What teeth are called molars in children. Molar (permanent) teeth in children

Greetings, dear readers! When a baby's teeth are cut, it is always painful and unpleasant. Parents suffering from a child cause a lot of trouble. And when it seems that this painful period is over, new "guests" make themselves felt. Let's look at: molars are what kind of teeth, and what are the symptoms of their appearance.

Molars in children

Most parents think that all teeth in young children are milk teeth. Subsequently, they fall out and are replaced by indigenous ones. But it is not so.

The first indigenous units of milk bite are molars. They have the largest chewing area. From above, they are diamond-shaped in shape, from below they resemble a cube. Children have 8 molars - two on each side below and above. Separate the first molar and the second molar. According to the account from the central incisors, they occupy the 4th and 5th position.

Their cutting order is as follows:

the first in the lower jaw - 13-18 months;
first in upper jaw– 14-19 months;
the second in the lower and upper jaws erupt approximately the same - at 23-31 months.

Already after a year, parents should prepare to meet these “guests”: the first one will climb in the top row. By the age of two, the second ones erupt. The correct sequence of appearance ensures a beautiful and correct bite.

Many parents like to look into their babies' mouths and check how their teeth are climbing. Don't do it and once again worry the little one. Genetics play an important role in this process. No need to interfere: nature will take care of everything itself. To find out what chewing units look like, a photo of molars will help.

To help the child and alleviate his condition, it is very important for parents to know what the symptoms of teething are. Since the process occurs after a year, many children can already point out a sore spot and even say what they feel.

Signs of eruption are the following sensations:

Profuse salivation

If by two years this sign is not too noticeable, since the baby can already control itself, then in the year when the first chewing unit is preparing to crawl out, the bib may be all wet from flowing saliva. The symptom worries about 2 months before eruption.

whims

Anxiety, whims, disturbed sleep and appetite. If the baby is still breastfeeding, the mother may notice an increased need for lactation.

Temperature

Elevated temperature. Appears a couple of days before the eruption of the first white strip in the gum. Sometimes the temperature can reach high performance- 38-39 degrees. At this time, it is important to understand that this is a sign of an erupting tooth, and not a viral or infectious disease.

Reddening of the gums

Swelling and redness of the gums. If this happens, expect a "guest" in 2-3 days.

Cold symptoms

Often, the appearance of dental units is accompanied by more serious symptoms:

diarrhea
conjunctivitis;
runny nose;
otitis.

Each baby has these symptoms.

Readers are probably interested in whether or not the chewing units of the milk bite fall out. Of course they fall out. In their place, indigenous ones appear, which remain with a person for life.

Molars and premolars in humans

Replacing the milk bite with indigenous units occurs in the following order:

The first molars appear between the ages of 5 and 8.
At 10-12 years old, the first and second premolars are replaced.
The second appear from 11 to 13 years.
Third, or wisdom teeth, occur in adulthood from 16 to 25 years.

Doctors have noticed that recently wisdom teeth have rarely erupted. They remain hidden in the gum cavity. In ancient times, they were designed for active chewing of solid food. In modern man, such a need has disappeared, therefore, third chewing pairs become a relic.

Signs of eruption of permanent teeth

The main sign of eruption is trema - the gaps between the dental units. They are necessary in order to make room for new "tenants". If there are no trems, the teeth begin to fight for space and overlap each other. As a result, the bite is disturbed, and the child must be taken to an appointment with an orthodontist.
Another sign is the gradual loosening of milk units. The roots gradually dissolve, loss occurs. The process is sometimes accompanied by high fever, loss of appetite, irritability.

The correct and timely appearance of molars is extremely important for the health of the baby. This process must be carefully monitored and in case of abnormal development, contact the dentist.

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In what order do milk teeth hatch?

The rudiments of teeth are formed in the womb. A newborn has 20 follicles located in the lower and upper jaw, it is from them that milk teeth develop.

The cutters are the first guests in a small state

They are located in the lower and upper jaws, 2 central and 2 lateral in each. Teething begins with the central lower incisors at the age of 5-6 months. The top leaves 1-2 months later.

The child also has 4 lateral incisors, they are located near the central ones. The upper ones erupt when the child reaches 9-11 months of age, the lower lateral incisors appear a little later, from 11 to 13 months.

Indigenous people follow them

Another name for these milk teeth is molars. They are divided into first and second.

The first molars are located near the canines in both jaws, there are 4 of them. They appear in a child no earlier than at 12-16 months.

The second milk molars come out the latest, this process is observed after two years. They are located behind the first (small) molars.

When will the fangs come out?

