%) | |
| 36 | Adyghe | 128 528 | 0,09 | Adygea - 108 115 people (84.1%); Krasnodar Territory - 15,821 people (12.3%) | |
| 37 | Komi-Permyaks | 125 235 | 0,09 | Perm Territory - 103,505 people (82.6%); Tyumen region - 3397 people (2.7%) (KhMAO - 2704 people (2.2%)); Sverdlovsk region - 1897 people (1.5%); Rostov region - 1811 people (1.4%); Republic of Komi - 1118 people (0.9%) | |
| 38 | Uzbeks | 122 916 | 0,08 | Moscow - 24 312 people (19.8%); Tyumen region - 7730 people (6.3%) (KhMAO - 5182 people (4.2%)); Samara region - 5438 people (4.4%); Bashkortostan - 5145 people (4.2%); Tatarstan - 4852 people (3.9%); Moscow region - 4183 people (3.4%); Sverdlovsk region - 3836 people (3.1%) | |
| 39 | Tajiks | 120 136 | 0,08 | Moscow - 35,385 people (29.5%); Tyumen region - 7968 people (6.6%) (KhMAO - 5651 people (4.7%)); Sverdlovsk region - 6125 people (5.1%); Chelyabinsk region - 5125 people (4.3%); Samara region - 4624 people (3.8%); Kemerovo region - 4474 people (3.7%); Tatarstan - 3625 people (3.0%) | |
| 40 | Balkars | 108 426 | 0,07 | Kabardino-Balkaria - 104,951 people (96.8%); Stavropol Territory - 783 people. (0.7%) | |
| 41 | Greeks | 97 827 | 0,07 | Stavropol Territory - 34,078 people (34.8%); Krasnodar Territory - 26,540 people (27.1%); Moscow - 3726 people (3.8%); Rostov region - 3154 people (3.2%); North Ossetia-Alania - 2332 people (2.4%) | |
| 42 | Karely | 93 344 | 0,06 | Karelia - 65,651 people (70.3%); Tver region - 14,633 people (15.7%); Murmansk region - 2203 people (2.4%); St. Petersburg - 2142 people (2.3%); Leningrad region - 2057 people (2.2%) | |
| 43 | Turks | 92 415 | 0,06 | Rostov region - 28,285 people (30.6%); Krasnodar Territory - 13,496 people (14.6%); Kabardino-Balkaria - 8770 people (9.5%); Stavropol Territory - 7484 people. (8.1%); Volgograd region - 4049 people (4.4%); Kalmykia - 3224 people (3.5%); North Ossetia-Alania - 2835 people (3.1%) | |
| 44 | Nogais | 90 666 | 0,06 | Dagestan - 38,168 people (42.1%); Stavropol Territory - 20,680 people (22.8%); Karachay-Cherkessia - 14,873 people (16.4%); Astrakhan region - 4570 people (5.0%); Tyumen region - 4272 people (4.7%); Chechnya - 3572 people (3.9%) | |
| 45 | Mordva-Erzya | 84 407 | 0,06 | Mordovia - 78,963 people (92.9%); Ulyanovsk region - 2825 people (3.3%) | |
| 46 | Khakasses | 75 622 | 0,05 | Khakassia - 65,421 people (86.5%); Krasnoyarsk Territory - 4489 people. (5.9%); Tyva - 1219 people (1.6%) | |
| 47 | Poles | 73 001 | 0,05 | Moscow - 4456 people (6.1%); St. Petersburg - 4451 people (6.1%); Kaliningrad region - 3918 people (5.4%); Tyumen region - 3427 people (5.0%); Karelia - 3022 people (4.1%); Krasnodar Territory - 2958 people. (4.0%) | |
| 48 | Altaians | 67 239 | 0,05 | Altai - 62,192 people (92.5%); Altai Territory - 1880 people. (2.8%); Kemerovo region - 528 people (0.8%) | |
| 49 | Circassians | 60 517 | 0,04 | Karachay-Cherkessia - 49,591 people (81.9%); Krasnodar Territory - 4446 people. (7.3%); Stavropol Territory - 2097 people. (3.5%); Kabardino-Balkaria - 725 people (1.2%); Adygea - 642 people (1.1%) | |
| 50 | Meadow-Eastern Mari | 56 119 | 0,04 | Mari El - 52,696 people (93.9%); Sverdlovsk region - 748 people (1.3%) | |
| 51 | Mordva moksha | 49 624 | 0,03 | Mordovia - 47,406 people (95.5%); Moscow - 483 people (1.0%) | |
| 52 | Lithuanians | 45 569 | 0,03 | Kaliningrad region - 13,937 people (30.6%); Moscow - 2197 people (4.8%); Krasnoyarsk Territory - 2029 people (4.5%); Irkutsk region - 1669 people (3.7%); St. Petersburg - 1637 people (3.6%); Republic of Komi - 1607 people (3.5%); Karelia - 1074 people | |
