Detention of the placenta: classification, diagnosis, prevention, treatment. Detention of the placenta Operative separation of the placenta

Diagnosis with complete retention of the placenta: a red or gray-red cord protrudes from the external genitalia. Its surface is bumpy in a cow (placenta) and velvety in a mare. Sometimes only flaps of the urinary and amniotic membranes without vessels hang outward in the form of gray-white films. With severe atony of the uterus, all membranes remain in it (they are detected by palpation of the uterus). Subbotina (2001) To establish incomplete retention of the placenta, it is necessary to carefully examine it. The placenta is examined, palpated and, if indicated, microscopic and bacteriological analysis is carried out. Arinkin (2001)

The released placenta is straightened on a table or plywood. The normal afterbirth of a mare has a uniform color, a velvety placental and smooth allontoid surface. The entire allanto-amnion is light gray or whitish in color, in places with a pearly tint. Obliterated vessels, forming a large number of twists, contain little blood. Shells throughout the entire length of the same thickness (absence of connective tissue growths, edema). The thickness of the membranes is easily determined by palpation. In order to determine whether the placenta is completely separated from the mare, they are guided by the vessels of the placenta, which is a closed network surrounding the entire fetal bladder. By the breaks of the vessels, they judge the integrity of the entire shell; when the torn edges approach, their contours should give a matching line, and the central ends of the torn vessels, when they come into contact with the peripheral segments, form a continuous vascular network. If, in the uterine cavity, a portion of the chorion remains, this is easily detected when straightening choroid along mismatched edges of the gap and along abruptly interrupted vascular trunks. By the location of the defect found in the choroid, it is possible to determine in which place of the uterus the detached part of the placenta remained. In the future, with palpation of the uterine cavity by hand, it is possible to palpate the remainder of the placenta. Golubev (2001)

This research method makes it possible to find out not only the size of the delayed part of the placenta, but sometimes the cause of the delay. In addition, at the same time, it is possible to detect abnormalities in the development of the placenta, degeneration and inflammation in the uterine mucosa and make a conclusion about the viability of the newborn, the course of the postpartum period and possible complications of pregnancy and childbirth in the future. In animals of other species, the placenta is examined, guided by the same principles. Sochnev (2001)

In cows, partial retention of the placenta is especially common, since their inflammatory processes are mostly localized in individual placentas. With a careful examination of the released placenta, one cannot fail to notice a defect along the vessels that fed the broken part of the chorion. Sergienko (1984)

In a mare, retention of the placenta is usually accompanied by a severe general condition. Within a few hours after the birth of the fetus, general depression, an increase in body temperature, increased respiration are noticed, the animal strains and groans. Sometimes (with severe atony of the uterus) there are no external signs. If timely measures are not taken, septicemia often develops with a fatal outcome within the first 2 to 3 days. Often, due to strong straining, the uterus falls out. Partial retention of the placenta in the form of separate pieces of membranes causes persistent purulent endometritis, abscesses, general depletion of the body in cows with complete retention of the placenta, usually a significant part of the fetal membranes protrudes from the external genitalia, descending to the level of the hocks and below. Popov (1978) Under the influence of external factors, mainly pollution, the fallen parts of the placenta begin to decompose rapidly, especially in the warm season. Therefore, already on the 2nd day, and sometimes even earlier, an unpleasant putrefactive odor appears in the room where such a cow is located. Necrosis of the placenta also extends to its departments that are still in the uterus, which leads to the accumulation in its cavity of decaying semi-liquid bloody mucus-like masses. The rapid development of microflora in decomposing tissues is accompanied by the formation of toxic substances, their absorption from the uterus creates a picture of a general intoxication of the body. In animals, appetite worsens, sometimes body temperature rises, milk yield drops sharply, the activity of the stomach and intestines is upset (profuse diarrhea). The muscles of the uterus become atonic, the invaluation is broken, the cervix in most cases remains open for a long time (until the uterus is completely cleansed). Along with this, the abdominal press is greatly reduced, the animal stands with a very arched back and a tucked up abdomen. Pavlov (1969)

With partial retention, the placenta begins to expand a little later (4-5 days). Decomposition is characterized by signs of purulent-catarrhal endometritis. In cows with a placenta remaining in the uterus or part of it, not only the placenta, but also the maternal parts of the placenta undergo disintegration. A large amount of pus with an admixture of mucus and grayish crumbly masses is released from the genitals. Voskoboinik (1999) Very rarely, retention of the placenta proceeds without complications, the disintegrated parts of the placenta are removed with lochia, the cavity is cleaned, and the function of the reproductive apparatus is completely restored. Detention of the placenta with untimely medical intervention, as a rule, ends with difficult-to-treat pathological processes in the uterus and infertility, in sheep the placenta is rarely retained, in goats, like pigs, retention very often leads to septicopyemia. In dogs, retention of the placenta is especially dangerous: it is quickly, sometimes at lightning speed, complicated by sepsis. Nikitin (1999)

Forecast

The prognosis is cautious towards favorable. With untimely treatment, endometritis, abscesses, and general exhaustion of the body may develop. / 5 /

Treatment

Conservative methods of treatment for retained placenta:

Treatment of cows with retention of the placenta begins 6-8 hours after the birth of the calf. It provides for an increase in the tone and contractile function of the uterus, providing the most rapid and complete separation of the placenta, preventing infection of the uterus, the development of an inflammatory process in it and a common postpartum infection.

Pituitrin - Pituitrinum - preparation of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Contains all the hormones produced in the gland. It is injected under the skin at a dose of 3-5 ml (25-35 IU). The action of the introduced pituitrin begins after 10 minutes and lasts 5-6 hours. The optimal dose of pituitrin for cows is 1.5-2 ml per 100 kg of live weight. Pituitrin causes contraction of the muscles of the uterus (from the top of the horns towards the neck). / 7 /

sensitivity of the uterus to uterine means depends on the physiological state. So, the greatest sensitivity is stated at the time of childbirth, then it gradually decreases. Therefore, 3-5 days after delivery, the dose uterine preparations needs to be increased. When retaining the placenta in cows, repeated injections of pituitrin are recommended after 6-8 hours.