Their turn comes when the baby is 16-20 months old. They are located in front of the first molars. During this period, it is necessary to try to prevent the development of colds, since fangs often cause a deterioration in the health of the baby.

This order of eruption of milk teeth in children is considered a classic. It is also possible that they appear a few months earlier or later than the above dates.

This is also the norm. In medicine, even cases are known when newborns already had milk teeth.

Teething Formula

It is very simple to determine the number of milk teeth in a child; you need to subtract four from his age, taken in months. The result obtained will indicate their number. For example, if the child is 11 months old, then according to the formula, he should have 11-4 = 7 teeth. This formula is valid up to 2 years.

The order and timing of eruption of permanent teeth

The beginning of the eruption of the first permanent teeth should be expected before the first milk teeth fall out. In order for the child to form the correct bite, they erupt in pairs and in a certain order:

Possible problems

The above terms of teething are the norm. But under the influence of certain factors, problems associated with this process may arise.

Adentia

You can talk about it in the absence of one or more teeth and their rudiments. The diagnosis is established not earlier than 10 months of age. The cause may be heredity, problems with the endocrine system, concomitant diseases of other organs.

Signs of adentia are:

malocclusion;
violation of diction;
missing one or more teeth;
large gaps between teeth;
sunken cheeks.

If there are rudiments of teeth, then the doctor prescribes a treatment that will stimulate eruption. Sometimes the gums are cut or special braces are installed. In their absence, implants are used.

retention

With this pathology, there is a tooth germ in the gum, but it does not erupt for two reasons:

too dense gums;
the tooth at the exit rests against the previously erupted tooth.

It is manifested by soreness, edema, hyperemia, fever. Treated by cutting the gums or removing the impacted tooth.

Early teething

The appearance of the first teeth before 4 months of age is considered early. This often happens when there are violations in endocrine system may also indicate the presence of tumors.

Late teething

We can talk about this problem if teeth are missing at the age of 10 months. This leads to a lack of calcium, a genetic predisposition, a violation of enzymatic metabolism, pathology digestive system, rickets and other factors.

If by the age of 1 the child has no teeth, show the baby to the dentist.

Breaking the order

Occurs when the teeth appear in the wrong order. It can lead to ingrown teeth into the gums and the formation of a malocclusion.

Enamel hypoplasia

It develops with the inferiority of the enamel. Externally manifested by the presence of grooves, pits, roughness on the surface of the teeth. The child complains of pain when taking cold or hot food.

Treatment consists in the exclusion of harmful factors, the placement of fillings or prostheses.

How can you tell if your baby has teeth?

A small child cannot tell the reason for his anxiety. But during the appearance of teeth, the following changes in its condition can be noticed:

increased secretion of saliva;
swelling and redness of the gums;
weakness, crying, anxiety;
refusal of food;
the child gnaws everything that comes to hand;
a slight increase in temperature is possible.

The photo shows how the gums look when teething in babies:

What and how to alleviate the condition of the child?

It is impossible to completely avoid the symptoms of teething, but you can alleviate the condition of the baby:

use chilled teethers, they will relieve swelling and reduce pain;
you can also massage the gums finger, after washing your hands well;
use to reduce pain anesthetic gels;
provide sufficient consumption of foods rich in calcium;
in time wipe your saliva to avoid irritation to baby's delicate skin.

Milk teeth care

Start hygiene. oral cavity necessary with the introduction of complementary foods and the appearance of the first tooth. Up to a year, this can be done with a napkin dipped in boiled water or with a soft toothbrush.

Closer to the year, brush your baby's teeth before going to bed without paste with a special toothbrush. It needs to be replaced at least once every 3 months.

You can start using children's toothpaste without fluoride from the age of 2.

Teach your baby to brush his teeth 2 times a day, it is especially important to do this before bedtime. To prevent the development of caries, and milk teeth are especially susceptible to it, you should not abuse sweets and foods with a high sugar content.

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Symptoms

There are symptoms by which you can find out that a child is teething, and respond to this with timely help, alleviating his condition. Signs can be basic, caused directly by this process, and accompanying - dictated by other factors, but coinciding in time with this phenomenon.

Main

It is the main symptoms that will tell parents how to understand that a child is teething:

swelling, swelling, itching of the gums;
bad sleep;
Why does a child eat poorly when teeth are being cut? - lack of appetite due to pain when touching swollen, inflamed gums;
how is the child behaving? - he is irritable, aggressive, naughty, often and a lot of angrily cries, takes everything in his mouth to relieve itching;
increased salivation;
rash, redness around the mouth, on the chin.

