Eruption of molars. Molar teeth in children: myths and truth about teething and growth

Greetings, dear readers! When a baby's teeth are cut, it is always painful and unpleasant. Parents suffering from a child cause a lot of trouble. And when it seems that this painful period is over, new "guests" make themselves felt. Let's look at: molars are what kind of teeth, and what are the symptoms of their appearance.

Molars in children

Most parents think that all teeth in young children are milk teeth. Subsequently, they fall out and are replaced by indigenous ones. But it is not so.

The first indigenous units of milk bite are molars. They have the largest chewing area. From above, they are diamond-shaped in shape, from below they resemble a cube. Children have 8 molars - two on each side below and above. Separate the first molar and the second molar. According to the account from the central incisors, they occupy the 4th and 5th position.

Their cutting order is as follows:

• the first in the lower jaw - 13-18 months;
• the first in the upper jaw - 14-19 months;
• the second in the lower and upper jaws erupt approximately the same - at 23-31 months.

Already after a year, parents should prepare to meet these “guests”: the first one will climb in the top row. By the age of two, the second ones erupt. The correct sequence of appearance ensures a beautiful and correct bite.

Many parents like to look into their babies' mouths and check how their teeth are climbing. Don't do it and once again worry the little one. Genetics play an important role in this process. No need to interfere: nature will take care of everything itself. To find out what chewing units look like, a photo of molars will help.

To help the child and alleviate his condition, it is very important for parents to know what the symptoms of teething are. Since the process occurs after a year, many children can already point out a sore spot and even say what they feel.

Signs of eruption are the following sensations:

Profuse salivation

If by the age of two this sign is not too noticeable, since the baby can already control itself, then in the year when the first chewing unit is preparing to crawl out, the bib may be all wet from flowing saliva. The symptom worries about 2 months before eruption.

whims

Anxiety, whims, disturbed sleep and appetite. If the baby is still breastfeeding, the mother may notice an increased need for lactation.

Temperature

Elevated temperature. Appears a couple of days before the eruption of the first white strip in the gum. Sometimes the temperature can reach high performance- 38-39 degrees. At this time, it is important to understand that this is a sign of an erupting tooth, and not a viral or infectious disease.

Reddening of the gums

Swelling and redness of the gums. If this happens, expect a "guest" in 2-3 days.

Cold symptoms

Often, the appearance of dental units is accompanied by more serious symptoms:

• diarrhea
• conjunctivitis;
• runny nose;
• otitis.

Each baby has these symptoms.

Readers are probably interested in whether or not the chewing units of the milk bite fall out. Of course they fall out. In their place, indigenous ones appear, which remain with a person for life.

Molars and premolars in humans

Replacing the milk bite with indigenous units occurs in the following order:

• The first molars appear between the ages of 5 and 8.
• At 10-12 years old, the first and second premolars are replaced.
• The second appear from 11 to 13 years.
• Third, or wisdom teeth, occur in adulthood from 16 to 25 years.

Doctors have noticed that recently wisdom teeth have rarely erupted. They remain hidden in the gum cavity. In ancient times, they were designed for active chewing of solid food. At modern man such a need has disappeared, and therefore the third chewing couples become a relic.

Signs of eruption of permanent teeth

• The main sign of eruption is trema - the gaps between the dental units. They are necessary in order to make room for new "tenants". If there are no trems, the teeth begin to fight for space and overlap each other. As a result, the bite is disturbed, and the child must be taken to an appointment with an orthodontist.
• Another sign is the gradual loosening of milk units. The roots gradually dissolve, loss occurs. The process is sometimes accompanied by high fever, loss of appetite, irritability.

The correct and timely appearance of molars is extremely important for the health of the baby. This process must be carefully monitored and in case of abnormal development, contact the dentist.

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In what order do milk teeth hatch?

The rudiments of teeth are formed in the womb. A newborn has 20 follicles located in the lower and upper jaw, it is from them that milk teeth develop.

Cutters - the first guests in a small state

They are located in the lower and upper jaws, 2 central and 2 lateral in each. Teething starts from the central lower incisors at the age of 5-6 months. The top leaves 1-2 months later.

The child also has 4 lateral incisors, they are located near the central ones. The upper ones erupt when the child reaches 9-11 months of age, the lower lateral incisors appear a little later, from 11 to 13 months.

Indigenous people follow them

Another name for these milk teeth is molars. They are divided into first and second.

The first molars are located near the canines in both jaws, there are 4 of them. They appear in a child no earlier than at 12-16 months.

The second milk molars come out the latest, this process is observed after two years. They are located behind the first (small) molars.

When will the fangs come out?

Their turn comes when the baby is 16-20 months old. They are located in front of the first molars. During this period, it is necessary to try to prevent the development of colds, since fangs often cause a deterioration in the health of the baby.

This order of eruption of milk teeth in children is considered a classic. It is also possible that they appear a few months earlier or later than the above dates.

This is also the norm. In medicine, even cases are known when newborns already had milk teeth.

Teething Formula

It is very simple to determine the number of milk teeth in a child; you need to subtract four from his age, taken in months. The result obtained will indicate their number. For example, if the child is 11 months old, then according to the formula, he should have 11-4 = 7 teeth. This formula is valid up to 2 years.