Estrone - (folliculin) - Oestronum - a hormone that is formed wherever there is an intensive growth and development of young cells. Released in ampoules.

The Pharmacopoeia approved a more pure hormonal estrogen drug - estradiol dipropionate. Available in ampoules of 1 ml. The drug is administered intramuscularly to large animals at a dose of 6 ml.

Prozerin - Proseripum - white crystalline powder, easily soluble in water. A 0.5% solution is used at a dose of 2-2.5 ml under the skin when retaining the placenta in cows, weak attempts, acute endometritis. Its action begins 5-6 minutes after the injection and lasts for an hour. / 2,3,4,5 /

Carbacholin - Carbacholinum - white powder, highly soluble in water. When retaining the placenta in cows, it is applied under the skin at a dose of 1-2 ml in the form of 0.01% aqueous solution. Works immediately after injection. The drug remains in the body for a considerable time, so it can be administered once a day.

Drinking amniotic fluid. Amniotic and urinary fluid contains folliculin, protein, acetylcholine, glycogen, sugar, various minerals. In veterinary practice, fruit waters are widely used to prevent retention of the afterbirth, atony and subinvolution of the uterus.

After giving 3-6 liters of amniotic fluid, the contractility of the uterus improves significantly. contractile function does not resume immediately, but gradually and lasts for eight hours.

Drinking colostrum for cows. Colostrum contains many proteins (albumins, globulins), minerals, fats, sugars and vitamins. Drinking 2-4 liters of colostrum to cows contributes to the separation of the placenta after 4 hours. (A.M. Tarasonov, 1979).

The use of antibiotics and sulfa drugs.

In obstetric practice, tricilin is often used, which includes penicillin, streptomycin and white soluble streptocide. The drug is used in the form of powder or suppositories. When the afterbirth is delayed, 2-4 suppositories or one bottle of powder are injected into the cow's uterus by hand. The introduction is repeated after 24 hours, and then after 48 hours. Auremycin introduced into the uterus promotes the separation of the placenta and prevents the development of purulent postpartum endometritis.

Good results are obtained by the combined treatment of the retention of the afterbirth of reproaches. In the uterus four times a day, 20-25 g of white streptocide or another sulfanilamide drug is injected, and intramuscularly 2 million units of penicillin or streptomycin. Treatment is carried out for 2-3 days. /5,6,7/

In the treatment, nitrofuran preparations are also used - furazolidone sticks and suppositories. Good results were also obtained after the treatment of sick animals with septimethrin, exuter, metroseptin, utersonan and others. combination drugs that are inserted into the uterus.

Reproductive capacity of cows treated after retention of placenta with antibiotics in combination with sulfa drugs, recovers very quickly.

If conservative methods were not effective, 24 hours after the birth of the fetus, they resort to the operational (manual) separation of the placenta. After separation of the placenta, bactericidal sticks on a foaming basis are introduced into the uterine cavity, and subcutaneously - uterine agents. /7/

Stimulation of the defenses of a sick animal

Successful treatment of cows with retained placenta by introducing into the middle uterine artery 200 ml of a 40% glucose solution, to which 0.5 g of novocaine is added. Intravenous infusion of 200-250 ml of a 40% glucose solution significantly increases the tone of the uterus and enhances its contraction. The placenta separated on the second day.

It is known that during labor, a significant amount of glycogen in the muscles of the uterus and heart is used. Therefore, in order to quickly replenish the reserves of energy material in the body of a woman in labor, it is necessary to intravenously inject 150-200 ml of a 40% glucose solution or give sugar with water (300-500 g twice a day).

After a day in summer and after 2-3 days in winter, rotting of the delayed placenta begins. The decay products are absorbed into the bloodstream and lead to a general depression of the animal, a decrease or complete loss of appetite, an increase in body temperature, hypogalactia, and severe exhaustion. After 6-8 days after intensive blocking of the detoxification function of the liver, profuse diarrhea appears. /6.7/

Thus, when retaining the placenta, it is necessary to maintain the function of the liver, which is able to neutralize the toxic substances coming from the uterus during the decomposition of the placenta. The liver can perform this function only if there is a sufficient amount of glycogen in it. That is why intravenous administration of a glucose solution or giving sugar or honey through the mouth is necessary.

Autohemotherapy for retained placenta was used by G.V. Zvereva (1943), V.D. Korshun (1946), V.I. Sachkov (1948), K.I. Turkevich (1949), E.D. Valker (1959), F.F. Muller (1957), N.I. Lobach and L.F. Zayats (1960) and many others.

It well stimulates the reticulo-endothelial system. The dose of blood for the first injection to the cow is 90-100 ml, after three days 100-110 ml is injected. The third time the blood is injected after three days at a dose of 100-120 ml. We injected blood not intramuscularly, but subcutaneously at two or three points in the neck. /7/

K.P. Chepurov used intramuscular injections of antidiplococcal serum at a dose of 200 ml for the prevention of endometritis in the retention of the placenta in cows. It is known that any hyperimmune serum, in addition to a specific action, stimulates the reticuloendothelial system, increases the body's defenses, and also significantly activates the processes of phagocytosis.

Tissue therapy for retention of the placenta was also used by V.P. Savintsev (1955), F.Ya. Sizonenko (1955), E.S. Shulyumova (1958), I.S. Nagorny (1968) and others. The results are highly inconsistent. Most authors believe that tissue therapy cannot be used as an independent method of treating retention of the placenta, but only in combination with other measures for a general stimulating effect on the diseased body of a woman in labor. Tissue extracts are recommended to be administered subcutaneously to a cow at a dose of 10-25 ml with an interval of 3-4 days. /2,3/

For the treatment of retention of the placenta, a lumbar novocaine blockade is used, which causes an energetic contraction of the muscles of the uterus. Of the 34 cows with retention of the afterbirth, which V.G. Martynov made a lumbar blockade, in 25 animals the afterbirth separated spontaneously.