Here are some symptoms in a child when teeth are being cut, you need to pay attention. Together they give clinical picture this natural physiological process. However, they are often accompanied by accompanying manifestations that indicate other health problems. But unknowing parents mistakenly attribute them to teething.

The question of whether children get sick when teeth are cut is due to the fact that the main symptoms can be supplemented by a number of accompanying ones, which may indicate some diseases that coincided with this process. You need to know about them in order to see a doctor in time and undergo treatment - this will significantly alleviate the condition of the baby.

Temperature

What could be the temperature? Normally, it should not exceed 37.5 ° C, since the gums only slightly inflame during teething. If the mark on the thermometer shows more than 38 ° C, this is a sign of SARS, viral herpetic stomatitis or intestinal infection - an urgent consultation with a pediatrician is needed.

rashes

Bubbles filled with a cloudy liquid, erosion, bright red hyperemia, inflammation on the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums are symptoms of herpetic stomatitis.

loose stool

What is the child's chair when teething? Normal is normal. But if it becomes liquid, accompanied by vomiting and high fever, it is a rotavirus infection. Single vomiting without other symptoms is a consequence of swallowing a large amount of saliva.

Cough

A cough occurs when a child chokes on saliva that enters the esophagus instead of the esophagus. Airways. Or it is a symptom of a disease associated with the lungs or throat.

Runny nose

A runny nose indicates a cold and has nothing to do with teething.

In those days when children are teething, parents should be as attentive as possible to any changes in their condition and be able to distinguish the main symptoms from the secondary ones. This will help not to start a concomitant disease that can disguise itself as a natural process, and help the baby survive this difficult period.

It is interesting! Take a look at your baby's teeth. Solid, durable - a sign of an energetic person; large - kind and open; small - petty and scrupulous.

Sequence

In addition to the main symptoms, it is useful to know in what order the teeth come in in order to expect them to appear in the right place. This will be needed when using compresses and ointments. And it turns out that they cooled one, seemingly swollen, area, and the incisor or canine appeared in a completely different one.

Six months-8 months - lower central incisors.
Six months to a year - the upper fangs.
8 months-year - upper central incisors.
9-13 months - upper lateral incisors.
10 months-1.5 years - lower lateral incisors.
13-19 months - upper molars.
1.5-2 years - lower fangs.
1-1.5 years - lower molars.
2-2.5 years - lower second molars.
2-3 years - upper second molars.

Parents should also keep in mind which teeth are cut the most from this list. The fangs, with their sharp edges, tear the gums most painfully, thereby causing severe pain to the child. Especially the upper ones, which are called "eye teeth": they are connected with the facial nerve. And, of course, you need to keep in mind the timing of when to expect all this and how long the whole process will last.

Curious fact. When one of the identical twins is missing a tooth, most often the exact same one is missing from the other.

Timing

Knowing the approximate dates when certain teeth should be cut in a baby allows parents to prepare for this phenomenon. If he began to act up and refuse to eat, drool and not sleep, you should not immediately run to the children's clinic - in such a situation, you can provide first aid on your own.

Age

According to the list given a little higher, you can see at what age the child's teeth are cut - from six months to almost 3 years. This is an individual indicator, and it can be shifted by several months. If there are significant deviations from the schedule and this process does not fit into the time frame indicated above, it is necessary to consult a doctor. Not so much a pediatrician as a pediatric dentist will help here.

Duration

Parents often ask how many days children teething to know when relief comes. This is again very individual. On average, from 2 to 7 days - this is considered the norm. But the process can take several weeks. This is extremely rare, the situation is taken under the supervision of a doctor, the reasons for such a long process are being clarified.

Until what age do children cut their teeth? The main (20 dairy) should appear before 3 years. The rest of the indigenous - much later, from 6 to 8 years.

First tooth

In the same way, you can answer the question of how many days the first tooth is cut: there is no reason to believe that it will climb longer or faster than the others. Hope for a few days, but always be prepared for a longer process.

The timing of teething in children can be different, which is determined by the individual characteristics of the body. Everything goes much easier and easier if they are not tightened. However, there is one consolation here: even if this whole process lasts for several weeks, its symptoms are not as pronounced as with a quick (2-3 days) eruption. The child usually behaves much calmer in such a situation. But in any case, parents should be aware of exactly how they can alleviate his condition.

Blimey! In terms of strength, human teeth can only be compared with shark teeth.

What to do

The first question that worries all parents is how to help when a child is teething. This applies to those situations when he is exhausted from pain and cries incessantly. Help fix the situation various means- medicinal and folk.

