Types of dentures - classification. Classification of dental prosthetics methods, types of dentures, how to choose the best one Show and tell all types of dentures

Tooth loss occurs in both childhood and adulthood. The cause of the condition can be serious injuries or dental diseases in an advanced stage. The loss of one unit negatively affects the aesthetic appearance of a person, not to mention partial or complete adentia.

In dentistry, the integrity of a smile is restored with the help of dentures. Exist different kinds dentures, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Tasks of dentures

Dental prosthetics refers to the partial or complete restoration of their functions. Broken or fallen teeth are replaced with artificial elements that cope with their task no worse than natural units.

The task of the structures is to evenly distribute the chewing load between different parts of the jaw. The absence of one or more elements leads to improper functioning of the jaw structures and the displacement of the remaining units into the wrong anatomical position. Violation of the bite negatively affects the appearance of a person, changing the proportions of his face and jaw.

Orthodontists offer patients the restoration of one or more elements of the dentition. Bite correction is possible even in the complete absence of teeth. The choice of the optimal design takes into account the age of the patients and its individual characteristics, as well as the severity of the problem.

Indications and contraindications for installation

Prosthetics are indicated in the following cases:

with significant destruction of the tooth crown by a carious process;
with a complete loss of units of the row;
with a slight destruction of the elements.

There are no absolute contraindications to the procedure. The doctor selects the best option for implantation, taking into account the wishes of the patient and the goals of orthodontic treatment.

Types of structures

What types of prosthetics are there? Designs for partial and complete prosthetics are divided into products of removable and non-removable type. The first types of prostheses are preferred with complete adentia. Structures are attached to oral cavity using special plates.

Complete adentia - loss of all elements of the dentition

Fixed prosthetics is indicated for the destruction of part of the tooth and the loss of one or more elements. Devices are installed for a certain period of time and are easily removed from the oral cavity without the help of a specialist.

Another type of prosthetics is implantation. An implant is placed in the jawbone to replace the root of the tooth. It is impossible to remove the system without the help of a specialist. This method of correction allows not only to make up for the aesthetic defect, but also to restore the functionality of the jaw.

Removable dentures classification

Removable prosthetics are necessary to restore all or most of the destroyed tooth crowns. Devices are often prescribed for older people. Removable products are used to restore the bite without turning the teeth.

The photo shows designs of a removable type.

Removable dentures are divided into 2 types of products: full and partial.

Complete removable dentures

The system is a plate covering the entire dentition. They are fixed in the oral cavity with suction cups. Products facilitate the intake and chewing of food, but have many disadvantages:

discomfort while wearing;
change in diction;
friction on the mucous membranes of the mouth;
food restrictions;
the need for constant care.

Removable structures are classified depending on the material from which they were made:

Plastic . Acrylic is used in the manufacture of the system. They are used for both full and partial adentia. In the first case, the design is held in the mouth due to the suction effect or closing valve. With partial loss of teeth, systems based on a plastic base are used, from which metal hooks extend. To restore the front teeth, a “butterfly” design is used, which is invisible to others. The duration of use of plastic structures is 3-4 years. The service life varies depending on the rate of dystrophic changes in the jaw structures. With proper care and good condition of bone tissue, products can be used for up to 5 years.
Bulgelnye. Unlike other designs, bulgel prostheses have a metal frame, due to which the size of the plastic base is reduced. The device is fixed in the oral cavity in two ways: with the help of fasteners and clasps. The last type of fasteners has an aesthetic drawback: when falling out of the smile zone, the clasps become visible to others. Lock fasteners or attachments are attached to crowns mounted on abutment teeth. When fixing the product in the oral cavity, the locks snap into place, and the product is firmly held on the teeth.
Nylon . Products have their pros and cons compared to acrylic and bulgel prostheses. The advantages include aesthetic characteristics, and the disadvantages: long-term addiction and the impossibility of fully chewing food.

Bulgel prostheses are considered the most popular for the correction of bite pathologies.

Partially removable dentures

Whole crowns serve as a support for partially removable dentures. They are placed in the oral cavity temporarily, before permanent implants are made. Designs are made of nylon or plastic and attached to the teeth with a clasp.

The classification of products depending on the material is presented in the table:

Type of prosthesis	Peculiarities
Lamellar	Made from metal or plastic. Applied in rare cases due to the inadequacy of the system. Benefits - affordable price
Bulgelny	It is used for edentulous jaws and with partial loss of elements. There are splinting types of devices that are installed in patients with periodontal disease. The main goal of the bulgel models is the uniform distribution of the chewing load.
Partial bulgel	It is fixed on the supporting elements and is made of plastic materials.
Silicone	They are made of modern transparent materials, due to which the prostheses become invisible in the oral cavity. If the system breaks down, it cannot be repaired.
Conditionally removable	It is used to correct defects in single elements. The design is fixed on the neighboring problematic teeth
Immetad prosthesis	It is installed in the oral cavity during the manufacture of a permanent prosthesis. If necessary, the system can be removed from the mouth and inserted into place

Removable and partially removable structures are made in laboratory conditions using computer technology. Due to this, the designs correspond to the individual parameters of the structure of the patient's teeth.