The order and timing of eruption of permanent teeth

The beginning of the eruption of the first permanent teeth should be expected before the first milk teeth fall out. In order for the child to form the correct bite, they erupt in pairs and in a certain order:

Possible problems

The above terms of teething are the norm. But under the influence of certain factors, problems associated with this process may arise.

Adentia

You can talk about it in the absence of one or more teeth and their rudiments. The diagnosis is established not earlier than 10 months of age. The cause may be heredity, problems with the endocrine system, concomitant diseases of other organs.

Signs of adentia are:

• malocclusion;
• violation of diction;
• missing one or more teeth;
• large gaps between teeth;
• sunken cheeks.

If there are rudiments of teeth, then the doctor prescribes a treatment that will stimulate eruption. Sometimes the gums are cut or special braces are installed. In their absence, implants are used.

retention

With this pathology, there is a tooth germ in the gum, but it does not erupt for two reasons:

• too dense gums;
• the tooth at the exit rests against the previously erupted tooth.

It is manifested by soreness, edema, hyperemia, fever. Treated by cutting the gums or removing the impacted tooth.

Early teething

The appearance of the first teeth before 4 months of age is considered early. This often happens when there are violations in endocrine system may also indicate the presence of tumors.

Late teething

We can talk about this problem if teeth are missing at the age of 10 months. This leads to a lack of calcium, a genetic predisposition, a violation of enzymatic metabolism, pathology digestive system, rickets and other factors.

If by the age of 1 the child has no teeth, show the baby to the dentist.

Breaking the order

Occurs when the teeth appear in the wrong order. It can lead to ingrown teeth into the gums and the formation of a malocclusion.

Enamel hypoplasia

It develops with the inferiority of the enamel. Externally manifested by the presence of grooves, pits, roughness on the surface of the teeth. The child complains of pain when taking cold or hot food.

Treatment consists in the exclusion of harmful factors, the placement of fillings or prostheses.

How can you tell if your baby has teeth?

A small child cannot tell the reason for his anxiety. But during the appearance of teeth, the following changes in its condition can be noticed:

• increased secretion of saliva;
• swelling and redness of the gums;
• weakness, crying, anxiety;
• refusal of food;
• the child gnaws everything that comes to hand;
• a slight increase in temperature is possible.

The photo shows how the gums look when teething in babies:

What and how to alleviate the condition of the child?

It is impossible to completely avoid the symptoms of teething, but you can alleviate the condition of the baby:

• use chilled teethers, they will relieve swelling and reduce pain;
• you can also massage the gums finger, after washing your hands well;
• use to reduce pain anesthetic gels;
• provide sufficient consumption of foods rich in calcium;
• in time wipe your saliva to avoid irritation to baby's delicate skin.

Milk teeth care

Start hygiene. oral cavity necessary with the introduction of complementary foods and the appearance of the first tooth. Up to a year, this can be done with a napkin dipped in boiled water or with a soft toothbrush.

Closer to the year, brush your baby's teeth before going to bed without paste with a special toothbrush. It needs to be replaced at least once every 3 months.

You can start using children's toothpaste without fluoride from the age of 2.

Teach your baby to brush his teeth 2 times a day, it is especially important to do this before bedtime. To prevent the development of caries, and milk teeth are especially susceptible to it, you should not abuse sweets and foods with a high sugar content.

dentazone.ru

Symptoms

There are symptoms by which you can find out that a child is teething, and respond to this with timely help, alleviating his condition. Signs can be basic, caused directly by this process, and accompanying - dictated by other factors, but coinciding in time with this phenomenon.

Main

It is the main symptoms that will tell parents how to understand that a child is teething:

• swelling, swelling, itching of the gums;
• bad sleep;
• Why does a child eat poorly when teeth are being cut? - lack of appetite due to pain when touching swollen, inflamed gums;
• how is the child behaving? - he is irritable, aggressive, naughty, often and a lot of angrily cries, takes everything in his mouth to relieve itching;
• increased salivation;
• rash, redness around the mouth, on the chin.

Here are some symptoms in a child when teeth are being cut, you need to pay attention. Together they give clinical picture this natural physiological process. However, they are often accompanied by accompanying manifestations that indicate other health problems. But unknowing parents mistakenly attribute them to teething.

Related

The question of whether children get sick when teeth are cut is due to the fact that the main symptoms can be supplemented by a number of accompanying ones, which may indicate some diseases that coincided with this process. You need to know about them in order to see a doctor in time and undergo treatment - this will significantly alleviate the condition of the baby.

What could be the temperature? Normally, it should not exceed 37.5 ° C, since the gums only slightly inflame during teething. If the mark on the thermometer shows more than 38 ° C, this is a sign of SARS, viral herpetic stomatitis or intestinal infection - an urgent consultation with a pediatrician is needed.

Bubbles filled with a cloudy liquid, erosion, bright red hyperemia, inflammation on the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums are symptoms of herpetic stomatitis.

What is the child's chair when teething? Normal is normal. But if it becomes liquid, accompanied by vomiting and high fever, it is a rotavirus infection. Single vomiting without other symptoms is a consequence of swallowing a large amount of saliva.

A cough occurs when a child chokes on saliva that enters the esophagus instead of the esophagus. Airways. Or it is a symptom of a disease associated with the lungs or throat.