I.G. Morozov (1955) used perirenal lumbar block in cows with retained placenta. The injection site is determined on the right side between the second third lumbar processes at a palm's distance from the sagittal line. A sterile needle is inserted perpendicularly to a depth of 3-4 cm, then Janet's syringe is attached and 300-350 ml of a 0.25% solution of novocaine is poured, which fills the perirenal space, blocking the nerve plexus. The general condition of the animal quickly improves, the motor function of the uterus increases, which contributes to the independent separation of the placenta. / 2,3,4,7 /

D.D. Logvinov and V.S. Gontarenko received a very good therapeutic result when a 1% solution of novocaine at a dose of 100 ml was injected into the aorta.

In veterinary practice, there are quite a few methods of local conservative treatment detention of the placenta. The question of choosing the most appropriate method always depends on a variety of specific conditions: the condition of a sick animal, the experience and qualifications of a veterinary specialist, the availability of special equipment in a veterinary institution, etc. Let's consider the main methods of local therapeutic effect when retaining the placenta in cows.

Infusion into the uterus of solutions, emulsions. P.A. Voloskov (1960), I.F. Zayanchkovsky (1964) found that the use of Lugol's solution (1.0 crystalline iodine and 2.0 potassium iodide per 1000.0 distilled water) when retaining the placenta in cows gives satisfactory results with a small percentage of endometritis, which is quickly cured. The authors recommend infusing 500-1000 ml of fresh warm solution into the uterus, which should fall between the placenta and the mucous membrane of the uterus. The solution is re-introduced in a day. / 6.7 /

I.V. Valitov (1970) obtained a good therapeutic effect in the treatment of retention of the placenta in cows by a combined method: 80-100 ml of a 20% solution of ASD-2 was administered intravenously, 2-3 ml of a 0.5% prozerin - under the skin and 250-300 ml 3% oil solution of menthol - into the uterine cavity. According to the author, this method turned out to be more effective than the surgical separation of the placenta;

The Latvian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine has proposed intrauterine sticks containing 1 g of furazolidone, made without a fat base. When the placenta is retained, 3-5 sticks are introduced into the cow's uterus.

According to A.Yu. Tarasevich, the infusion into the uterine cavity of oil emulsions of iodoform, xeroform gives satisfactory results in the treatment of retained placenta in cows.

The introduction of fluid into the vessels of the umbilical cord stump. In cases where the vessels of the umbilical cord stump are intact, and also in the absence of blood clotting, it is necessary to clamp two arteries and one vein with tweezers, and pour 1-2.5 liters of warm artificial gastric juice into the second umbilical vein of the umbilical cord stump using the Bobrov apparatus. (Yu. I. Ivanov, 1940) or cold hypertonic sodium chloride solution. Then all four umbilical vessels are tied up. The placenta separates on its own after 10-20 minutes.

Infusion into the uterus of hypertonic solutions of medium salts.

For dehydration of the villi of the choroid and the maternal part of the placenta, it is recommended to pour 3-4 liters of a 5-10% sodium chloride solution into the uterus. A hypertonic solution (75% sodium chloride and 25% magnesium sulfate), according to Yu I. Ivanov, causes intense contractions of the muscles of the uterus and contributes to the separation of the placenta in cows. / 2,3,4,5,7 /

Multiple cutting of the stump of the placenta vessels

After the birth of a calf and the rupture of the umbilical cord, a stump of vessels almost always hangs from the vulva. We repeatedly had to observe how veterinary workers, who did not have sufficient knowledge in the field of the birth process, diligently stopped the “bleeding” from the stump of the blood vessels of the placenta. Naturally, such "help" contributes to the retention of the placenta. After all, the longer the blood flows from the vessels, the baby placenta, the better the cotyledon villi are bled, and, consequently, the connection between the mother and baby placenta weakens. The weaker this connection, the easier the afterbirth is separated. Therefore, repeated cutting of the stump of the umbilical cord with scissors must be used to prevent retention of the placenta in cows. /7/

Surgical intervention with strong attempts in a cow is carried out against the background of low sacral anesthesia (introduction of 10 ml of a 1-1.5% solution of novocaine into the epidural space) or novocaine blockade of the pelvic nerve plexus according to A. D. Nozdrachev Sinestrol - Synoestrolum - 2, -1 % oily solution. Released in ampoules. Enter under the skin or intramuscularly. Dose cow 2-5 ml. The action on the uterus begins an hour after administration and lasts 8-10 hours. Sinestrol causes rhythmic vigorous contractions of the uterus in cows, promotes the opening of the cervical canal. Some scientists (V.S. Shipilov and V.I. Rubtsov, I.F. Zayanchkovsky, and others) argue that sinestrol cannot be recommended as an independent remedy in the fight against retained placenta in cows. After the use of this drug in high-milk cows, lactation decreases, atony of the proventriculus appears, and sexual cyclicity is sometimes disturbed.

Many methods have been proposed for separating the placenta, both conservative and operative, manual. / 2,3,5 /

In cows: if the afterbirth is not separated 6-8 hours after the birth of the fetus, you can enter sinestrol 1% 2-5 ml, pituitrin 8-10 IU per 100 kg. Body weight, oxytocin 30-60 units. or massage the uterus through the rectum. Inside give sugar 500g. Promotes the separation of the afterbirth with atony of the uterus by tying it with a bandage to the tail, retreating 30 cm from its root (M.P. Ryazansky, G.V. Gladilin). The cow seeks to release the tail by moving it from side to side and back, which induces the uterus to contract and expel the afterbirth. This simple technique should be used for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. It is possible to separate the villi and crypts by introducing pepsin with hydrochloric acid between the chorion and the mucous membrane of the uterus (pepsin 20 g, hydrochloric acid 15 ml, water 300 ml). ON THE. Phlegmatov found that amniotic fluid, administered at a dose of 1-2 liters to a cow through the mouth, already after 30 minutes increases the tone of the muscles of the uterus and speeds up its contractions. Amniotic fluid is used with prophylactic and therapeutic purposes during the detention of the placenta. During the rupture of the fetal bladder and during the expulsion of the fetus, amniotic fluid is collected (8-12 liters from one cow) in a well-washed hot water basin and pour into a clean glass dish. In this form, they can be stored at a temperature not exceeding 3°C for 2-3 days. When retaining the placenta, it is recommended to drink amniotic fluid 6-7 hours after the birth of the fetus in the amount of 3-6 liters. If there are no unions of the placenta, as a rule, after 2-8 hours the afterbirth is separated. Only individual animals have to be given amniotic fluid (at the same dose) up to 3-4 times at intervals of 5-6 hours. Unlike artificial preparations, amniotic fluid acts gradually, their maximum effect appears after 4-5 hours and lasts up to 8 hours ( V.S. Shipilov and V.I. Rubtsov). However, the use of amniotic fluid is associated with difficulties in obtaining and storing them in the required amount. Therefore, it is more convenient to use amnistron - a drug isolated from amniotic fluid, it has tonic properties (V.A. Klenov). Amnistron (it is administered intramuscularly at a dose of 2 ml), like amniotic fluid, has a gradual and at the same time long-term effect on the uterus. Already after an hour, the activity of the uterus increases by 1.7 times, and by 6-8 hours it reaches a maximum. Then the activity begins to gradually decrease, and after 13 hours only weak uterine contractions are noted (V.A. Onufriev). / 6 /