Medicines

Viburcol (Viburcol)

Don't know how to ease the pain? Use for this purpose homeopathic suppositories based on herbal ingredients, which have a calming, analgesic and slight antipyretic effect.

Panadol Baby (Baby Panadol)

Parents should know what to do if their child has teeth and fever. First of all, call a doctor who will determine the cause of the fever and prescribe the appropriate treatment. And before his arrival, you can give Panadol - one of the most popular and effective drugs. The main ingredient is paracetamol. Candles are used for babies, syrup - after a year.

Nurofen (Nurofen)

Looking for something to anesthetize a torn gum? Use Nurofen, an almost instantaneous antipyretic and analgesic suspension. It has a long-lasting effect (up to 6-8 hours). Contains ibuprofen. Not recommended for long term use.

Gels and ointments

Pain-relieving ointments and gels are popular when children start teething, but this is not a very good choice. With copious salivation, they are quickly eliminated from the mouth, so that the duration of their effectiveness is very short. Feeling local numbness of the gums under their action, the child may choke or bite his tongue. These drugs include Holisal, Dentinox, Kamistad, Kalgel, Dentol, Baby Doctor, Pansoral (Pansoral), Traumeel (Traumeel) - this is exactly what to smear the gums in this situation.

Folk remedies

Wrap a piece of ice in a sterile cotton cloth, wipe the swollen gums without pressure.

If the child is not allergic to honey, rub this product into the gums before going to bed.

chamomile

Do not know how to calm a child who is tormented by pain? Let him drink small amounts of chamomile tea 2-3 times a day. You can apply a compress to the gum - a bandage soaked in a decoction of chamomile. With the oil of this medicinal plant, you can lubricate the cheek from the outside where it hurts.

Chicory root

Give the child a chicory root to chew (can be replaced with strawberry root).

Propolis

Lubricate the inflamed gums with propolis infused with water.

Mummy

Wipe the gums twice a day with a mummy solution.

frozen fruit

If the child is already on complementary foods, you can give him to gnaw on small pieces of frozen fruits - a banana, an apple, a pear.

bread products

Bagels, crusts of bread, cookies, crackers can scratch itchy gums.

Care

Before the appearance of teeth, clean the gums in the morning and evening with a clean bandage wound around a finger and soaked in boiled water.
Can I bathe my baby while teething? In the absence of high temperature - it is possible. If it is, it is better to limit yourself to rubdowns.
Apply children's anti-inflammatory toothpastes, gels, foams: Weleda, Splat, Splat, Lacalut, Lallum Baby, President, Brush-baby, Silver Care (with silver), Umka, R.O.C.S., Silca, Elmex.
Don't give too many sweets.
Learn to chew vigorously.
Include more fruits and vegetables in your diet.
Visit the dentist 2 times a year.

Now you know how to help a child with folk remedies and medications. All of them do their job very well. If you are unsure of their use, consult your pediatrician or dentist. From now on, you will need to visit the latter's office regularly to avoid complications.

Scientific data. The tooth is the only tissue that is not capable of self-healing.

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premolars

Premolars are small molars. They are located behind the fangs, because of this they have some similarities with them. However, they share some of the characteristics of the large molars behind them. Allocate upper (first, second), lower (first, second) premolars.

Upper premolars

Outwardly, they have a prismatic shape, their sizes vary from 19.5 mm to 24.5 mm, usually in most people their length reaches 22.5 mm. Most often, the first or second premolars of the upper jaw are slightly larger than the lower ones. This is what an upper premolar looks like:

On the chewing surface, small tubercles are clearly distinguished, with large buccal and smaller chewing tubercles, between which there is a small furrow. The first premolar of the upper jaw has two dental roots, similarly, the second one following it.

lower premolars

The lower premolars have some differences among themselves. The first tooth is anatomically similar to the adjacent canine. It has a rounded shape, as well as in the upper premolars, lingual, buccal tubercles are revealed on its surface, and a groove is located between them.

Premolars are permanent teeth. In children, they are not part of the bite. The first premolars appear after nine to ten years, the second a little later, at eleven to thirteen years.

molars

Large molars or molars, what is it? Normally, an adult should have twelve of them. Arranged in pairs, six at the top and six at the bottom (three each on the left and right). They are sometimes referred to as "posterior" due to the fact that they are located last in the dentition.

The main function is chewing food. Perhaps that is why they have the largest sizes, especially for the upper coronal part. They also have a large chewing surface. Thanks to such anatomical features, they can withstand loads up to 70 kg. Usually the upper molars are slightly larger than the lower ones.