| 53 | Nenets | 41 302 | 0,03 | Tyumen region - 27,965 people (67.7%) (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 26,435 people (64.0%); Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra - 1290 people (3.1%); Arkhangelsk region - 8326 people (20.2%) (Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 7754 people (18.8%)); Krasnoyarsk Territory - 3188 people. (7.7%); Republic of Komi - 708 people (1.7%) | |
| 54 | Abaza | 37 942 | 0,03 | Karachay-Cherkessia - 32,346 people (85.3%); Stavropol Territory - 3300 people. (8.7%); Kabardino-Balkaria - 514 people (1.4%) | |
| … | others | 40 551 | 0,03 | ||
| … | did not indicate nationality | 1 460 751 | 1,01 | Moscow - 417,126 people (28.6%); St. Petersburg - 367,996 people (25.2%); Moscow region - 172,090 people (11.8%); Leningrad region - 39,028 people (2.7%); |
Problems related to the development of nationalism that exist at the present stage in Russia
In many multinational countries, there are any interethnic conflicts, and Russia is one of them.
There was no dominant nation in the Soviet Union, because it was ruled by the nomenklatura, which embodied in its activities the totalitarian system as such. The national question was declared resolved, which meant in practice the curtailment of the national culture, for which only the form remained, while the “national content” was identical for all.
In the absence of alternatives, people largely resigned themselves to this situation and rarely protested against it. Under the new conditions born of perestroika, opportunities arose for an open and impartial reaction to the current situation, and it turned out to be unexpectedly stormy and negative.
The republics and autonomies, once formed in a voluntaristic way, decided to become truly sovereign, acquire the real status of independent state formations, protect their language and culture, and ensure their normal development. These essentially democratic aspirations, unfortunately, have had and still have distortions. In particular, this was manifested in the desire in a number of republics to ensure the priority rights of the indigenous nation at the expense of other nationalities. And it caused a backlash. Tensions arose, including in relations, for example, between Russians and representatives of indigenous nations. During the years of Soviet power, the Russians formed the feeling that their homeland is the whole country, the entire socialist fatherland - the USSR. And it is precisely this feeling, reinforced by the awareness of their true superiority and the role of the “elder brother” in the family of Soviet peoples, that today has come into conflict with the real status of Russians in a number of republics, where they feel themselves not only a minority, but also a discriminated minority. “Migrants”, “occupiers” and other no less strong labels could not help but hurt the national self-consciousness of Russians, and arouse protest on their part.
Now we have begun a new round in our history, and in order for us to take a qualitatively new step in our development, we need to look very carefully and interestedly at our past and find in it sources of strength and development that can ensure Russia's progress.
However, some problems still remain relevant, which we will consider below.