When the placenta is retained on the basis of uterine atony and increased turgor of its tissues, a good effect is given by the use of an electric separator designed by M.P. Ryazansky, Yu.A. Lochkarev and I.A. the same cow at a dose of 20 ml, prostaglandin preparations, blockade according to V.V. Mosin and other methods of novocaine therapy. Particularly effective is the intra-aortic administration of a 1% solution of novocaine at a dose of 100 ml (2 mg per 1 kg of animal weight) with the simultaneous administration of a 30% solution of ichthyol intrauterinely in an amount of 500 ml (D.D. Logvinov). Repeated injections are carried out after 48 hours. If within 24-48 hours conservative methods of treatment do not give an effect, especially when the fetal part of the placenta is fused with the mother, then they resort to the surgical separation of the placenta. /6.7/

Manipulations in the uterine cavity are performed in an appropriate suit (sleeveless jacket and dressing gown with wide sleeves, oilcloth apron and sleeves). The sleeves of the gown are rolled up to the shoulder, the hands are treated in the same way as before the operation. Skin lesions on the hands are smeared with iodine solution and filled with collodion. Boiled petroleum jelly, lanolin or enveloping and disinfecting ointments are rubbed into the skin of the hand. It is advisable to use a rubber sleeve from a veterinary gynecological glove. Surgical intervention is advisable to carry out against the background of anesthesia (sacred, according to A.D. Nozdrachev, G.S. Fateev, etc.). At the end of the preparation of the right hand, they grab the protruding section of the membranes with the left hand, twist it around the axis and pull it slightly, trying not to break it off. The right hand is inserted into the uterus, where it is easy to identify areas of attachment of the fetal placenta, focusing along the strained vessels and tissues of the choroid.

The fetal part of the placenta is separated from the maternal part carefully and consistently, the index and middle fingers are brought under the chorion placenta and separated from the caruncle with a few short movements. Sometimes it is more convenient to grasp the edge of the fetal placenta with the thumb and forefinger and gently pull the villi out of the crypts. It is especially difficult to manipulate the placenta at the apex of the horn, since with an atonic uterus and a short obstetrician's hand, the fingers do not reach the caruncles. Then the horn of the uterus is somewhat pulled up to the cervix, or, expanding the fingers and resting them against the wall of the horn, carefully lift it up and then, quickly squeezing the hand, move it forward and down. By repeating the technique several times, it is possible to “put on” the horn of the uterus on the hand, get to the placenta and, having captured it, separate it. The work is facilitated if the protruding part of the placenta is twisted around its axis; from this, its volume decreases, the hand passes more freely through the cervix and the deeply located placentas are somewhat pulled outward. Sometimes the uterine caruncles come off and bleeding occurs, but it quickly and independently stops. With partial retention of the placenta, unseparated placentas are easily detected by palpation; caruncles are rounded and elastic in texture, while the remains of the placenta are testate or velvety. During the operation, it is necessary to monitor cleanliness, wash hands repeatedly and rub the enveloping substance into the skin again.

After the final separation of the placenta, it is useful to introduce no more than 0.5 liters of Lugol's solution into the uterus, penicillin, streptomycin, streptocid, uterine sticks or suppositories with nitrofurans, metromax, exuterus are also used. However, it is impossible to use several antibiotics with the same organotropic toxicity at once, this causes synergism and, as a result, the development of severe complications. Consideration should be given to the sensitivity of pathogenic microflora to the antibiotics used. /7/

In the absence of a putrefactive process in the uterus, it is considered more appropriate to use the dry method of separation of the afterbirth; in this case, no disinfectant solutions are injected into the uterus either before or after the surgical separation of the placenta (V.S. Shipilov, V.I. Rubtsov). After this method, there are fewer various complications, the ability of animals to reproduce offspring and their productivity is restored faster.

With putrefactive decomposition of the placenta, it is necessary to douche the uterus with the obligatory subsequent removal of the solution. A good effect is given by various methods of novocaine therapy, intramuscular injection 10-15 ml of 7% ichthyol solution in 40% glucose solution, intrauterine suppositories. All these methods should be combined with the use of natural methods of increasing the body's resistance and postpartum activation of sexual function (active exercise, etc.). /4.5/

Prevention

Prevention of retention of the afterbirth consists in strict observance of the whole complex of economic and veterinary measures. Particular attention is paid to the full feeding and organization of the exercise of pregnant animals, the proper conduct of childbirth and the care of the mother. Women in labor drink 3-5 liters of amniotic fluid or 1-2 liters of colostrum. / 3,6,7 /

When a pregnant cow has calved, her weakened body can malfunction, causing postpartum complications, one of which is the retention of the placenta in cows.

When a cow gives birth to a calf, calving ends with the process of separation of the shells in which the fetus was in the womb of the mother. These shells are called the afterbirth, or placenta, an organ that develops during the pregnancy of a cow. It is through the placenta that the organisms of the mother and fetus are connected. The shell also protects and nourishes the baby growing and developing in the mother's belly.

If the calving passes without disturbances, the uterus of the cow gets rid of the "children's place" after a short period of time after childbirth. The afterbirth is separated from the uterine walls and comes out.

At the placenta appearance, like a tight bag, dotted with blood vascular system. The color of the placenta is gray with uneven contours, since there are venous nodes on the membrane.