Types of fixed products

A fixed prosthesis cannot be removed from the oral cavity without the help of a specialist. Products are intended for permanent or temporary wear. The chewing load is transferred to the artificial teeth, and not to the gums.

One of the methods of fixed prosthetics is metal-ceramic crowns. They are highly durable and can last more than 15 years.

Another option for restoring a damaged tooth is the installation of metal-free crowns. Products are made of porcelain materials, so it is almost impossible to distinguish an artificial tooth from a real one.

Indications for fixed prosthetics include:

restoration of the integrity of the dentition in the absence of 1-2 elements;
destruction of the unit by the carious process;
increased abrasion of enamel;
the need to give the smile its original whiteness;
damage to elements as a result of traumatic factors.

Detailed characteristics of permanent type products are presented in the table:

The most common type of fixed dentures is a crown. The product is made in laboratory conditions, since for its snug fit to the tooth tissue, the necessary proportions must be observed. Popular materials for creating crowns are porcelain and zirconium. Porcelain construction has high aesthetic qualities, but is unstable to mechanical stress. Products from zirconium differ in the strengthened durability and durability.

Veneers are used as an independent method of correcting dental problems or to secure other orthodontic structures.

Occlusion correction for patients who are missing one or more teeth is performed with dental bridges. Products are attached to the oral cavity in several ways: based on the preserved units and based on the implant. In the first case, the bridge is installed on the patient's teeth. Before that, they are turned under the crown. In the second case, the structure is attached to the implants screwed in and accustomed in the oral cavity.

Prosthetics can be performed using an adhesive bridge structure. The method is used to replace one lost unit with a prosthesis attached to adjacent teeth.

Small ledges are made on adjacent elements to secure a structure made of composite or fiberglass materials. The method of prosthetics is optimal for restoring the anterior and lateral teeth, which do not have the main chewing load. The disadvantage of adhesive prosthetics is a high risk of developing caries of the elements on which the structure is fixed.

Implants are divided into removable and conditionally removable. Devices are made from materials that are most convenient to implant in the gum tissue. Titanium, ceramics and zirconium have such characteristics.

Indications for dental prosthetics using implants:

the absence of a unit in a row;
loss of chewing teeth;
lack of supports for bridge prosthetics;
the impossibility of installing other structures of a non-removable type.

A conditionally removable implant has a significant drawback - the lack of reliable fastening due to the lack of an end support. But such a design can be removed from the oral cavity, cleaned and washed.

Implantation is the implantation of metal pins in place of the tooth root. After engraftment of the pin, dental prosthetics of the crown part of the tooth is performed

Implants come with a lifetime warranty, but not every patient can afford the procedure. For example, the restoration of the entire dentition will cost 2 million rubles.

The cost of prostheses

Each patient can choose for himself the appropriate method of correcting teeth, based on his financial situation. The price of a dental service depends on: the type of material from which the prosthesis is made; full or partial prosthetics; difficulties dental work; manufacturer.

The price of removable structures for the correction of one jaw is from 8,000 rubles. Prostheses made of acrylic materials cost from 20,000 rubles, and bulgel ones - from 40,000 rubles.

Prices for fixed structures also vary depending on the material:

ceramic - from 14,000 rubles;
cermet - from 6000 rubles;
zirconium - from 250,000 rubles;
bridge on the tabs - from 10,000 rubles;
bridge on implants - from 16,000 rubles;
veneers - from 5000 rubles;
implants from 10,000 rubles.

Criterias of choice

Which prosthesis is better to choose? The choice depends on the condition of the teeth in the oral cavity and their number. The dentist offers the best options to the patient after studying all the problems and individual characteristics of the jaw.

With the loss of all teeth in a row, preference is given to solid plates of a removable type. This option will be the most convenient and affordable. Removable plates are easy to maintain.

The main disadvantage of non-removable type structures is the high cost and the possibility of developing allergic reactions to metal alloys. The patient will not be able to clean fixed products on his own, so once every 6 months he will have to contact the dentist for professional cleaning. Home care includes mouth rinsing and regular oral hygiene.

Fixed models are optimal for partial dentition or loss of one unit. It should be noted that they are comfortable to wear and similar to natural dental tissue in terms of aesthetic indicators. The fixation of fixed dentures is much more reliable than that of removable structures, and only high-quality materials are used for their manufacture.

Anastasia Vorontsova

To date, dental prosthetics is one of the most popular dental services, which is aimed at restoring the functioning and aesthetics of the dentition.

There are various types of removable dentures, which makes it possible to choose the most suitable model for the patient.

Removable dentures are dental structures that the patient can put on and take off independently.

They allow not only to restore the functionality of the dentition, but also to correct cosmetic defects of the teeth in cases where prosthetics with fixed structures are impossible.

Removable type constructions are used for partial or complete dentition.

Removable dentures classification

Removable structures are a plastic plate to which artificial teeth are attached. Such prostheses distribute the load during chewing on the gums. They are attached in the oral cavity by suction or with the help of special fasteners.

Modern removable structures are distinguished by comfort, high strength and aesthetics. They are safe to use and do not age restrictions. They are made taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient's jaw system.