Nowadays, there is a real threat of Russia's disintegration into separate independent states, as which not only some national, but also administrative-territorial entities are not averse to proclaiming themselves. Questions naturally arise: will it repeat the fate of the Union
SSR, is it possible to avoid this and how? In order to answer them, it is necessary, on the one hand, to comprehend the state of interethnic communication, to determine the sources of discontent and tension in this area, and on the other hand, to identify the conditions and factors that make up the integration potential of the Russian multinational statehood, to identify ways and mechanisms for the consolidation of nations, nationalities, regions.
Today, in the face of a gradual weakening of economic instability, the Russian government is able to keep the country from collapse. However, while there are such "hot spots" as the "republic
Chechnya" | The Russian government cannot guarantee the integrity, as well as the security of the state (especially since the rest of the world calls this
"conflict" war).
The concept of the state national policy of the Russian Federation involves the formation and functioning of a balanced and comprehensive system of measures for state regulation of national relations aimed at creating optimal conditions for the socio-cultural development of peoples and preventing hotbeds of interethnic tension, at preserving the commonality of all ethnic groups in Russia, strengthening unity and territorial integrity states.
At the moment, the situation is characterized by growing internal tension, the danger of exacerbating old conflicts and the emergence of new centers of instability. There are over 150 different factors provoking a complication of the situation in interethnic relations. Of particular danger is the use of the national factor in the struggle for the redistribution of property, resources, and in general for political power. This struggle intensifies during the election campaigns. There are also other factors in the historical, cultural, linguistic, religious spheres.
It is significant that even in regions that are relatively calm in terms of the level of interethnic tension, from 15 to 20 percent of the respondents point to the infringement of their rights on a national basis. The growth of interethnic conflicts threatens the integrity of the Russian Federation and its national security.
At the same time, recent observations and results of sociological research show that in the Russian multinational society there is still a fairly large potential for tolerance and mutual trust, the desire to preserve the unity of Russian statehood, a single Fatherland.
The activities of federal ministries and departments, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in implementing the Concept of State National Policy are aimed at:
· legislative work on the development and harmonization of national relations;
· preparation and implementation (together with the executive authorities of the republics and regions) of programs for the socio-economic and national-cultural development of the peoples of Russia;
· taking urgent measures to improve and stabilize the ethno-political situation in the country as a whole and in certain explosive regions;
· information-analytical and personnel support of the national policy;
· Interaction of federal state authorities and local authorities with public organizations, solution of problems of national policy.
A fundamentally important provision of the Concept was the conclusion that it is necessary to introduce the institute of national-cultural autonomy in the country, to adopt an appropriate federal law. This decision opened the way for the national and cultural self-determination of the peoples of Russia without breaking administrative borders and creating closed enclaves. 5 federal (Ukrainian, German, Korean, Tatar, Belarusian) autonomies, more than 40 regional, about 300 local autonomies have been created.
Of great importance was the ratification by the State Duma of the framework
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, additions and amendments to the Law “On the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”. The Ministry of National Affairs of Russia has developed a draft law “On Guarantees of State Integrity and the Mechanism of Responsibility of State Authorities and Their Officials”. Planned and ongoing development of bills “On ethnological expertise”, “On the procedure for changing the constitutional and legal status of the subject
of the Russian Federation”, “On the procedure for preventing and resolving interethnic conflicts in the Russian Federation”, “On the fight against national extremism”. In the development of the Concept, in the republics, districts, territories and regions, the development and implementation of regional concepts of national policy was begun, taking into account the socio-economic, ethnic and demographic characteristics of each subject of the federation. A draft Concept of the State National Policy towards Indigenous Peoples and Small Ethnic Communities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation is being developed. The Ministry analyzes and summarizes the accumulated experience, provides methodological assistance in the preparation and implementation of their programs.
In accordance with the Concept of State Ethnic Policy, the All-Russian Public Organization "Assembly of the Peoples of Russia" was created, designed to become a consolidating center for coordinating the interests of all the peoples of Russia, for organizing a constant dialogue between ethnic groups and state authorities. The first congress of the Assembly of Peoples was held
Russia. The Assembly is focused on full cooperation with the authorities.