If the tissues of the placenta do not separate from the uterus in time, retention occurs, the cow can be severely affected. Pathogenic microflora can develop in the uterus. A cow can get sick with the endometrium, be intoxicated. In severe cases, sepsis develops, with complications and untimely measures, it is possible fatal outcome.

How long does it take

Usually the process of calving a cow lasts at least an hour and a half, or childbirth stretches for 5 or 6 hours, this is normal. The whole process of the birth of a calf into the world can be characterized by three main stages.

When childbirth begins, the cow cannot eat at all, she worries. The preparation period is extended for at least 2 and a half hours, a maximum of 10. At this time, the uterus of the female cattle opens.

The moment of calving, when the fetus is excreted from the mother's body, comes when the uterus of the cow opens completely. Then the last one starts to come out.

When the fetal membranes with the placenta are completely released, this will be the final stage of calving. It takes at least 4 or 9 hours after the calf is born for the placenta to go completely.

Tip: If 10 hours have passed since the birth, and the “baby place” has not come out, special measures must be taken to avoid the consequences of the delay.

Why is there a delay

The retention of amniotic membranes cannot be called a rare phenomenon. If a cow had a miscarriage, then this is almost always accompanied by detention.

The placenta, fetal and maternal parts have a specific structure, therefore, even if the calf is born normally, pathologies can occur. Detention is classified as full or partial. With the full variant of retention, the amniotic membranes do not come out at all. With a partial variant, the uterus is cleaned, but some of the membranes still remain in it.

There are plenty of factors influencing the normality of the exit of the "children's place of the calf". The cow's myometric tone may worsen, as a result, the cow's uterus stops contracting after childbirth, the placenta cannot come out spontaneously. Myometric tone may decrease, for example, if a pregnant cow lacked exercise, that is, her physical activity was weak.

If the uterus of a pregnant female was inflamed, then the fetal and maternal parts can grow together with the placenta, which will cause retention. If the cow was not properly fed, her body was depleted, or, on the contrary, the cow became fat, as well as with vitamin deficiency and a lack of minerals in the diet of the pregnant animal, the consequences may manifest itself in the detention of the “children's place”.

When cattle is improperly kept, it experiences discomfort, a stressful state can also lead to complications after childbirth, for example, a cow will have retention of membranes. Improper nutrition disrupts metabolism, which leads to various complications, including postpartum retention.

Tip: If the cub is very large or the cow is carrying twins, then most likely there will be detention after childbirth.

If a cow is infected, for example, with brucellosis, complications are likely during childbirth or after, as well as if the cow's genitals are not cured in the presence of pathologies.

signs

Reasons for detention may be internal or external. If the placenta does not exit, the body is poisoned, which is facilitated by the presence of decaying membranes. An increase in the body temperature of the animal is noted. The belly of a sick cow is tucked up, and the back is strongly concave.

If there is a complete detention, the external genital organs of the female are distinguished by the presence of a red or reddish-gray cord. In some cases, only grayish-white films can be seen, this is how parts of the urinary and amniotic membranes that do not have a vascular network look like.

Tip: With high-grade uterine atony, the fetal membranes are not visible to the human eye, since their location is intrauterine.

Diagnostics

When a calf is born, the birth of a cow must be supervised by a human, either by an experienced owner or by a veterinarian. If, after 6 or 9 (maximum 10) hours, the complete separation of the placenta and its release to the outside did not follow, the genitals of the cow are visually carefully examined. If no action is taken 2 or 3 days after the female has calved, she may die.

With a well-washed hand in a special sterile (surgical or gynecological) glove, they reach the birth canal and carefully feel its walls. If tissue residues are detected, the retention of the birth membranes, which is dangerous for the animal, is fixed.

Tip: It may happen that the cow herself ate her afterbirth. There is no danger in this, the general condition of the cow will be normal, but after a short period of time she may experience signs of slight diarrhea.

Treatment

Therapeutic measures, if retention of membranes is detected, it is desirable to use different ones in combination. Measures should be aimed at increasing myometric tone, in some cases, at the separation of the placenta and membranes from the walls of the uterus. The risks of joining various infectious diseases are also eliminated. The immune resistance of the cow's body increases.

Operation

Operable intervention is possible only two days after the birth of the calf, if during this time the placenta did not come out and its retention was detected, and conservative measures did not bring results. It must be done by a veterinarian.

After disinfecting the hands with a disinfectant, the veterinarian should put on a pair of sterile high gloves. The cow is given epidural anesthesia, for this a novocaine solution is taken.

With the help of the left hand, the veterinarian should hold on to the outer protrusions of the parts of the placenta, the right hand is inserted far into the cow's vagina. If the uterus with placental tissues is not fastened, and they are located along the genital tract, then these membranes are carefully pulled out. If the tissues have adhered to the uterine walls, they are carefully separated.

Force to the protruding tissues in order to stretch them should not be applied, an intrauterine parietal professional massage is enough for the smooth muscles to acquire an increased tone.

When the massage is powerless, the separation of the amniotic tissues is done with the fingers (mechanical method). The operation ends when all the walls of the uterus are carefully checked for the placenta, not the slightest particles should remain. The uterine cavity with the birth canal is treated with Penicillin, Streptomycin or Lugol's solution.

Medicines

Cows are treated with medicines to increase uterine tone, prevent the growth of bacteria, and also to make it easier to separate the fused tissues of the uterine wall with the placenta.

To make the uterus contract better and the spliced tissues separate, you can mix Pepsin (20 grams), hydrochloric acid (15 milliliters) and water (300 milliliters).

To remove the intoxication of the cow's body, calcium chloride or Rheosorbilact is administered intravenously. At the same time, the cow should be allowed to drink a lot of sweetened water; for a liter of liquid, 200 grams of granulated sugar is needed.

When detention takes place, the tissue birth remains will cease to decompose if the injection of drugs is used: Metromax or Exuter.

The afterbirth, which hangs down, can be carefully cut off. Candles probiotics Supposit Plus (5 pcs). enter on the 1st day, cord blood (0.05 ml.) on the 1st and 5th day. For 3 ducks in the morning 5 suppositories, in the evening Doitol, 10 ml.