A runny nose indicates a cold and has nothing to do with teething.

In those days when children are teething, parents should be as attentive as possible to any changes in their condition and be able to distinguish the main symptoms from the secondary ones. This will help not to start a concomitant disease that can disguise itself as a natural process, and help the baby survive this difficult period.

This is interesting! Take a look at your baby's teeth. Solid, durable - a sign of an energetic person; large - kind and open; small - petty and scrupulous.

Subsequence

In addition to the main symptoms, it is useful to know in what order the teeth come in in order to expect them to appear in the right place. This will be needed when using compresses and ointments. And it turns out that they cooled one, seemingly swollen, area, and the incisor or canine appeared in a completely different one.

1. Six months-8 months - lower central incisors.
2. Six months to a year - the upper fangs.
3. 8 months-year - upper central incisors.
4. 9-13 months - upper lateral incisors.
5. 10 months-1.5 years - lower lateral incisors.
6. 13-19 months - upper molars.
7. 1.5-2 years - lower fangs.
8. 1-1.5 years - lower molars.
9. 2-2.5 years - lower second molars.
10. 2-3 years - upper second molars.

Parents should also keep in mind which teeth are cut the most from this list. The fangs, with their sharp edges, tear the gums most painfully, thereby causing severe pain to the child. Especially the upper ones, which are called "eye teeth": they are connected with the facial nerve. And, of course, you need to keep in mind the timing of when to expect all this and how long the whole process will last.

Curious fact. When one of the identical twins is missing a tooth, most often the exact same one is missing from the other.

Timing

Knowing the approximate dates when the baby should cut certain teeth allows parents to prepare for this phenomenon. If he began to act up and refuse to eat, drool and not sleep, you should not immediately run to the children's clinic - in such a situation, you can provide first aid on your own.

According to the list given a little higher, you can see at what age the child's teeth are cut - from six months to almost 3 years. This is an individual indicator, and it can be shifted by several months. If there are significant deviations from the schedule and this process does not fit into the above time frame, it is necessary to consult a doctor. Not so much a pediatrician as a pediatric dentist will help here.

Parents often ask how many days children teething to know when relief comes. This is again very individual. On average, from 2 to 7 days - this is considered the norm. But the process can take several weeks. This is extremely rare, the situation is taken under the supervision of a doctor, the reasons for such a long process are being clarified.

Until what age do children cut their teeth? The main (20 dairy) should appear before 3 years. The rest of the indigenous - much later, from 6 to 8 years.

In the same way, you can answer the question of how many days the first tooth is cut: there is no reason to believe that it will climb longer or faster than the others. Hope for a few days, but always be prepared for a longer process.

The timing of teething in children can be different, which is determined by the individual characteristics of the organism. Everything goes much easier and easier if they are not tightened. However, there is one consolation here: even if this whole process lasts for several weeks, its symptoms are not as pronounced as with a quick (2-3 days) eruption. The child usually behaves much calmer in such a situation. But in any case, parents should be aware of exactly how they can alleviate his condition.

Blimey! In terms of strength, human teeth can only be compared with shark teeth.

What to do

The first question that worries all parents is how to help when a child is teething. This applies to those situations when he is exhausted from pain and cries incessantly. Help fix the situation various means- medicinal and folk.

Medicines

• Viburcol (Viburcol)

Don't know how to ease the pain? Use for this purpose homeopathic suppositories based on herbal ingredients, which have a calming, analgesic and slight antipyretic effect.

• Panadol Baby (Baby Panadol)

Parents should know what to do if their child has teeth and fever. First of all, call a doctor who will determine the cause of the fever and prescribe the appropriate treatment. And before his arrival, you can give Panadol - one of the most popular and effective drugs. The main ingredient is paracetamol. Candles are used for babies, syrup - after a year.

Looking for something to anesthetize a torn gum? Use Nurofen, an almost instantaneous antipyretic and analgesic suspension. It has a long-lasting effect (up to 6-8 hours). Contains ibuprofen. Not recommended for long term use.

Pain-relieving ointments and gels are popular when children start teething, but this is not a very good choice. With copious salivation, they are quickly eliminated from the mouth, so that the duration of their effectiveness is very short. Feeling local numbness of the gums under their action, the child may choke or bite his tongue. These drugs include Holisal, Dentinox, Kamistad, Kalgel, Dentol, Baby Doctor, Pansoral (Pansoral), Traumeel (Traumeel) - this is exactly what to smear the gums in this situation.

Folk remedies

Wrap a piece of ice in a sterile cotton cloth, wipe the swollen gums without pressure.

If the child is not allergic to honey, rub this product into the gums before going to bed.

Do not know how to calm a child who is tormented by pain? Let him drink small amounts of chamomile tea 2-3 times a day. You can apply a compress to the gum - a bandage soaked in a decoction of chamomile. With the oil of this medicinal plant, you can lubricate the cheek from the outside where it hurts.

• Chicory root

Give the child a chicory root to chew (can be replaced with strawberry root).

Lubricate the inflamed gums with propolis infused with water.

Wipe the gums twice a day with a mummy solution.

• frozen fruit

If the child is already on complementary foods, you can give him to gnaw on small pieces of frozen fruits - a banana, an apple, a pear.