All removable dentures can be divided into two large groups: full removable and partially removable dentures.

Complete removable structures include models made of acrylic plastic and nylon.
A partially removable prosthesis is made of acrylic or nylon, but metal elements (hooks, locks, arch of a clasp prosthesis) may be included in the structure.

Complete removable dentures

Designs are used in the complete absence of teeth in the jaw.

Dentures are made of nylon or plastic.
If the design is intended to be used on upper jaw, then it is a plate covering the palate and jaw.
Fixation of the prosthesis in the oral cavity occurs due to suction.
When attaching a plate to mandible, its fixation leaves much to be desired.
The teeth that are attached to the base of the structure are usually made of plastic or ceramic.
Caring for complete removable structures is not difficult.

However, this type of prosthesis has a number of disadvantages:

Instability of fixation of the structure in the oral cavity.
Long period of getting used to the prosthesis.
Short service life of the prosthesis.
The presence of discomfort when using the product: while eating, talking, etc.
Violation of diction.
In some cases, the presence of pain as a result of friction of the structure.
The need for restrictions when taking products.
Increased hygiene requirements.
The need for regular check-ups.

Partially removable structures

Partially removable prosthetics is performed when the patient has at least one or more teeth in the jaw. These teeth will serve as a support for the removable denture.
Partially detachable view constructions are used in the absence of one or more teeth in the oral cavity, as well as as a temporary prosthesis at the time of making a permanent one. The use of the design is most relevant in case of loss of teeth of the chewing group.

A partially removable denture is made of nylon or plastic.

Fixation of structures in the oral cavity occurs due to clasps, with which the prosthesis is attached to the teeth.
In the case of using a nylon model, the clasps are made of the same material as the structure itself.
If the prosthesis is made of plastic, then the hooks are made of metal.
The partially removable design is easy to manufacture, lightweight and easily transformable.

Video: "Removable prosthesis"

Varieties of partially removable dentures

There are the following partially removable designs:

Lamellar.
Byugelnye.
Immediate prostheses.
Removable sectors or segments of the dentition.

Clasp prosthesis

It belongs to the group of partially removable structures.

This is one of the most durable and strong structures, which has many advantages:

Uniform distribution of the chewing load on the jaw bone tissue, thanks to the metal frame.
As a result, the wear of the teeth preserved in the oral cavity is reduced and there is no friction of the structure against the gums.
Designs do not have to be removed before going to bed.
One of the advantages of metal-free clasp structures is the presence of elastic clasps, due to which the prosthesis is securely held in the mouth.

One of the significant disadvantages of clasp products is the high cost of the prosthesis.

Lamellar prosthesis

Designs are used in the presence of a defect in the dentition in the absence of several teeth in a row, as well as in the loss of the masticatory group of teeth.

This method of prosthetics is the simplest and most affordable.

Sectors and segments

A removable sector or segment of the dentition is a one-sided prosthesis, which is indicated in the absence of chewing teeth on one side of the jaw.

Immediate prosthesis

It is used as a temporary construction for dental indications.

Types of removable dentures

Removable structures differ in the material from which they are made.

plastic

Photo: Complete removable acrylic prosthesis for both jaws

The structures are made from acrylic.
Removable acrylic dentures can be used both with partial absence of teeth and with complete edentulous.
If the teeth are completely missing, then the structure rests on the gum, its fixation occurs due to the “closing valve” or suction action.
With a properly made prosthesis, during its putting on, a discharged space is created between the structure and the mucosa, due to which the prosthesis is retained. Such designs are called "suction cup prostheses."
In case of partial absence of teeth, a design is used, from the plastic base of which wire hooks depart. They cover the abutment teeth. As a result, the design is securely fixed in the mouth.
If it is necessary to restore one or two teeth in a row, then a butterfly denture can be used. It is relevant to use such a design for the restoration of distant chewing teeth. The design can be used constantly, it is invisible to others.
The service life of acrylic prostheses is from three to four years and can be adjusted, depending on the rate of atrophic changes in the jawbone. If the bone is in good condition, the duration of the use of the structure can be 5 years.

Clasp dentures

Unlike other structures for removable prosthetics, the clasp prosthesis is based on a metal frame. Thanks to its presence, it was possible to reduce the size of the plastic base, which made the structure less massive.

There are two ways to fix the prosthesis in the oral cavity:

With the help of a clasp system. Such designs are reliable and comfortable, but have an aesthetic drawback. When metal clasps enter the smile zone, they become visible to others.
With the use of lock fasteners (attachments). Crowns are fixed on the abutment teeth, and elements of micro-locks are attached to them and the body of the removable structure. When fixing the prosthesis, the parts of the micro-locks snap into place and the design is firmly held in the oral cavity. Byugelny designs on castle fastenings, today, - the most progressive way of removable prosthetics.

Video: "Nylon removable dentures"

Nylon prostheses

Patients often call such prostheses soft. Designs are used for both partial and complete prosthetics.

Nylon prostheses have an aesthetic advantage over acrylic and clasp prosthetics.

But, nevertheless, nylon products are not without drawbacks:

No addiction to nylon construction.
Inability to eat properly.