Hormonal remedies

A veterinarian for the normal tone of the cow's uterus can prescribe hormones. The most popular and effective are: Oxytocin, Pituitrin, Prozerin solution (0.5 percent).

For Oxytocin, subcutaneous administration is used. The average dose, which the specialist will accurately determine, is prescribed in the range of 30 or 60 IU. The use of Pituitrin is possible subcutaneous or intramuscular, the hormone needs 8 or 10 units for every 100 kilos of cow weight.

Tip: The hormonal drug should be administered at intervals of six hours. Usually do 3 injections.

Antibiotics

The use of antibacterial and sulfanilamide drugs, if the animal has a "children's place" retention, is mandatory. Streptocidal solution, Penicillin, Streptomycin, the infection caused by streptococci and staphylococci stops, its further spread throughout the cow's body is impossible.

Tip: The antibiotic must be injected into the uterus, into its very cavity.

Other means

In addition to the main drugs, auxiliary means will be required. If the cow had a retention of amniotic membranes, in order to bring the state of her body back to normal, glucose will be needed. Its solution is administered intravenously a couple of times a day. Gradually, the strength of the animal will be restored.

If partial retention was detected, a cold hypertonic solution is injected into the cow's navel, 2,000 ml is required. After the measure taken, the placenta is usually separated within a twenty-minute period. With the introduction of this solution into the uterus, the dosage is increased by 2 times, that is, 4,000 ml are injected.

The use of hypertonic saline helps placental tissue to easily detach from the uterus. If any treatment method was ineffective, the cow is operated on.

Prevention

Preventive actions should, first of all, increase the muscle tone of the animals, as well as improve their general healthy condition. To do this, cows must regularly walk in the fresh air, graze on lush grass in the summer season, or simply warm up in the winter.

A pregnant female is supposed to fully eat the entire period before giving birth, then her body will be more resistant to various unpleasant consequences, and most likely, the detention of the “children's place” will bypass her.

Be sure to pregnant cattle rely on vitamin therapy. Especially a complex of vitamins and enriched supplements is needed when about 30 days remain before the birth of a calf. Injectable vitamins are administered every 10 days. Intensive vitamin therapy is required by weakened individuals, and those whose feeding is poor in nutritional content.

The retention of amniotic tissues in the body of a cow that has given birth can cause significant harm to her body and threaten her life. Their decomposition in the uterus provokes suppuration, pus can enter any part of the body through the blood, thereby destroying it, causing sepsis. You should be attentive to all livestock on the farm, especially to pregnant cows.

Cases when the placenta in a cow comes out at the wrong time or does not come out at all are now rare. official statistics says no more than 5% in prosperous farms and 30% in problematic ones. However, this is a very serious postpartum complication and it is better to be prepared for it. Therefore, further we will analyze the reasons for the retention of the placenta in cattle, make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment with folk and clinical methods. Plus, you will learn what to do in certain non-standard situations.

Why is there a delay

The afterbirth or, in the language of medicine, the placenta is the amniotic membrane that envelops the calf in the womb. Ideally, she should come out on her own within 2-6 hours after giving birth. It is allowed to delay the placenta up to 10 hours, then you need to sound the alarm, call specialists and urgently help the cow.

The reasons may be indirect, that is, characteristic of cattle in general and personal. The following are indirect:

a monotonous diet inevitably causes a deficiency of a certain group of vitamins and minerals;
exhaustion of the cow's body after she calved;
an abundance of high-calorie feed and, as a result, obesity;
reduced travel time or complete absence prenatal exercise;
excessively large fetus or the birth of twins.

With personal delays in the placenta in a cow, it is a little more complicated. It all depends on the cow itself. So, previous endometritis, mastitis and any cold during pregnancy give a serious cause for concern. In addition, there are breeds predisposed to curvature of the birth canal, weak contractions and other deviations from the norm.

What is the risk of delay

It is important here how long the last does not come out. With a short delay in the separation of the placenta in cows up to 10 (maximum 12) hours, nothing particularly terrible threatens the cow. But any delay is always stressful, especially for a primiparous cow. As a result of such shaking, colostrum production may be reduced. In this case, the problem is solved with good feed, soothing injections and care.

Worse, if the delay is delayed up to a day. In the vast majority, this situation is solved by drug stimulation or folk methods. But in any case, such interference does not pass without a trace. The cow must be registered, and a medical history is started. In the first 3 months after the appearance of the calf, she is at risk. Gynecology and diseases of the uterus are detected in 70% of these cows.

If the amniotic sac has not come off after a day, then you need to worry seriously. The fact is that the shell is literally crammed with hormones, and this environment is ideal for the development of pathogens. Simply put, the placenta begins to rot, which can eventually lead to sepsis and, as a result, to the death of the cow.

Delay Diagnostics

Traditionally, treatment is started after the cow's placenta has not come out for 10 hours. Until this time, stimulating massage and safe folk methods are used.

Share the full delay of the amniotic sac and incomplete or partial. The first includes cases where most of the bag remained inside the cow. And with a partial delay, almost the entire bag leaves, but small pieces of the placenta remain inside. Full delay is easy to diagnose because it is clearly visible. If the afterbirth is not completely separated, then it is very important to notice this in time.

It is not difficult to diagnose a delay in the discharge of the placenta. The veterinarian puts on deep sterile gloves, inserts his hand into the cow's vagina and feels the walls of the uterus for the remains of the amniotic sac. The process is simple, but experience is required, an amateur cannot be trusted with such things.

The exit of the placenta after calving in a cow must be carefully monitored. Burenka tends to simply eat her own afterbirth. As a result, the owner thinks that the placenta has not come out and begins treatment, which in this case can be harmful.

Simple ways to stimulate

First of all, remember - you should not even try to separate the afterbirth by force, the amniotic sac should come out on its own, and radical methods this is an extreme case and here you can’t do without the help of a doctor.

If the bag is halfway out and hanging from the genitals, some experienced breeders recommend tying its outer part to the cow's tail. The idea is that the cow herself will gently pull the bag with her tail, and it will gradually come out. So, doctors do not approve of such advice, after giving birth the animal is in a state of shock and it is not known how the cow will behave. And the result of force impact can be irreparable.