• bread products

Bagels, crusts of bread, cookies, crackers can scratch itchy gums.

Care

1. Before the appearance of teeth, clean the gums in the morning and evening with a clean bandage wound around a finger and soaked in boiled water.
2. Can I bathe my baby while teething? With absence high temperature- can. If it is, it is better to limit yourself to rubdowns.
3. Apply children's anti-inflammatory toothpastes, gels, foams: Weleda, Splat, Splat, Lacalut, Lallum Baby, President, Brush-baby, Silver Care (with silver), Umka, R.O.C.S., Silca, Elmex.
4. Don't give too many sweets.
5. Learn to chew vigorously.
6. Include more fruits and vegetables in your diet.
7. Visit the dentist 2 times a year.

Now you know how to help a child folk remedies And medications. All of them do their job very well. If you are unsure of their use, consult your pediatrician or dentist. From now on, you will need to visit the latter's office regularly to avoid complications.

Scientific data. The tooth is the only tissue that is not capable of self-healing.

www.vse-pro-children.ru

premolars

Premolars are small molars. They are located behind the fangs, because of this they have some similarities with them. However, they share some of the characteristics of the large molars behind them. Allocate upper (first, second), lower (first, second) premolars.

Upper premolars

Outwardly, they have a prismatic shape, their sizes vary from 19.5 mm to 24.5 mm, usually in most people their length reaches 22.5 mm. Most often, the first or second premolars of the upper jaw are slightly larger than the lower ones. This is what an upper premolar looks like:

On the chewing surface, small tubercles are clearly distinguished, with large buccal and smaller chewing tubercles, between which there is a small furrow. The first premolar of the upper jaw has two dental roots, similarly, the second one following it.

lower premolars

The lower premolars have some differences among themselves. The first tooth is anatomically similar to the adjacent canine. It has a rounded shape, as well as in the upper premolars, lingual, buccal tubercles are revealed on its surface, and a groove is located between them.

Premolars are permanent teeth. In children, they are not part of the bite. The first premolars appear after nine to ten years, the second a little later, at eleven to thirteen years.

molars

Large molars or molars, what is it? Normally, an adult should have twelve of them. Arranged in pairs, six at the top and six at the bottom (three each on the left and right). They are sometimes referred to as "posterior" due to the fact that they are located last in the dentition.

The main function is chewing food. Perhaps that is why they have the largest sizes, especially for the upper coronal part. They also have a large chewing surface. Thanks to such anatomical features, they can withstand loads up to 70 kg. Usually the upper molars are slightly larger than the lower ones.

Molars are what teeth? There are first, second, third upper, as well as first, second, third lower molars.

Upper large molars

The dimensions of the crown part are 7.0-9.0 mm. The upper chewing surface is divided by pepper grooves into four small tubercles. There are three roots: bucco-mesial, palatine, and also bucco-distal.

This is what an upper molar looks like:

The third molar, the eighth tooth, is smaller in most people than the others, and sometimes may be completely absent. Its upper surface has a three-tubercle structure, less often two or four tubercles are detected. It usually has three roots, just like the previous large molars, two buccal, one palatine. The number of roots may be somewhat larger, sometimes up to five.

Quite often there is an abnormal location of the figure eight, its retention (lack of eruption), deviation towards the cheek. special and a rare occasion is hyperdontia, the presence of a fourth molar, which for the most part is not fully formed.

Lower large molars

In the lower molars, the size of the crown part is slightly smaller than in the upper molars. On the chewing surface, several tubercles are usually found, their number varies from 3 to 6. The 2nd large molar rarely has five tubercles, usually their number is four.

These teeth have 2 roots, distal and medial. They are located parallel to each other. The figure eight has one or two dental roots. Sometimes there is its retention, displacement to the side.

Molars in children

In children with a milk bite, the first and second molars are distinguished. The second molars in children erupt somewhat later than the first. The timing of their eruption is as follows:

• 1st top after 14 months
• 1st bottom after 12 months
• 2nd top after 24 months
• 2nd bottom after 20 months

The replacement process consists in the resorption of dental roots, as well as adjacent areas. At the same time, growing permanent molars supplant their predecessors. The first molars in children appear first of all, they are clearly visible in the lower dentition in the photo:

The periods of change of bite are as follows:

Upper molars

• 1st - 6-8 years
• 2nd - 12-13 years old
• 3rd - 17-21 years old

lower molars

• 1st - 5-7 years
• 2nd - 11-13 years old
• 3rd - 12-26 years old

Usually, permanent teeth in a child, in particular, molars, erupt painlessly, without an increase in body temperature. Sometimes there are problems with the appearance of "wisdom teeth", which is associated with their abnormal location, as well as a tendency to form caries.

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Anatomy

The upper and lower gums are equipped with three types of teeth. Anterior incisors. Immediately behind the incisors are the fangs of the child. Behind the canines are two sets of molars, the first and second molars. They are usually cut very painfully.

Beginning and duration of molars eruption

Each child is different, so there is no universal guideline for determining the length of time it takes for molars to fully emerge. There is an average time range that can help you judge your child's situation. The upper and lower molars of a child are cut at the age of 12 to 17 months. In any case, they will appear between the ages of 27 and 32 months. Upper second molars begin to erupt between 24 and 33 months and complete eruption between 38 and 48 months. The second lower molars begin to appear between 24 and 36 months and these molars in a child will be cut between 34 and 48 months.