The entire history of the Russian state from the beginning of its formation to the present day testifies that the multinationality of Russia is not a weakness of it, but a powerful creative potential. But in order for this not to remain a beautiful political declaration, it is important to skillfully and energetically ensure the unity of the multinational state while maintaining the good health, identity and dignity of each Russian people. And first of all, it is necessary to create a solid legal basis for a democratic model for the development of nations and interethnic relations.
Over the years of its existence, the Minnats has done a lot on the way to the consolidation and integration of the population. For example, the draft law “On Guarantees of the Rights of the Indigenous Minorities of Russia” was prepared by the State Duma Committee on Nationalities Affairs with the participation of the Ministry of National Affairs of Russia. The draft was adopted by the State Duma, the Federation Council and signed by the President.
Today it is quite difficult to say that the government controls the national situation in the country. However, some representatives of the executive body of the Russian Federation are sure that there are no interethnic conflicts in Russia.
Bibliography
1. Koz'eva I.A. Economic geography and regional studies / I.A. Kozeva, E.N. Kuzbozhev. – M.: Knorus, 2005. – 79p.
2. Lagutenko B.T. Handbook of economic geography of Russia / B.T. Lagutenko. - M.: Jurist, 2001.
3. Rodionova I.A. Economic geography v.2. / I.A. Rodionov. - M .: Exam, 2003. - 356 p.
In the XVIII - first half of the XIX centuries. the multinational character of the Russian state has significantly increased. Russia included both large peoples of Eastern Europe, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, as well as small ethnic groups living in these regions, speaking languages of various families: Uralic, Indo-European, Altai, North Caucasian. Among the largest peoples who became subjects of the Russian Empire, one can single out Finns and Estonians, Baltic (Baltic) Germans, Latvians and Lithuanians, Poles, East Slavic peoples (Ukrainians and Belarusians), Moldovans, Crimean Tatars, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, peoples of Dagestan ( Avars, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, etc.), other peoples of the North Caucasus (Chechens, Ingush, Ossetians, Kabardians, Adygs, Abkhazians, etc.), as well as Kazakhs.
A significant part of the listed peoples now make up independent nation-states, however, it should be noted that during the years of the existence of the Russian Empire, and then Soviet Union representatives of these ethnic groups formed large diasporas within the territorial limits of Russia proper. So, suffice it to say that at present more than 5% of the population of the Russian Federation come from other republics of the former USSR, that is, from the national outskirts of the former Russian Empire.
The characterization of the national composition of the population of Russia will be incomplete, if not to say about the German colonists. The German commercial and artisan population has existed in Russia for a long time. German military specialists participated in military campaigns of the 16th century. Since 1570, there was a trade and crafts German community in Moscow, and in 1576 a Lutheran church was opened here. In 1682, with a total population of Moscow of approximately 200 thousand people. about 18 thousand foreigners, mostly Germans, lived in it.
On July 22, 1763, Empress Catherine II signed a manifesto "On permission for all foreigners entering Russia to settle in which provinces they wish, and on the rights granted to them." The manifesto promised exemption from military service for eternity, comfortable arable land and grazing, tax exemption for a period of 5 to 30 years, freedom of religion, etc.
The benefits promised to the colonists, as well as the ruin of Germany during the Seven Years' War, contributed to the success of the manifesto. From 1764 to 1773 more than 28 thousand people moved to the Volga region. They founded 106 colonies. The Saratov office of guardianship of foreign settlers, established in 1765, began to manage the affairs of the colonists. Thus, at the initiative of the tsarist administration, a kind of autonomy was created, a special system for managing the colonies, arranging and regulating their internal life. The colonies had their own public schools, attendance of which was mandatory for all children.