First and safest folk remedy is to give the cow her own amniotic fluid to drink. 3-5 liters of amniotic fluid rich in hormones are soldered to cows, and the afterbirth comes out quickly and easily (amniotic fluid from another cow will not work). If the water did not have time to collect, then instead of them, they first give 2 liters of water with honey or sugar, and after half an hour 3-4 liters of salted water.

Medical stimulation

The most common stimulants of delayed postpartum activity are oxytocin or pituitrin. Both of them are injected subcutaneously, but oxytocin is made at the rate of 30-60 units. per centner of cow mass, and pituitrin in the proportion of 8-10 units. per 100 kg.

In parallel with these drugs, subcutaneous injections of a solution (0.5%) of prozerin are made. All this is injected with an interval of 6 hours 3 times a day. You can stimulate the uterus with a solution of table salt (10%) or a solution of magnesium sulfate (25%), 4 liters of any of these solutions are poured into the uterus.

To maintain the general tone of the cow, 200-300 ml of glucose at a concentration of 20% is injected intravenously 2 times a day (12 hour interval). And along with glucose comes 100-150 ml of calcium chloride (10%).

If the amniotic sac cannot move away for a long time (more than 15 hours), it is necessary to begin the prevention of infection and subsequent decay of the placenta. For this, furazolidone sticks are introduced into the uterus. In addition to them, you can also use "Metromax" or "Exuter".

As a radical measure for separation, hydrochloric acid in solution with pepsin can be used. 300 ml of water is taken, 15 ml of acid and 20 g of pepsin are diluted in it, after which all this is poured into the uterus.

Radical measures

If folk and drug treatment they didn’t give the proper effect, and, after a day, the cow does not “give away” the afterbirth. So, you need to move on to active actions and pull out the bag manually.

Naturally, the procedure is performed in deep sterile gloves and with the maximum observance of all sanitary standards. The first step is epidural anesthesia. Usually, novocaine solution (1%) is used for this. Further, with his left hand, the veterinarian takes and slightly pulls the afterbirth sticking out from the outside.

After that, the right hand should be put inside and examine the bag for its connection with the walls of the uterus. If there are no connections, then the placenta is simply pulled out. After extraction, the uterus must be checked again so that there are no detached particles left.

If the bag has not separated from the uterus, then first its walls are massaged with the fist of the right hand. This usually helps. In extreme cases, you will have to gradually separate the amniotic sac, taking it with two fingers. After the operation, a solution with an antibiotic is poured into the cavity.

Preventive measures

Competent prevention is to prevent delays. Retention of the placenta in cows in half of the cases is caused by the low activity of animals in the prenatal period. The simplest remedy here is timely walking. In successful farms, the prevention of retention of the placenta in cows is carried out by drawing up special schedules for walking pregnant cows.

Also, it will not be superfluous to check the diet of pregnant animals. After milking has ceased, special emphasis should be placed on the diversity of nutrition, and not on its calorie content. Obesity just provokes delays. If there is no physical opportunity to diversify the diet, then a month before the birth, you need to pierce the cows with a full course of vitamins and buy mineral supplements. It will be cheaper than treatment. And for primiparous cows, this is a mandatory procedure.

The way to prevent the retention of the placenta in cows is to accelerate the outflow of blood from large, medium and small vessels of the placenta and the rapid expulsion of the membranes from the uterus. The method is characterized by simplicity, the absence of the use of hormonal and synthetic drugs that stimulate the motor function of the uterus. The main difference of the method is cutting off with a sharp scalpel (sharp razor) the stump of the umbilical cord, which remains after spontaneous breaking, immediately after the fetus exits at a distance of 8-15 cm from the edge of the broken umbilical cord. The method allows to control the process of childbirth and register the completion of the stage of fetal excretion and has a high preventive efficiency. 1 tab.