Molars are what teeth? There are first, second, third upper, as well as first, second, third lower molars.

Upper large molars

The dimensions of the crown part are 7.0-9.0 mm. The upper chewing surface is divided by pepper grooves into four small tubercles. There are three roots: bucco-mesial, palatine, and also bucco-distal.

This is what an upper molar looks like:

The third molar, the eighth tooth, is smaller in most people than the others, and sometimes may be completely absent. Its upper surface has a three-tubercle structure, less often two or four tubercles are detected. It usually has three roots, just like the previous large molars, two buccal, one palatine. The number of roots may be somewhat larger, sometimes up to five.

Quite often there is an abnormal location of the figure eight, its retention (lack of eruption), deviation towards the cheek. A special and rare case is hyperdontia, the presence of a fourth molar that is mostly incompletely formed.

Lower large molars

In the lower molars, the size of the crown part is slightly smaller than in the upper molars. On the chewing surface, several tubercles are usually found, their number varies from 3 to 6. The 2nd large molar rarely has five tubercles, usually their number is four.

These teeth have 2 roots, distal and medial. They are located parallel to each other. The figure eight has one or two dental roots. Sometimes there is its retention, displacement to the side.

Molars in children

In children with a milk bite, the first and second molars are distinguished. The second molars in children erupt somewhat later than the first. The timing of their eruption is as follows:

1st top after 14 months
1st bottom after 12 months
2nd top after 24 months
2nd bottom after 20 months

The replacement process consists in the resorption of dental roots, as well as adjacent areas. At the same time, growing permanent molars displace their predecessors. The first molars in children appear first of all, they are clearly visible in the lower dentition in the photo:

The periods of change of bite are as follows:

Upper molars

1st - 6-8 years
2nd - 12-13 years old
3rd - 17-21 years old

lower molars

1st - 5-7 years
2nd - 11-13 years old
3rd - 12-26 years old

Usually, permanent teeth in a child, in particular, molars, erupt painlessly, without an increase in body temperature. Sometimes there are problems with the appearance of "wisdom teeth", which is associated with their abnormal location, as well as a tendency to form caries.

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Anatomy

The upper and lower gums are equipped with three types of teeth. Anterior incisors. Immediately behind the incisors are the fangs of the child. Behind the canines are two sets of molars, the first and second molars. They are usually cut very painfully.

Beginning and duration of molars eruption

Each child is different, so there is no universal guideline for determining the length of time it takes for molars to fully emerge. There is an average time range that can help you judge your child's situation. The upper and lower molars in a child are cut at the age of 12 to 17 months. In any case, they will appear between the ages of 27 and 32 months. Upper second molars begin to erupt between 24 and 33 months and complete eruption between 38 and 48 months. The second lower molars begin to appear between 24 and 36 months and these molars in a child will be erupted between 34 and 48 months.

Symptoms that your child is teething

Teething in children is not a walk in the park for you or your child. The first sign that your baby is teething may be a change in mood. Your child becomes more irritable and begins to experience interruptions in sleep. If you look into his mouth, you will see red and swollen gums near the area where the molars begin to grow. How long these molars are cut in a child depends on many factors, including hereditary ones.

Why does a child's molars take a long time to cut?

Molar teeth may take longer to erupt than other teeth. A child's molars take a long time to cut because they have a large surface area that needs to be freed from the gums. This not only increases the timing, but also makes the eruption of the molars in a child more painful than the eruption of the incisors.

Help when teething in children

Some children will experience quite severe discomfort when their molars are cut - this is pain, poor sleep, lack of appetite, increased salivation, nervousness. By the way, sometimes, suddenly waking up with teeth, they can be very surprised and, accordingly, psychologically unstable.

Children produce large amounts of mucus as a natural reaction to any oral irritation. This mucus can become a breeding ground for bacteria and viruses, so teething times can make your baby a little more susceptible to colds. Chamomile tea and clove oil are known for calming nerves and soothing gums. In addition, affordable immune support can be provided to children, such as colostrum and vitamin D3.

Baby's discomfort can be alleviated by offering to chew on something cold, such as a chilled teething ring, or a damp, cool one. With the approval of your doctor, use paracetamol or ibuprofen, which will greatly relieve pain during molars.

Temperature during molars eruption

Each person goes through the stages of eruption of the first teeth, the development of milk teeth and their subsequent replacement with permanent ones. Despite the similar appearance and function, temporary and permanent teeth have differences, which we will talk about, at the same time we will consider the timing of the appearance of the main teeth, possible problems with them in the process of their development.