From the end of the 1780s. the main flow of immigrants was directed to the southern regions of Russia: the vast Black Sea and Azov steppes were settled. Among the new colonists were not only Germans, but also Swiss, French, Poles, who later merged with the Germans, as well as Serbs, Bulgarians, Greeks. Today, surnames of both French (Konradi, Lode, Richet, Shamne, Chevalier) and Polish (Zavadsky, Kozlovsky, Rogalsky, Savitsky) origin are common among Russian Germans.
Let us consider in more detail the migration exchange of the population of Russia with foreign countries, starting from the end of the 18th century. In the 1760-1780s. up to 200 thousand Crimean Tatars emigrated to Turkey. In 1770, about 200 thousand Kalmyks left for Dzungaria. In the XVIII century. about 100,000 foreigners entered Russia (60,000 Moldavians, Serbs, Hungarians, etc., and 40,000 German colonists; about 400,000 Kalmyks and Crimean Tatars left).
At the beginning of the XIX century. the influx of foreigners into Russia was small (until the 1820s, the influx of German colonists, Greeks, Bulgarians, and others continued, mainly to the Northern Black Sea region). Emigration until the 1830s. there was almost none. Only a small number of Nogais, wandering in the Budzhak steppes of Bessarabia, moved in 1812 to Turkey. In 1828-1860. the overall balance of migrations of Russian subjects amounted to a negative value, equal to 222.5 thousand people. Most of the emigrants were Poles, who left the Kingdom of Poland in 1831 after the suppression of the Polish uprising. In 1828-1860. there was a positive migration balance of 260 thousand people. Mostly they were immigrants from the German states (33.5%), Austria (21.3%) and the Ottoman Empire (10.3% - Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians).
In general, in the first half of the XIX century. about 450 thousand people arrived in Russia. immigrants (115 thousand Germans, 135 thousand Bulgarians and Greeks and about 200 thousand Armenians). Germans, Bulgarians and Greeks settled mainly in the Northern Black Sea region, and Armenians - in Transcaucasia. Emigration from Russia affected mainly the Poles (about 400 thousand people).
During the period under study, the state conducted several censuses (audits), so we have the opportunity to assess the main ethnic processes going on in the country.
From 1795 to 1858 (between V and X revisions) there is a decrease in the share of the Russian population: from 48.86 to 45.87%. First of all, this was due to the inclusion in Russia of lands with an overwhelming non-Russian population, as well as to the improvement of the system for recording the national composition of residents. However, in some places, opposite processes were also observed - the linguistic assimilation of ethnic groups living in stripes with Russians. We are talking about Mordovians, Izhors, the Ukrainian population of the Lower Volga region and the North Caucasus, Komi-Permyaks, baptized Tatars. On the territory of the Empire within the borders of the 1720s, i.e. within Russia itself, the share of the Russian population also decreased - from 68.54 to 67.25%, which was caused by the massive movement of Russians to the national outskirts.
Similar ethnic processes were characteristic of the second largest national group of the Empire - Ukrainians, but their share, unlike Russians, in the country's population increased. They also (like the Tatars, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Maris) took part in the Russian colonization of the national outskirts of the country, primarily Novorossia, the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region, the Southern Urals, and Siberia. If the area of settlement of the Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire increased, then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on the contrary, the share of Ukrainians fell, and primarily due to the rapid pace of assimilation. Such peoples as Belarusians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians and many others retained their numbers and main areas of residence in the Russian Empire.
In general, the feudal-serf system and its remnants negatively affected the growth rate of the Russian population. Therefore, in those outlying regions of the Empire, where its influence was weaker, and the natural and climatic conditions were better, the population increased at a faster pace. Assimilation processes in the pre-reform years have not yet received significant development. First of all, small groups of a foreign-speaking population were assimilated, interspersed with large arrays of nationalities prevailing in terms of language (Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians). Such processes proceeded mainly in the Lower and Middle Volga region, in the north of European Russia, in some regions of Ukraine (Kholmskaya Rus, Galicia, Transcarpathia). Assimilation processes were also active among the representatives of the ruling classes (nobility, bureaucracy) that quickly became Russified.