Symptoms that your child is teething

Teething in children is not a walk in the park for you or your child. The first sign that your baby is teething may be a change in mood. Your child becomes more irritable and begins to experience interruptions in sleep. If you look into his mouth, you will see red and swollen gums near the area where the molars begin to grow. How long these molars are cut in a child depends on many factors, including hereditary ones.

Why does a child's molars take a long time to cut?

Molar teeth may take longer to erupt than other teeth. A child's molars take a long time to cut because they have a large surface area that needs to be freed from the gums. This not only increases the timing, but also makes the eruption of the molars in a child more painful than the eruption of the incisors.

Help when teething in children

Some children will experience quite severe discomfort when their molars are cut - this is pain, poor sleep, lack of appetite, increased salivation, nervousness. By the way, sometimes, suddenly waking up with teeth, they can be very surprised and, accordingly, psychologically unstable.

Children produce large amounts of mucus as a natural reaction to any oral irritation. This mucus can become a breeding ground for bacteria and viruses, so teething times can make your baby a little more susceptible to colds. Chamomile tea and clove oil are known for calming nerves and soothing gums. In addition, affordable immune support can be provided to children, such as colostrum and vitamin D3.

Baby's discomfort can be alleviated by offering to chew on something cold, such as a chilled teething ring, or a damp, cool one. With the approval of your doctor, use paracetamol or ibuprofen, which will greatly relieve pain during molars.

Denial of responsibility: The information provided in this article about how long a child's molars are cut is intended only to inform the reader. It cannot be a substitute for advice from a health professional.

moskovskaya-medicina.ru

Source: zubi5.ru

Premolars is a mysterious word for an uninitiated person who usually distinguishes only incisors, canines and molars. Premolars - what are these teeth and what are their features?

Structural features

Premolars are called "small molars": they are located in front of the root units, immediately after the canines. There are eight of them: two on each side on both jaws. Their main task is to crush a piece of food before grinding. If they are absent, large pieces will fall into the stomach, which can lead to the occurrence of its diseases.

Small molars have common features:

• wide contact surface;
• there are tubercles for crushing food;
• there is a longitudinal fissure (notch).

Structural features (tubercles, fissures) make these units vulnerable: food debris accumulates in such places, causing untimely removal.

The premolars located on the upper jaw have two tubercles - buccal (directed towards the cheek) and lingual (towards the sky). The lower units have 2,3, 4 tubercles, in these cases the number of fissures also increases.

upper jaw

The upper molars combine the features of molars and canines, but differ from each other.

1. The first molar is rectangular in shape with rounded corners. Its buccal tubercle is larger than the palatine tubercle, enamel ridges are located along the edges. It has 1 root, divided into two or three parts.
2. The second premolars are smaller, the tubercles are the same. The root is one, it rarely branches.

Lower jaw

The small molars of the lower jaw are rounded. Outwardly, they look more like fangs than molars. The buccal tubercle is weakly expressed, the root is curved. The crown of the second lower unit leans inward, the lingual tubercle can bifurcate. Due to the peculiarities of the structure, the lower premolars are able to withstand high loads, not only crushing, but also grinding food.

Dairy units with this name do not exist; they appear only after the change to permanent ones. The timing of eruption depends on individual factors, physical development, and diet. Approximate terms of appearance of the first - 9-11 years. Every second erupts at about 11-13 years. Unlike canines and incisors, the process is usually painless.

Retraction may occur during eruption. A dentist can deal with it: sometimes you have to remove milk molars so that they do not interfere. Rarely seen. An additional unit changes the bite, so it must be removed.

Sources:

1. Gaivoronsky I.V., Petrova T.B. Anatomy of human teeth. St. Petersburg, 2005.
2. Propaedeutic dentistry. Ed. E.A. Bazikyan. Moscow, 2008.

The rudiments of permanent (molars) teeth begin to form even during fetal development. The molars are divided into small and large. Small ones are located immediately after the canines on each jaw: the first two and two second premolars. They have only two tubercles on the closing surface and, as a rule, one root (in 80%), which in some cases may consist of two canals. The crown of the lower small ones is more spherical in shape.

Small molars take part in cutting and tearing food. Large molars are six posterior teeth on each jaw (three on the right and left sides), arranged according to a certain pattern: these are the first, second and third molars, the last one erupts later than the others and is called the “wisdom tooth”. Large constants serve mainly for grinding food. It is for this important function that a certain anatomy is provided.