Dentures on implants

Prosthetics on implants are carried out in the complete absence of teeth. Some sources call prostheses on implants "covering", although this term carries absolutely no semantic load.

Options for prosthetics with overdentures:

Push-button type constructions. 2-3 screws are implanted into the jaw, into which spherical attachments are screwed. Silicone matrices are inserted into the inner surface of the removable structure. During putting on the prosthesis, the heads of the attachments fall into the matrix, and the structure is securely fixed.
Prosthesis with a lock fastening on the beams. 2-3 rods are implanted, and a metal beam is laid between them. In the projection of the beam in the body of the removable structure, a recess is made and silicone matrices are laid, which, when the prosthesis is fixed, tightly wrap around the beam and it is firmly fixed.
Construction on intracanal implants. The remaining teeth are cut down at the root and their filling is performed. Implants are installed in each root canal, which have a protruding metal head (as with a push-button type of attachment). In the projection of the metal heads on the inner surface of the prosthesis, recesses are made and filled with silicone matrices. Structures with this method of fastening are securely held. Due to the living roots of the teeth, there is practically no atrophy bone tissue which increases the life of the prosthesis.

Photo: before and after

Video: "Removable dentures"

In dentistry, prosthetics is perhaps the most popular service. Lost and decayed teeth are not only an aesthetic but also a physiological problem that affects overall health. Therefore, the restoration of teeth, their structure, shape or replacement if it is impossible to restore is of great importance.

To date, dentures are the only alternative to your own teeth, it is not surprising that much attention is paid to the development of new technologies and methods in the field of prosthetics. But the many options for prosthetics make you wonder which one to choose.

There are two types of dentures: removable and non-removable. Each of these types has its own varieties, which differ in their functionality, aesthetic appearance, material of manufacture, installation method and, of course, price. Accordingly, each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Removable are distinguished by the fact that they can be removed and installed when it is convenient for you. Fixed ones are fixed in such a way that they can only be removed with the help of a specialist.

Removable devices are generally universal. That they can take it off and put it on again, when its owner needs it, is a definite plus. But at the same time, they do not fit snugly in the oral cavity, and if you wear them for a long time, the palate is deformed, and the fit becomes even more loose.

Fixed structures fixed tightly and securely in the mouth, but they are difficult to install, moreover, if there are not enough teeth, such prostheses are not suitable. Of course, the patient himself chooses the type of device for prosthetics, after he gets acquainted with all the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each type.

But anyway consultation with a dentist is required who will be able to determine which prosthesis can be installed in a particular situation, which one will be optimal, whether there are any contraindications or any factors that interfere with prosthetics.

Removable dentures

When it comes to removable devices, they can be divided into the following types:

Partially removable dentures

Partially removable products are used if it is impossible for the patient to install fixed prosthesis. To do this, you must have several of your own teeth in the oral cavity, which will act as a support for the prosthesis.

Such prostheses replace several (from two or more) missing teeth on any side of the jaw - both upper and lower. Sometimes they are used as a temporary cosmetic product in some dental procedures. Temporary prostheses are called immedia prostheses. Most of the partially removable structures have no age restrictions.

Partially removable devices on a plate basis

Such prostheses are made from one to four weeks by an orthodontist and a technician, while the patient must visit the dental clinic frequently. Lamellar devices are used to replace a row of 2 or more teeth.

If one or more teeth need to be replaced, it is best to use soft removable structures based on nylon. If replacement of one to a whole row of teeth is required, then you should pay attention to one of the latest developments in orthopedics - clasp prostheses.

The advantages of these prostheses:

Economical.
Reliable and durable.
Safe.
Aesthetic.

But many patients complain of discomfort and even pain from wearing such a device, as well as a frequent violation of diction and taste sensations. Dentures are the most uncomfortable made of hard plastics, but at the same time they are cheaper than more convenient products made of soft plastics.

Nevertheless, plate products are available to most patients, they are unpretentious in care, quickly manufactured and installed, besides, they have an undoubted advantage - they allow you to evenly distribute the load on the entire jaw.

The main disadvantage of such structures is that they can cause soft bone atrophy. However, specialists are gradually moving from a plate base to a metal one, which no longer causes such deformations.

Nylon based prostheses

Flexible nylon-based prostheses have existed for several years, but are already well known to patients in clinics. They are recommended to be used only as temporary, limiting wearing to a few weeks.

They are made from thermoplastics that do not cause allergic reactions, hygienic, flexible and are distinguished by enviable strength - a nylon prosthesis does not break if, for example, it is dropped on the floor.

For such structures, it is not necessary to pretreat the teeth - it is enough to take an impression. Their prices are quite reasonable - a full removable nylon prosthesis costs about 25 thousand rubles.

Nevertheless, thermoplastic prostheses are not ideal: they absorb water, losing their original properties, accumulate extraneous odors, including unpleasant odors, and are not able to distribute the load over the entire oral cavity.

Because of this, over time, the design stops holding on the way you need it. And although at healthy cavity mouth nylon products can be used up to 10-15 years, experts do not advise making full dentures out of them and wearing them for a long time.