The invention relates to agricultural production, in particular animal husbandry, namely to veterinary obstetrics and gynecology. The invention is aimed at solving the problem of correcting the functional insufficiency of the fetoplacental system mother-placenta-fetus. The task to be solved by the claimed invention is to accelerate the completion of the third stage of labor and, ultimately, the prevention of perinatal pathology in cows. The method is easy to master by an experienced livestock breeder (veterinarian, paramedic, livestock specialist, etc.). One of the main reasons for the violation of the dynamics of the birth process in cows is the retention of the placenta. There are conservative and operative methods of treatment of retained placenta. Nevertheless, conservative methods for preventing retention of the placenta are reduced mainly to the use of neurotropic, natural and synthetic hormonal drugs, collecting and drinking amniotic fluid, drinking colostrum of the first milking, as well as changing (improving) a whole range of conditions: keeping, feeding, exploiting cows, etc. At the same time, all existing methods require certain economic costs for the acquisition medicines , physical effort and emotional stress. The essence of the claimed invention is as follows. Childbirth consists of 3 stages: preparatory, removal of the fetus, separation of the placenta. It is known (A.P. Studentsov, V.S. Shipilov, L.G. Subbotina, O.N. Preobrazhensky, "Veterinary obstetrics and gynecology" M., Agropromizdat, 1986. - p. 153, 204-209) that after removal of the fetus, the umbilical cord, as a rule, breaks spontaneously. At the same time, as studies have shown, the intima of the umbilical vessels "retracts" and torses (thromboses) them both from the side of the abdominal wall of the calf and from the side of the fetal membranes, the latter prevents the outflow of blood from the vessels of the placenta, and ultimately from the chorionic villi, due to which significantly slows down their exit (villi) from the caruncle crypts. A technique for excising the umbilical cord stump is proposed, which is as follows: after taking the calf, no later than 5-7 minutes, if the umbilical cord stump hangs from the vagina after spontaneous breaking, 8-15 cm away from the edge of the vessels, it is cut off with straight sharp scissors. The disadvantages of this method are that there are cases when the umbilical cord does not hang from the vagina after breaking (the umbilical cord usually consists of 4, less often 3 vessels with a diameter of 0.7-1.2 cm each), while a clean hand is necessary (after preliminary disinfection) insert into the vagina, grope for the vessels of the umbilical cord, pull them out and cut them off. After cutting off the umbilical cord stump, 500-1500 ml of blood flows out of the vessels (527.37 19.64 ml). After cutting off the torsoed part of the placental vessels, blood flows out of them, not only from the umbilical vessels, but also from the chorionic villi, which is the main thing in this method. If this operation is not carried out, then often there is swelling of the tissues of the fetal placenta (chorionic villi), leading to their infringement in the caruncle crypts with a gradual, over several hours, increase in complications and is accompanied by dystrophy, necrosis of cellular elements at the site of contact between the maternal and fetal placenta, this is especially aggravated with a reduced tone of the uterus, which is more often observed in the stall (winter) period of keeping cows. In the process of conducting a patent study, the closest solution to the claimed one was not identified both in the livestock industry and in other livestock industries, incl. in medicine. Method, article "Prevention of birth and postpartum complications in cows", published "Veterinary and zootechnical problems of animal husbandry" materials n. - practical conf. Vitebsk, 1996, p.43 (V.K. Kopytin, Yu.V. Masharov) has a number of disadvantages, which consist in the fact that cutting the umbilical cord stump with scissors and, as a result, the vessels forming it, does not exclude tissue deflation at the incision site and the formation of small focal stumps that arise due to the shift of the cut tissues with scissors (see Avorsky B.M. et al. "Handbook of Physics" ed. Nauka, M., 1965. - 270 p.) When tissues are shifted under the action of an applied pair of forces there is a deformation of the vascular walls due to their elasticity, as well as their displacement, while the walls of the vessels are stretched, which leads to the formation of a microstump, the latter undoubtedly causing difficulty in the outflow of blood. In order to exclude the formation of secondary stumps (microstumps), excision of the umbilical cord stump is performed with a sharp scalpel (sharp razor). When cut with a scalpel, tissue destruction occurs without stretching even highly elastic vessels, as a result of which secondary small stumps are not formed, and the outflow of blood from the vessels of the placenta not only increases, but the volume of blood flowing out increases. The absence of vascular stretching when cutting with a scalpel is due to a different mechanism of action on the tissue, when there is no pair of forces, as in the case of using scissors, and the destruction of tissue integrity occurs due to high pressure scalpel blades on the tissue being cut. The results of experiments on cows, in which the umbilical cord stump was excised in various ways, are shown in the table. The applicant conducted research on cows of the Swiss breed in the JSC "Kapyrevshchina" of the Smolensk region. Experimental cows (n=139) underwent excision of the umbilical cord stump with scissors, animals that did not undergo this option (n=152) served as controls. Research results show that excision of the umbilical cord stump improves the course of labor and the postpartum period. The duration of the afterbirth stage in the experimental cows was (4.93 0.39) hours, in the control cows - (9.24 0.52) hours. In the experimental group, 5 cases of retention of the placenta were recorded, in the control - 14, which was separated promptly. Detention of the placenta and its operational separation caused inflammation of the uterus (acute catarrhal and purulent catarrhal endometritis), which was recorded in 12 control and 4 experimental cows. Early completion of the afterbirth stage of labor had a positive effect on the course of the postpartum period. So, in the experimental group of animals, the time of manifestation of the first stage of the sexual cycle after childbirth was recorded after (39.87 7.6) days, in the control group - after (52.8 3.4). Histological studies caruncle and cotyledon from experimental and control animals indicate that the vessels of the chorion villi in the experimental cows are less filled with blood than in the control ones. In histopreparations from experimental animals, slit-like spaces were observed between the walls of caruncle crypts and chorionic villi. The conducted studies confirm the high therapeutic efficacy of the conservative method of preventing retention of the placenta. A conservative method for preventing retained placenta in cows was tested on more than 3,000 cows on various farms in the Smolensk region (1990-1997). At the same time, the subsequent stage in experimental cows, as a rule, ended after 4-6 hours on average. Economic losses from infertility are calculated according to the method of L. G. Subbotina according to the formula: losses from infertility in the group of cows E 1.2 = (Dn/bpl n: 315 360 t) + (Dn/bpl n 5 t); At the same time, the cost of lost calves due to infertility is calculated according to the formula (Sp - 30 = Dn/bpl) n: 315 360 t); the cost of lost milk due to infertility is calculated according to the formula (Sp - 30 = Dn / bpl n 5 t); E 1.2 - economic losses due to infertility, per group of cows, where E 1 - experimental animals; E 2 - control animals; Sp - service period in days; Days / bpl - days of infertility, calculated according to the formula Sp - 30, where 30 - postpartum period, calculated in days; n is the number of cows in the group; m - the average purchase price of 1 kg of milk, which in the Smolensk region is 1 ruble;
315 - the duration of the reproductive period in cows in days, calculated as the sum of the duration of pregnancy in cows (285 days) and the postpartum period (30 days);
360 - the cost of a lost calf is equal to the cost of 360 kg of milk;
5 - minimum score the amount of lost milk from a cow for one day of infertility (kg) - with a milk yield of 3000 kg per year. Losses from infertility in the experimental group of cows:
E 1 \u003d (39.87-30 \u003d 9.87) 139: 315 360 1 rub) + (9.87 139 5 1 rub) \u003d 8427.55 rub
Infertility losses in the control group of cows:
E 2 \u003d (52.8-30 \u003d 22.8) 152: 315 360 1 rub) + (22.8 152 5 1 rub) \u003d 21288.68 rub
Economic efficiency of the method per 1 cow:
Ef \u003d (E 2: n) - (E 1: n) \u003d (21288.68 rubles: 152) - (8427.55 rubles: 139) \u003d (140.05 rubles - 60.62 rubles) \u003d 79.43 rubles
Thus, the economic efficiency of the method (EF) per 1 cow is 79.43 rubles. Thus, the proposed method for excision of the umbilical cord stump in cows in its modification (cutting off with a sharp scalpel, razor) has significant differences from the known conservative methods for preventing retention of the placenta.

Claim

A method for preventing retention of the placenta in cows by excising the umbilical cord stump remaining after spontaneous breaking with a cutting tool, characterized in that a sharp scalpel or razor is used as a cutting tool and the excision is carried out at a distance of 8-15 cm from the place of umbilical cord breakage no later than after 5 - 7 minutes after fetal release.