The complex structure includes a massive cube-shaped crown, a large closure area, on which there are three or four tubercles. The upper large permanent teeth have three root canals, while the lower ones have two. Roots of the last molar can join into one conical structure.

fangs

(lat. dentes canini)

Fang - a cone-shaped tooth that serves to tear and grind food. Located between the molars and incisors. In the upper jaw, the fangs have a massive crown and a noticeable middle ridge. This is usually the third (3) tooth from the top. In the lower jaw, the fangs are less pronounced. They have a shorter dense root. They are characterized by a single root with lateral grooves.

molars

(lat. dentes molares)

Molars - molars chewing teeth with an outstanding massive crown, which has several tubercles. They are behind the premolars. A molar has three roots. In the upper jaw, the molars are diamond-shaped. In the lower jaw, they have a shape resembling a slightly elongated cube, flattened vertically. The molars include the sixth tooth (6), the seventh (7) and the eighth (8).

premolars

(lat. dentes premolares)

Premolars are small and large molars that are absent in the milk bite. Actively participate in rubbing and chewing food. Located between canines and molars. Refers to the posterior teeth. The premolars of the upper jaw are usually much larger than the lower ones. The mandibular premolars have a longer root. These include the fourth (4) and fifth (5) tooth.

incisors

(lat. dentes incisivi)

Incisors - front teeth: first (1) and second (2) from the center. They have a spatulate shape with a cutting edge. They cut food of the wrong size, they are needed for biting off food. Only 8 incisors: upper and lower. They have a single root. The lingual surface of the incisors is concave. The upper incisors have a wider crown than the lower ones. The root of the lower incisors is compressed laterally.

Wisdom teeth

(lat. dens serotinus)

The wisdom tooth is the eighth (8) in the dentition, the third molar. It is rudimentary, as it has long lost its purpose. Each jaw may have two teeth. The upper wisdom teeth are smaller than the lower ones and can have a different shape, most often three-cusp. Lower wisdom teeth often have recurved short roots and four cusps on the chewing surface.

Lesson 16

Private anatomy of permanent occlusion.

Molars of the upper jaw.

Learning goal: To teach students the features of the anatomical structure of the molars of the upper jaw. Learn to find the distinguishing features of the first and second molars, teeth belonging to the right and left sides.

Lesson duration: 2 hours

Location of the lesson: clinical base

Practical lesson plan:

Stages of the lesson	Equipment	Visual aids
1. Checking the presence of students
2. Instructing the teacher
3. Test control of initial knowledge		Test tasks
4. Oral control of initial knowledge		test questions
5. Analysis of the topic of the practical lesson		Practical guides, teaching aids
6. Work with manual skills	Material for sculpting artificial teeth and tools	Slides, pictures, presentations
7. Control of assimilation of material		Questions to control the results of mastering the material
8. Task for the next lesson

Questions studied earlier and necessary for the lesson:

Differences in anatomical structure mandibular first and second molars

Features of the roots of the lower jaw painters

Teeth modeling

Maxillary first molar

From the vestibular surface, it has two tubercles: overeating, posterior buccal, separated by a vestibular groove.

Four tubercles are distinguished from the palatal surface: anterior buccal, posterior buccal, anterior palatine, posterior palatine, additional tubercle (tubercle of Carabelli), located in the equator region of the anterior buccal tubercle, posterior palatine sulcus.

Two tubercles are isolated from the lateral surfaces: anterior buccal, posterior buccal (from the distal surface), anterior palatine, posterior palatine (from the distal surface), additional marginal distal tubercle (from the distal surface).

There are four tubercles on the occlusal surface: anterior buccal (paraconus), posterior buccal (metaconus), anterior palatine (protoconus), posterior palatine (hypoconus), additional distal tubercle, additional tubercle (tubercle of Carabelli), four furrows: vestibular, medial, central , posterior palatine, united with each other and forming the letter H, distal fossa.

The cavity of the tooth is wide and repeats the shape of the crown. The protrusions of the cavity extend to the tops of all tubercles.

There are three roots: palatine, anterior-buccal, posterior-buccal. The palatine root is massive, round, straight. The buccal roots are flattened from the sides, deflected backwards. The antero-buccal is better developed than the posterior.

Crown height 6 - 8.5 mm

Medio-distal neck diameter 9 - 11 mm

Cheek-lingual neck diameter 11-13 mm

Root length 13 - 16 mm

Maxillary second molar

It occurs most often in four variants:

Similar in structure to the first molar of the upper jaw, but without an additional tubercle

The crown has the shape of a rhombus (rapprochement of the anterior and posterior lingual tubercles, the groove is practically absent)

The final convergence and union of the lingual tubercles

Triangular crown, three cusps (one lingual, two buccal)

Allocate: anterior buccal tubercle, anterior palatine tubercle, posterior buccal tubercle, posterior palatine tubercle.

From the vestibular surface there is a vestibular groove.

From the oral surface there is a posterior palatine sulcus.

From the lateral surfaces: distal - additional distal tubercle, medial - additional medial tubercle.

From the occlusal surface, four main tubercles are distinguished, two additional tubercles: medial, distal, two fossae: distal triangular, central, four furrows: medial, central, posterior palatine, transverse anterior.

The cavity matches the outer shape.

There are three roots. Sometimes there is an fusion of all roots into one cone-shaped, then there are grooves in the places of fusion.

Crown height 6 - 8 mm

Width 9 - 12 mm

Medio-distal neck diameter 8 - 11 mm

Cheek-lingual neck diameter 10.5 - 13 mm

Root length 12 - 15 mm

Maxillary third molar

Smaller than the first and second. The shape and number of roots may vary.

Questions to control the assimilation of the material:

1. What are the distinguishing features of the first and second molars of the upper jaw;

2. What surfaces are isolated from molars;

3. What shape do the molars have from the side surfaces;

4. What shape does the tooth cavity have;

5. What fissures are isolated on the first and second molars of the upper jaw;

6. How many molars are possible on the upper jaw;

Literature

Phantom course of therapeutic dentistry. Atlas. Yu.M. Maksimovsky, studies. Benefit. –M. "Medicine", 2005. - 328s.