In the photo - a diagram of the structure of human teeth

Teeth are not only intended for the mechanical processing of food, but also necessary for the formation of speech, respiration, and affect facial features. To navigate what dentists advise, how to take care of your teeth, what are the risks of diseases, it is useful to know how they work.

Anatomical structure

3 parts that make up a tooth:

Crown. Used for chewing, the visible part of a tooth. From the outside it is covered with durable enamel that protects it from bacteria, chemicals contained in food, water, saliva. Surfaces have their own names:
- Facial (vestibular) - in contact with the lip or cheek.
- Lingual (lingual) - the opposite of the facial, involved in the formation of speech.
- Occlusion - the upper surface in contact with the tooth of the opposite jaw.
- Contact (approximal) - in contact with adjacent teeth.
Neck. Area of the tooth with a slightly noticeable narrowing. Serves to connect the crown and root of the tooth, for which connective tissue fibers are used.
Root. It is found in the jaw bone (alveolus). The number of roots varies for different teeth and can vary from 1 to 5.

Milk teeth, having a largely similar structure, have differences in anatomy:

They are noticeably smaller in height than the permanent ones.
The crown is much wider than the root.
The enamel is thinner and more fragile.
Roots are more round.
The erasure of milk teeth, as well as their independent loss, is a normal physiological process.

Histological structure

The structure has several layers:

Enamel is the most durable fabric. When a tooth first erupts, the cuticle is located on it, which is gradually, under the influence of saliva, replaced by the pellicle.
Dentin is a highly mineralized tissue that resembles bone, but has better mechanical strength. Instead of enamel, the root part of the dentin is covered with cementum.
Pulp - the central part of the tooth, is a soft connective tissue, which contains a large number of blood vessels. , inflammatory processes "owe" pain to the pulp with its large number of nerve endings.

Milk teeth are characterized by dentin with a lower degree of mineralization, which weakens their protection against caries. By volume, the pulp occupies a large part of the tooth, and small protective layers (enamel and dentin) protect worse from the penetration of bacteria and the development of inflammatory processes.

Types of teeth

There are 4 groups:

Incisors. 4 chisel-shaped cutters. The largest ones are a pair of upper central incisors, and the situation is opposite from below - the lateral incisors are somewhat larger than the central ones.
Fangs. 2 on the upper and the same number on the lower jaw. Their length is greater than the rest, the front wall is convex.
Premolars. 8 in total, prismatic, upper surface with two tubercles (buccal and lingual). There are 2 roots in premolars. The second premolar has a larger buccal surface. There are no milk premolars.
Molars. The first molar (large molar) is the largest tooth in the upper jaw. The chewing surface has four tubercles, 3 roots. The second molar is smaller in shape, and the buccal tubercles are larger than the lingual ones. The third (“wisdom tooth”) is in many ways similar to the second, but does not appear in everyone.

dental formula

In order to improve the convenience of describing each tooth, their numbering, filling out maps, it is customary to record the order of the teeth using a special formula. There are several varieties of it.

Zsigmondy-Palmer system (square-digital)

Arabic numerals are used, numbering starts from the central incisors in each direction:

1 and 2 - incisors.
3 - fang.
4, 5 - premolars.
6-8 - molars.

Milk teeth are designated differently - using Roman numerals:

I and II - incisors.
III - canine.
IV and V - molars.

Viola two-digit system

Tooth numbering uses 2 digits. The jaws are divided into 4 quadrants. The first digit shows its number.

For adults it is:

1 - upper jaw on the right.
2 - upper jaw on the left.
3 - lower jaw on the left.
4 - lower jaw right.

For a similar description of milk teeth, the numbers from 5 to 8 are used.

So, there are 8 teeth in each quadrant, its number is shown by the second digit. Thus, the first molar of the lower jaw on the left is designated 35, and the canine of the child from the bottom right is designated 43. Therefore, the phrase that “treatment of the 48th tooth is required”, or, for example, the 55th, does not indicate the unqualified doctor or what - or pathology in your child, who suddenly acquired so many teeth.

Tooth development

The differences between milk and molars begin with their number - only 20 milk teeth, 8 incisors and molars, and 4 canines. This is explained by the fact that more teeth in children simply have nowhere to fit. In this regard, there are no milk premolars. By the time the permanent ones appear, the jaws of a teenager are already sufficiently developed for the appearance of all the teeth.

The formation of the rudiments of teeth in humans begins at the 6th week of intrauterine development, and at the 14th a solid dental tissue. The crown develops first. The development of the rudiments of permanent teeth occurs in the 5th month.