Clasp prostheses

These prostheses are high-tech. They appeared not so long ago, but quickly became popular, and even among picky patients. The development of this design made it possible to realize all the advantages of conventional prostheses, while their disadvantages are minimized.

These compact devices are based on the basis − arc plate construction made of metal on which artificial teeth are attached. They cover only those places in the mouth where there are no teeth, without touching the healthy part of the mouth. In general, such a prosthesis looks very aesthetically pleasing, moreover, its cost is not too high and is quite comparable to the price of dental implants.

The disadvantage of this product is that the design is attached to clasps - special hooks - on healthy teeth and, as a result, on them enamel can be damaged. And, of course, like any foreign body, at first, clasp prostheses can cause discomfort up to a gag reflex, increased salivation and loss of taste sensations.

In some cases diction may change, the patient may be uncomfortable eating - biting and chewing food. But over time, addiction occurs, discomfort disappears.

Such dentures are indicated if the destruction of the dentition has just begun in the oral cavity and a small number of teeth are missing, plus there are healthy ones on which the prosthesis will be fixed. They do not have to be removed at night, they are easy to care for. By the way, clasp prostheses can also be fixed.

Acrylic dentures

Acrylic-based dental structures are also quite in demand, especially if the patient has no teeth left at all or there are contraindications for implantation. Otherwise, such prostheses are not inferior to other types, and from an aesthetic point of view, they are almost flawless, as they imitate the natural appearance of the jaw system.

They can be installed on any jaw or even on both at once, so acrylic dental products very popular in older people who have lost all or almost all of their teeth, however, they have no contraindications for installation at any age.

Such prostheses are made both partially and completely removable. They are light, quite comfortable, easy to care for, distribute the load on the entire jaw. Thanks to the manufacturing technology, acrylic prostheses are not only reliable, but also quite affordable, and they are also produced very quickly, literally in one visit to the dentist.

The cost of a complete acrylic prosthesis is on average from 8 to 20 thousand rubles. However, these seemingly ideal dentures have their drawbacks:

Physical impact causes atrophy of soft tissues in the oral cavity.
Abrade the tooth enamel of healthy teeth by fastening.
They have allergic reactions.
They provoke the development of negative microflora, as a result of which bad smell from mouth.

Fixed dental structures

A fixed denture, as the name implies, cannot be removed when the patient wants it. But these prostheses are different. reliability and long service life and have excellent aesthetic characteristics.

microprostheses (or partial);
crowns (single and console);
bridges;
implants.

All of them differ in design, materials of manufacture, method of installation and preparation for it, as well as price. The choice of the type of fixed prosthetics depends on the condition of the patient's jaw system.

Microprostheses are indicated for partial damage or destruction of the tooth. They are aesthetically pleasing mimic a natural tooth, can mask significant defects in the teeth, which is especially important when the visible side is damaged, while they are much stronger than any filling.

Dental crowns are placed on implants. And also on partially damaged teeth and even on the roots of the tooth. Dental bridges are recommended when one or all teeth are missing.

Micro prostheses

Microprosthetics include: inlays, veneers and lumineers. Inlays are used as an alternative to fillings, veneers and lumineers are used to correct the appearance of teeth. They are made of porcelain or ceramics, fixed on the visible outer side, without touching the back side.

Despite its external fragility and microscopic thickness, this very durable products that reliably protect the tooth for up to 10 years without losing the aesthetic component. Inlays also last much longer than conventional fillings, but they are undesirable to install when serious illnesses teeth.

Veneers and lumineers also cannot be used in some cases, for example, with extensive caries. It is worth noting that of the majority of ways to preserve the appearance of teeth or mask their deformation, veneers and lumineers are the fastest and at the same time inexpensive.

Crowns for teeth

The dental crown also perfectly hides the defects of the tooth, while restoring it. physiological functions. Crowns are often used to prepare abutment teeth for a bridge. Crowns are indicated in case of loss of a natural tooth, severe tooth defect and fluorosis.

In many cases, crowns are an indispensable tool for straightening a tooth and giving it the right look, they durable and reliable products, and at a price affordable to the absolute majority.

However, they are not recommended in case of allergic reactions to the crown material, periodontitis and weak tooth roots, and if the upper part of the tooth does not allow the crown to be placed securely due to compromised integrity. In addition, crowns are not installed for children while the body is still being formed.

Various materials are used to make dental crowns:

Ceramics.
Metal.
precious alloys.

From the point of view of aesthetics, it is advisable to install crowns on the front teeth ceramic or metal-ceramic. In addition, this material is less likely to be rejected by the tissues of the tooth.

Bridges

A bridge, as a bridge is often called, is a reliable and durable type of prosthesis, indicated for the loss of one or more teeth.

The bridge is affordable, besides there is different ways fixing such a prosthesis, so it quite popular with patients.

Bridges are attached in the following ways:

on your own teeth
on implanted implants
with special glue.

In addition to reliability, the bridge structure almost does not change color from exposure to various dyes such as tea or coffee, with its help you can eat any food, even the hardest, getting used to the bridge occurs very quickly.