Propaedeutic dentistry. MM. Pozharitskaya, T.G. Simakova, M., "Medicine", 2004. - 304 p.

Orthopedic Dentistry Ed. V.N. Trezubova.-7th ed., revised. And extra. - St. Petersburg: Folio, 2006. - 592 p.

Surgical dentistry Robustov

Phantom course of therapeutic dentistry. A.I. Nikolaev, L.M. Tsepov "Medpress-inform" M. 2009., 430s.

Propaedeutic dentistry. Textbook. Under the editorship of Professor E.A. Bazikyan. M. "GEOTAR-Media", 2010.

"Anatomy of human teeth" I.V. Gaivoronsky, T.B. Petrova;

"Artistic modeling and restoration of teeth" L.M. Lomiashvili, L.G. Ayupova;

"Propaedeutics of dental diseases" L.A. Skorikova, V.A. Volkov, N.P. Bazhenova, N.V. Lapina, I.V. Erichev.

Each person goes through the stages of eruption of the first teeth, the development of milk teeth and their subsequent replacement with permanent ones. Despite similar appearance and the function performed, temporary and permanent teeth have differences, which we will talk about, at the same time we will consider the timing of the appearance of the main teeth, possible problems with them in the process of their development.

In the photo - a diagram of the structure of human teeth

Teeth are not only intended for the mechanical processing of food, but also necessary for the formation of speech, respiration, and affect facial features. To navigate what dentists advise, how to take care of your teeth, what are the risks of diseases, it is useful to know how they work.

Anatomical structure

3 parts that make up a tooth:

• Crown. Used for chewing, the visible part of a tooth. From the outside it is covered with durable enamel that protects it from bacteria, chemicals contained in food, water, saliva. Surfaces have their own names:
  • Facial (vestibular) - in contact with the lip or cheek.
  • Lingual (lingual) - the opposite of the facial, involved in the formation of speech.
  • Occlusion - the upper surface in contact with the tooth of the opposite jaw.
  • Contact (approximal) - in contact with adjacent teeth.
• Neck. Area of ​​the tooth with a slightly noticeable narrowing. Serves to connect the crown and root of the tooth, for which connective tissue fibers are used.
• Root. It is found in the jaw bone (alveolus). The number of roots varies for different teeth and can vary from 1 to 5.

Milk teeth, having a largely similar structure, have differences in anatomy:

• They are noticeably smaller in height than the permanent ones.
• The crown is much wider than the root.
• The enamel is thinner and more fragile.
• Roots are more round.
• The erasure of milk teeth, as well as their independent loss, is a normal physiological process.

Histological structure

The structure has several layers:

• Enamel is the most durable fabric. When a tooth first erupts, the cuticle is located on it, which is gradually, under the influence of saliva, replaced by the pellicle.
• Dentin is a highly mineralized tissue that resembles bone, but has better mechanical strength. Instead of enamel, the root part of the dentin is covered with cementum.
• Pulp - the central part of the tooth, is a soft connective tissue, which contains a large number of blood vessels. , inflammatory processes "owe" pain to the pulp with its large number of nerve endings.

Milk teeth are characterized by dentin with a lower degree of mineralization, which weakens their protection against caries. By volume, the pulp occupies a large part of the tooth, and small protective layers (enamel and dentin) protect worse from the penetration of bacteria and the development of inflammatory processes.

Types of teeth

There are 4 groups:

• Incisors. 4 chisel-shaped cutters. The largest ones are a pair of upper central incisors, and the situation is opposite from below - the lateral incisors are somewhat larger than the central ones.
• Fangs. 2 on the upper and the same number on the lower jaw. Their length is greater than the rest, the front wall is convex.
• Premolars. 8 in total, prismatic, upper surface with two tubercles (buccal and lingual). There are 2 roots in premolars. The second premolar has a larger buccal surface. There are no milk premolars.
• Molars. The first molar (large molar) is the largest tooth in the upper jaw. The chewing surface has four tubercles, 3 roots. The second molar is smaller in shape, and the buccal tubercles are larger than the lingual ones. The third (“wisdom tooth”) is in many ways similar to the second, but does not appear in everyone.

dental formula

In order to improve the convenience of describing each tooth, their numbering, filling out maps, it is customary to record the order of the teeth using a special formula. There are several varieties of it.

Zsigmondy-Palmer system (square-digital)

Arabic numerals are used, numbering starts from the central incisors in each direction:

• 1 and 2 - incisors.
• 3 - fang.
• 4, 5 - premolars.
• 6-8 - molars.

Milk teeth are designated differently - using Roman numerals:

• I and II - incisors.
• III - canine.
• IV and V - molars.

Viola two-digit system

Tooth numbering uses 2 digits. The jaws are divided into 4 quadrants. The first digit shows its number.

For adults it is:

• 1 – upper jaw on right.
• 2 - upper jaw on the left.
• 3 - lower jaw on the left.
• 4 - lower jaw right.

For a similar description of milk teeth, the numbers from 5 to 8 are used.