By the time of birth, the formation of the rudiments of both milk and permanent teeth in a child is already almost completed. The process of development of permanent teeth, which have no analogues among milk teeth, begins one year after birth.

If the first teeth can appear even at 4 months, and their eruption may be delayed up to a year, the permanent ones erupt in everyone at about the same age. The sequence of their eruption is the same as in the case of dairy:

6-7 years old. The central incisors appear from below.
7-8 years old. The central incisors are replaced from above and the lateral incisors from below.
8-9 years old. The lateral incisors of the upper jaw appear.
9-12 years old. Canines are replaced, as well as premolars.
From 12 years old. From this age, molars begin to change, and from about the age of 14, teeth appear that were not among the dairy ones.

Signs of the imminent appearance of molars

You can determine the moment that you should soon wait for the beginning of the change of milk teeth with permanent ones, according to several signs:

The gradual growth of the baby's jaws leads to the fact that the gaps between the teeth increase.
The tooth starts to wobble. This is due to the fact that the already small root begins to gradually dissolve, which is why the fixation of milk teeth is significantly weakened.
The dropped tooth indicates that the formed permanent one, which is about to appear, pushed it out.
There may be swelling, redness on the gums at the site of the eruption of a permanent tooth.
Pain in the gums, where a permanent tooth erupts, fever, poor health of the child indicates problems that have arisen, and it is necessary to see a doctor. The process of eruption of molars should be painless.

Possible problems

At the time of the appearance of molars, certain dental problems are possible. In order to take timely measures to eliminate them, parents must have an idea about them.

The molars do not erupt

A situation is possible in which the milk teeth do not fall out in due time, or they fell out, but in their place the molars began to appear. The reason for this should be established by the dentist, who must be visited by all means, without putting it off indefinitely. A plain x-ray is usually taken to show the extent of development of the molars.

Among the options for the lack of eruption in due time of the molars, one can indicate:

hereditary predisposition that causes possible delay appearance of primary teeth. If the x-ray shows that the process of forming the rudiments of teeth is underway, then you just have to wait a little for their appearance.
Adentia. Violations of the processes of formation of the rudiments of teeth during the intrauterine development of a child, inflammatory processes can lead to a similar pathology - the absence or death of the rudiments of teeth. The way out is prosthetics.

Pain

The first time after eruption, the tooth is poorly protected from caries and exposure to various bacteria. This is explained by the low degree of enamel mineralization at the initial stage. Almost nothing interferes with the development of caries, tooth tissues are destroyed, pulpitis occurs, with a subsequent risk of its transition to periodontitis. Possible appearance severe pain, changes in body temperature and deterioration of well-being.

It is highly desirable not to start the situation, not to bring it to severe pain, but immediately, as soon as pain appears, visit the dentist. If there is a predisposition in a child to caries, it is better to carry out preventive procedures, for example, fissure sealing. The folds on the chewing surface are covered with a composite material that protects such natural cavities from the accumulation of food debris in them, the development of bacteria, and inflammatory processes.

In the worst case, you can lose a tooth.

Teeth grow crooked

A common situation is when the molar tooth has already begun to erupt, but the milk tooth does not want to fall out. The result - a new tooth is looking for alternative ways of growth, which leads to its displacement, a change in the direction of growth. Hence, violations of the bite and evenness of the dentition. Requires treatment.

If such a situation is observed, you should not remove or loosen yourself baby tooth you need to visit a doctor.

Loss of molars

An alarming symptom of the presence of diseases (caries, etc.) in the oral cavity, or there are problems with the whole body (connective tissue diseases, diabetes mellitus, etc.). A visit to the doctor is a must.

This is necessary to develop a strategy for restoring a lost tooth. This is necessary for the proper growth of the remaining teeth and the formation of the maxillofacial system. Given that the tissues of the jaw are still in the process of growth, prosthetics are only possible temporarily, which must be adjusted as the jaws develop. Permanent prosthetics will be available only after the completion of their formation.

Injuries

The first few years after eruption, teeth are at increased risk of injury when exposed to them. Sports injuries, falls, impacts can lead to chipping of parts of the tooth, cracks. Be sure to contact a dentist who will restore the lost part with modern materials.

Conclusion

Permanent teeth are not subject to regeneration, they are given once and for life. Attentive attitude, especially in the process of their development, careful care, timely visits to the pediatric dentist for treatment and preventive procedures will help to keep them.

Premolars are teeth that are located between the canines and large chewing crowns. They are also called small molars or small molars. They have similar features of both kinds of units.

There are 4 premolars on each jaw - 2 on the right and left sides. These units rarely cause eruption problems. But they need to be carefully looked after, as they are highly susceptible to carious lesions.