If we compare the bridge, for example, with implanted teeth, then, of course, it is inferior in some technical characteristics, but at the same time, its teeth practically do not differ from real ones, and the cost is much more pleasant.

If the patient has problems with the presence of teeth, a bridge can be placed on pre-implanted implants that will be used as a support for the bridge, but this is a long and complicated procedure, and also not too cheap. Of the other disadvantages of such prostheses can be canceled the need for pre-cutting dental system.

Features of implantation

Installation of implants is the most advanced technology for restoring teeth, implanted teeth are absolutely identical to natural ones in all respects. The price of such prostheses is noticeably higher than that of others, but this is justified by the effectiveness and aesthetics of the result.

The procedure itself is quite complex, not accessible to everyone- and not only in terms of cost, but also in terms of the state of the dental system. The decision on whether implantation is possible is made by a specialist after a complete examination of the patient's jaws.

However, if this type of prosthetics is indicated, the patient will appreciate the advantages of this method:

Implants do not cause discomfort.
They can replace one or all of the teeth in a row.
These are the most durable prostheses of all.
They can be installed as supports for the installation of other dentures.

Implants are made from a variety of materials, but most titanium are considered durable and comfortable. The prosthesis of any design has its own service life. After this period has passed, it is necessary to replace the prosthesis.

And you can also restore it with the help of rebase - that is hardfacing plastic layer where soft tissues the palate is deformed from wearing the prosthesis the most to avoid further deformation, loose fit of the prosthesis and discomfort. Relining cannot be done only for nylon prostheses.

Prosthetics is the most demanded dental service, which is aimed at replacing or restoring teeth, restoring their structure, function and shape.

Restoration or replacement of lost teeth has not only physiological and medical significance, but also aesthetic.

What kinds exist?

Main types:

Removable dentures- are used in case of loss of all teeth, and are attached to the jaws and gums with the help of special anatomically shaped plates;
Fixed structures- are installed for a certain time period and are used to restore destroyed tooth tissue or in the absence of several units of a row;
Implant prosthetics- is the installation of prostheses using special pins (implants) implanted in the jaw (bone tissue), which provides stable and reliable fixation due to the fusion of the jaw bone tissue with the pin after some time.

Modern dental constructions allow achieving the following results: naturalness, restoration of basic functions and the absence of discomfort.

Video: varieties

Types of removable dentures

Removable prosthesis is used in case of an extensive defect in the dentition and the absence of several elements. Such prostheses are most often used by people of advanced and retirement age, who have a large number of missing teeth.

In some cases, this type of prosthetics is used as a replacement or installation of missing elements, without turning healthy lateral teeth.

So what are they like:

Plastic (acrylic plastics)- are curved plates on which teeth are mounted. This design is the cheapest and most popular option. It is used in the complete absence of the dentition, constructively imitating natural teeth. The advantage of this option is ease of installation and maintenance. Disadvantages - local or generalized allergic reactions;
Nylon- similar to acrylic prostheses in terms of installation, manufacturing method and application. Advantages - the ability to leave overnight in the oral cavity. Disadvantages - high cost, risk of injury to the gums at the location of the marginal teeth, as well as elastic deformation of the prosthesis during chewing;
Clasp prostheses- used to replace a large number of lost neighboring teeth. These elements are single and are mounted on a safe and durable plate arc. Clasp structures allow you to evenly distribute the chewing load and provide an early habituation.

Photo: flexible removable nylon dentures

The cost of this option is more expensive than nylon and plastic, which is due to the complex design of prostheses and the use of expensive materials in the manufacture.

Also, to replace a single removed element, a conditionally removable design is a good option. This type of prosthesis is fixed with the help of special fasteners on adjacent teeth and perfectly copes with the necessary functions (stability, quick adaptation and long service life).

Recently a popular option dental prosthetics are various types of prostheses on suction cups. These elements can be installed and removed independently.

Protrusions on the jaw and vacuum suction cups provide fastening of the structure in the patient's mouth.

Prostheses on suction cups have disadvantages, which are expressed in unreliability and inconvenience of care.

Types of fixed dentures

Fixed dentures are installed in case of tooth decay by caries and damage to dental tissue. Also, similar prosthetics are used to give a new shape and color to the teeth.

With the help of fixed prosthetics, the dentition is replenished, in the absence of one or two elements. The material for manufacturing can be ceramics, metal and cermets.

Crowns- prostheses that are installed in the place of the absence of two or one adjacent teeth;
Bridges (bridges)- are structures consisting of several crowns connected together, filling the defect of the dentition. The installation is supported on adjacent, specially prepared (honed) teeth. This type of dentures restores the anatomical shape of the teeth, as their shape is as close as possible to the structure of the natural dentition. The advantages of this option are the reliability of fastening, aesthetic appeal and the rapid adaptation of patients to the installed prostheses;
Veneers- thin plates attached to the teeth with a special compound. They are used to eliminate various visual defects: darkening of tooth enamel, chipped teeth and malocclusion.

Implants refers to a removable and non-removable type of prosthetics, and represent an imitation of the anatomical natural tooth root, on the basis of which an artificial tooth is constructed.

Over time, the pin and bone tissue grow together, as a result of which stable reliable fixation is ensured.