So, there are 8 teeth in each quadrant, its number is shown by the second digit. Thus, the first molar of the lower jaw on the left is designated 35, and the canine of the child from the bottom right is designated 43. Therefore, the phrase that “treatment of the 48th tooth is required”, or, for example, the 55th, does not indicate the unqualified doctor or what - or pathology in your child, who suddenly acquired so many teeth.

Tooth development

The differences between milk and molars begin with their number - only 20 milk teeth, 8 incisors and molars, and 4 canines. This is explained by the fact that more teeth in children simply have nowhere to fit. In this regard, there are no milk premolars. By the time the permanent ones appear, the jaws of a teenager are already sufficiently developed for the appearance of all the teeth.

The formation of the rudiments of teeth in humans begins at the 6th week of intrauterine development, and at the 14th a solid dental tissue. The crown develops first. The development of the rudiments of permanent teeth occurs in the 5th month.

By the time of birth, the formation of the rudiments of both milk and permanent teeth in a child is already almost completed. The process of development of permanent teeth, which have no analogues among milk teeth, begins one year after birth.

If the first teeth can appear even at 4 months, and their eruption may be delayed up to a year, the permanent ones erupt in everyone at about the same age. The sequence of their eruption is the same as in the case of dairy:

• 6-7 years old. The central incisors appear from below.
• 7-8 years old. The central incisors are replaced from above and the lateral incisors from below.
• 8-9 years old. The lateral incisors of the upper jaw appear.
• 9-12 years old. Canines are replaced, as well as premolars.
• From 12 years old. From this age, molars begin to change, and from about the age of 14, teeth appear that were not among the dairy ones.

Signs of the imminent appearance of molars

You can determine the moment that you should soon wait for the beginning of the change of milk teeth with permanent ones, according to several signs:

• The gradual growth of the baby's jaws leads to the fact that the gaps between the teeth increase.
• The tooth starts to wobble. This is due to the fact that the already small root begins to gradually dissolve, which is why the fixation of milk teeth is significantly weakened.
• The dropped tooth indicates that the formed permanent one, which is about to appear, pushed it out.
• There may be swelling, redness on the gums at the site of the eruption of a permanent tooth.
• Pain in the gums, where a permanent tooth erupts, fever, poor health of the child indicates problems that have arisen, and it is necessary to see a doctor. The process of eruption of molars should be painless.

Possible problems

At the time of the appearance of molars, certain dental problems are possible. In order to take timely measures to eliminate them, parents must have an idea about them.

The molars do not erupt

A situation is possible in which the milk teeth do not fall out in due time, or they fell out, but in their place the molars began to appear. The reason for this should be established by the dentist, who must be visited by all means, without putting it off indefinitely. A plain x-ray is usually taken to show the extent of development of the molars.

Among the options for the lack of eruption in due time of the molars, one can indicate:

• hereditary predisposition that causes possible delay appearance of primary teeth. If the x-ray shows that the process of forming the rudiments of teeth is underway, then you just have to wait a little for their appearance.
• Adentia. Violations of the processes of formation of the rudiments of teeth during the prenatal development of a child, inflammatory processes can lead to a similar pathology - the absence or death of the rudiments of teeth. The way out is prosthetics.

Pain

The first time after eruption, the tooth is poorly protected from caries and exposure to various bacteria. This is explained by the low degree of enamel mineralization at the initial stage. Almost nothing interferes with the development of caries, tooth tissues are destroyed, pulpitis occurs, with a subsequent risk of its transition to periodontitis. Possible appearance severe pain, changes in body temperature and deterioration of well-being.

It is highly desirable not to start the situation, not to bring it to severe pain, but immediately, as soon as pain appears, visit the dentist. If there is a predisposition in a child to caries, it is better to carry out preventive procedures, for example, fissure sealing. The folds on the chewing surface are covered with a composite material that protects such natural cavities from the accumulation of food debris in them, the development of bacteria, and inflammatory processes.

In the worst case, you can lose a tooth.

Teeth grow crooked

A common situation is when the molar tooth has already begun to erupt, but the milk tooth does not want to fall out. The result - a new tooth is looking for alternative ways of growth, which leads to its displacement, a change in the direction of growth. Hence, violations of the bite and evenness of the dentition. Requires treatment.

If such a situation is observed, you should not remove or loosen yourself baby tooth you need to visit a doctor.

Loss of molars

An alarming symptom of the presence of diseases (caries, etc.) in the oral cavity, or there are problems with the whole body (diseases of connective tissues, diabetes and etc.). A visit to the doctor is a must.

This is necessary to develop a strategy for restoring a lost tooth. This is necessary for the proper growth of the remaining teeth and the formation of the maxillofacial system. Given that the tissues of the jaw are still in the process of growth, prosthetics are only possible temporarily, which must be adjusted as the jaws develop. Permanent prosthetics will be available only after the completion of their formation.

Injuries

The first few years after eruption, teeth are at increased risk of injury when exposed to them. Sports injuries, falls, impacts can lead to chipping of parts of the tooth, cracks. Be sure to contact a dentist who will restore the lost part with modern materials.

Conclusion

Permanent teeth are not subject to regeneration, they are given once and for life. Attentive attitude, especially in the process of their development, careful care, timely visits to the pediatric dentist for treatment and preventive procedures will help to keep them.