Implants are made from bioinert materials that are hypoallergenic and do not cause rejection: ceramics, titanium alloys, zirconium, tantalum and some others.

Implantation fixed prosthetics is used in the absence of one or more teeth, and is a process of implanting a titanium implant into the patient's gum, on which a metal-ceramic or ceramic crown is fixed.

If necessary, it is possible to simultaneously implant several implants, on which a ceramic or metal-ceramic bridge is subsequently installed.

Conditionally removable implant prosthesis is an alternative to a fixed implant.

This type of prosthetics has significant drawbacks, expressed by the absence of an end support, which entails unreliable fixation.

Only lateral end fixation is provided, which allows the prosthesis to be removed and hygienic procedures to be carried out.

Reviews

Patients of dental clinics have different opinions after the prosthetics.

Elza, Krasnoyarsk
After installing the implant, I ran into a problem: a complication arose in the form of a gum tumor. Experts advised to do cleaning. The opening of the gums was successful, and now there are no problems. In general, implantation is an indispensable procedure that I advise everyone who wants to go for prosthetics, since I did not find any drawbacks when using this option.

Gennady
About a year ago I put a bridge on myself and treated it next to standing teeth spending a small amount on it. The appearance remained flawless for five months, after which the first defects began to appear and the prosthesis eventually fell. I had to go to another clinic and solve the issue by implanting missing teeth. The case was almost painless, and there are no complaints, only I had to pay a decent amount, which is perhaps the only drawback of implantation.

Elena
I am satisfied with orthopedic doctors, who put crowns on four teeth. Before the procedure, she experienced overwhelming fear, and did not believe in the reliability of this method of prosthetics.

The treatment was successful and almost painless. Zirconium crowns look natural, I like their shape and color. This type of prosthetics is, in my opinion, indispensable, I myself will use such services and advise everyone.

A denture is an artificial structure that replaces a lost tooth or its individual sections with a full restoration of the chewing function and external structure.

Modern dentistry uses many varieties of dentures. They are distinguished by the type of construction, indications for use, material of manufacture, durability, cost and a number of other features. All options can be divided into two types:

removable dentures;
fixed dentures.

Removable

Removable dentures are structures that are not intended for permanent wear. Periodically, they need to be removed during sleep, rest and for caring for them.

Indications for use:

if the jaw is completely devoid of teeth;
removal of more than 6 teeth in a row on one side of the jaw;
absence of chewing teeth on one or both jaws;
temporary replacement of lost teeth in the preparatory period for the installation of fixed dentures.

In all these cases, a removable prosthesis allows you to return the chewing function of the dentition and eliminates pronounced cosmetic flaws in the oral cavity.

Depending on the design features, dentures can be:

completely removable;
partially removable.

Fully removable dentures

Removable dentures are an affordable design that does not require surgical intervention during its installation. They are used if the own teeth of the oral cavity are completely absent or have lost their functionality and must be removed.

Externally, the prosthesis is an anatomically curved plate in the shape of the gum and palate (for the upper jaw). It is devoid of special fasteners and is fixed due to the suction effect of the gums.

Fully removable dentures cope with their main task and have the most affordable cost, however, they are characterized by a number of limitations and disadvantages:

unstable contact with the jaw;
complex process of adaptation;
pain with a slight increase in the load on the jaw;
restrictions on eating a certain type of food (hard and requiring careful chewing);
violations of diction, discomfort when coughing, laughing;
the need for systematic care;
gradual thinning of the tissues of the gums and jawbone;
the need for regular dental check-ups;
rapid wear of the prosthesis.

Partially removable

They are used if there are still healthy teeth in the oral cavity. A partial denture can be used permanently or as a temporary measure in preparation for further dental procedures.

This is the most affordable solution, especially if fixed prosthetics services are not recommended or unavailable to the patient.

There are several types of partially removable dentures.

Lamellar prosthesis- similar in structure to fully removable dentures, but is used in the absence of several chewing teeth. The lack of suction effect of the gums is compensated by the presence of special hooks (clasps) with which the prostheses are attached to healthy teeth. There are plastic, acrylic and nylon options.
Immedia prostheses- play the role of temporary correctors of the dentition in preparing the mouth for fixed prosthetics. They are usually made from softer materials (such as nylon) and are not designed for a long service life.
Unilateral prosthesis- differs from lamellar one-sided design; used in the absence of one or more teeth on one side.
Clasp prostheses— high-tech and durable constructions with optimal redistribution of the load over the entire jaw due to the built-in metal arc frame. Recently, metal-free clasp models with elastic clasps have also begun to appear, which makes it possible to avoid preliminary grinding of the supporting teeth. Unlike other types of partially removable dentures, the clasp does not require mandatory removal at night, so it is much more convenient in everyday use.

On a note! Most dentures are made of plastic, but there are also softer models made of nylon. They are held in the mouth due to the elastic properties of the material itself and are more suitable for unilateral and temporary dentures. However, nylon dentures are less wear resistant and have a characteristic springy effect when chewing.

Fixed

Fixed structures are installed with the expectation of permanent wearing, additional fixation is not required. When installing, surgical techniques and various options for preparing teeth are actively used. A denture completely imitates lost teeth and, as a rule, does not differ from them in any way. appearance, nor the way of care. It is possible to remove an already installed structure only in a dental office.

Implants

Implantation is a modern way to replace the root of a completely lost tooth. An implant is an artificial structure that is implanted directly into the jaw bone.

Indications for use:

loss of one or more teeth surrounded by perfectly healthy teeth (implantation allows you to keep them in their original state);
installation of supporting implants under the bridge (allows you to avoid grinding healthy teeth);
inconvenience or pain when using removable dentures;
complete loss of teeth (with the aesthetic unacceptability of using removable dentures);
loss of anterior incisors.

In dentistry, there are several types of implants, the choice of which is determined by the state of the tissues of the oral cavity, the location of the lost tooth and the purpose of the structure (under the crown, for the installation of the bridge).

Endosseous (intraosseous) plate implants. The base of the structure is made in the form of a plate, which provides a large area of contact with the bone. Such prosthetics is relevant in case of deficiency of the own bone tissue of the jaw for the installation of a root implant.
Root implants screw or cylindrical shape completely imitate the natural tooth root. For installation, a sufficient amount of bone tissue is required (if necessary, extensions can be made).
Subperiosteal implants are a complex metal complex that is installed under the gum and takes on part of the load. Such an implant is not built into the bone and is used only in case of severe thinning of the latter (for example, in the elderly).
Intramucosal dental implants used for atrophy of the alveolar process (only in the presence of a thick mucosa - at least 2 mm).

This is interesting . Dental implants are made with an individual approach to the characteristics of the patient, so there is a group of so-called combined implants that can combine the features of root and lamellar forms, adapting to the needs of the musculoskeletal system of a particular patient. For example, a disc implant, which is used for severe bone atrophy, or a transosseous clinical implant, which is implanted through an incision in the chin.

Bridges

The bridge is a rigid construction of 2 crowns and intermediate artificial teeth. It can be attached to healthy abutment teeth or pre-installed implants. The maximum span length is 4 teeth.

Indications:

if lost 1 chewing tooth, 2 premolars or up to 4 incisors in a row;
the presence of healthy abutment teeth or pre-installed implants.

According to the method of manufacture, bridges are distinguished:

Stamped (soldered) - are made by soldering from individual crowns and artificial teeth.
Solid - the bridge is a single whole, forming a stronger structure than a stamped sample.
Adhesive - the only type devoid of abutment crowns. The role of the supporting element is performed by a fiberglass arch, which abuts with its ends against the drilled holes of the lateral teeth. The supporting element is too weak, so this design is used only as a temporary measure or for prosthetics of one missing tooth. The artificial analogue of the intermediate tooth itself is formed directly during the installation of the bridge in the oral cavity from modern composites. Such a bridge prosthesis is considered the most sparing.

According to the location of the central part:

flushing - a hole remains between the gum and the bridge, which prevents food retention;
tangent - the bridge touches the gums in front;
saddle-shaped - the bridge touches the gums both on the outer and inner sides of the gums (an undesirable option, valid only for prosthetics of the front teeth).

In addition, bridge prostheses differ in the material of manufacture and, accordingly, are made of metal, ceramics, cermets, zirconium oxide, plastics, and metal-plastics.

Metal-ceramic crowns

It is the most developed form of prosthetics for partially or completely destroyed teeth. It offers a functionally and aesthetically complete replacement for the lost representatives of the dentition.

A ceramic-metal prosthesis is a thin (0.3-0.5 mm) frame made of a metal alloy of chromium or nickel with cobalt. The ceramic layer of "enamel" is applied in layers and subsequently fired at a temperature of 800 degrees Celsius to give maximum strength and the characteristic structure of dental tissues. Such crowns look quite natural and last up to 10 years.

On a note! Classic metal-ceramic crowns are not recommended for installation on the front teeth, as the metal on the incisors can shine through, depriving the smile of naturalness. For such cases, it is better to use alternative materials, for example, the metal frame can be replaced with gold, and ceramics with zirconium oxide. In particular, a zirconium crown not only has external data completely identical to a healthy tooth, but also surpasses ordinary ceramics in strength, significantly extending the life of such a prosthesis (up to 15-20 years).

Micro prostheses

The purpose of microprosthetics is to preserve severely damaged teeth, and the prefix “micro” characterizes the size of the prosthesis used: not the entire tooth, but its individual sections, is restored. In some cases, microprosthetics can include the installation of pin prostheses, adhesive fiberglass bridges and even crowns, but in the classical sense, this definition mainly includes veneers (prosthesis in the form of an overlay) and filling tabs.

Filling tabs - fillings on the teeth, which are made by a technician individual cast and then installed on the destroyed area, covering the damaged cavity. Such a prosthesis differs from a conventional filling in less shrinkage during installation, which is very important in the treatment of extensive lesions.
Veneers are thin plates made of a biocompatible material that perform mainly a cosmetic and preventive task. They help to restore and protect teeth, hide existing damage to the enamel (discoloration, cracks, etc.), mask small chips, erosion and dystopia (curvature) of the smile line with minor tooth growth disorders.