Role in the dentition

All types of human teeth according to their functional purpose can be divided into 2 groups. The incisors and canines are used for chewing food, and the molars and premolars are used for grinding.

Premolars are small root fragments. According to the account, they are also denoted by "fours" and "fives".

Due to the structural features of the unit, they simultaneously perform 2 functions. They serve for:

capturing and tearing pieces of food;
grinding food.

Important! If you remove the small indigenous units, the food will not grind properly. Large pieces will begin to fall into the stomach, the digestion of which takes more time and gastric juice. This is the circumstance that will inevitably lead to gastritis and ulcers.

Anatomy of small molars

On each side of the jaw, the first and second premolar are distinguished, the third unit is already a molar. They have an interesting structure. They simultaneously absorbed the anatomical features of canines and chewing teeth. But at the same time, they have smaller crown and root sizes.

general characteristics

Small root fragments have a prismatic shape. They consist of two tubercles:

lingual or palatal- directed deep into the oral cavity;
buccal or vestibular, located closer to the cheek, smaller in size than the palatine tubercle.

Most often, the “fours” and “fives” are double-sided. However, sometimes the vestibular or lingual ridge is divided into subtubercles. As a result, the structure can be:

tricuspid- with division of the buccal crest by a fissure;
four-cusp- both hillocks are divided into 2 parts;
pentagonal- the ridges are divided in half, and a distal tip is added to them.

Note! The structure of small root units is individual for each person. Any type of small root crowns is acceptable - it does not affect the functionality of the dentition.

Features of lower units

In the lower jaw, the first and second premolars are more rounded than the third tooth following them - the molar. They are more like fangs. Their sizes are inferior to the upper low-root units.

Despite the fact that the crowns are located side by side, they differ from each other in shape and structure:

First premolar("four") small, located immediately behind the canine. Crown length - up to 22 mm. It is inclined towards the inside of the mouth. The buccal and palatine tubercle is crossed by a furrow. The latter, in turn, is divided by a ridge that divides the lingual tubercle into a distal and medial recess. The root of the lower "four" is single-channel, rarely divided into 2 parts.
Second lower premolar("five") in size is 1 - 2 mm smaller than the "four". But it has a large chewing surface, thanks to which it is able to grind food. "Five" has one cone-shaped root and one, less often two, channels. The lingual and buccal cusps are approximately the same size, the vestibular cusp is sometimes slightly lower than the palatine cusp. Both ridges are separated by dimples, the middle of the crown is crossed by a fissure.

The structure of the upper small molars

The upper premolars differ not only from the antagonists on the opposite jaw, but also from each other:

First upper teeth reach a length of 19.5 - 24.5 mm. They are prismatic. The buccal tubercle is larger and looks like a canine, while the lingual tubercle is smaller and resembles a molar. "Fours" on the upper jaw are two-rooted, usually two-channel, less often they have 1 or 3 channels.
Second small molars on the upper jaw a couple of millimeters less than the "fours". They also have a prismatic crown, which is divided into 2 tubercles of approximately the same size. In 75% of people, the upper "fives" are single-channel, less often they have 2 or 3 channels.

When do premolars appear?

Additional Information! This physiological feature is associated with the size of the jaw in children. Their dental arch is smaller than in adults. Therefore, there is no place for small molars in mixed dentition.

In addition, the rudiments of small molars are not even laid in the womb, as happens with all units. Their origin starts from 2 years. Another distinctive feature is that the first upper "fours" and "fives" grow faster than the lower ones.

Small indigenous fragments grow without problems. Only occasionally do they lead to swelling of the gums, hyperemia of the mucosa, cause discomfort or pain.

V rare cases crowns do not erupt or grow out completely in permanent dentition. Supernumerary units are even rarer. For both deviations, surgical and orthodontic treatment is indicated.

It is important to explain to the child the rules of hygiene. The "fours" and "fives" need careful care. They are more prone to caries than other teeth, as bacterial plaque easily accumulates in the recesses of the chewing surface. Moreover, the lesion often proceeds hidden and is detected only on x-ray photos.

Loss of premolars is not fatal - molars can be pulled in their place with the help of braces. But this will negatively affect the work of the digestive tract and will require financial and time investments.

The rudiments of permanent (molars) teeth begin to form even during fetal development. The molars are divided into small and large. Small ones are located immediately after the canines on each jaw: the first two and two second premolars. They have only two tubercles on the closing surface and, as a rule, one root (in 80%), which in some cases may consist of two canals. The crown of the lower small ones is more spherical in shape.

Small molars take part in cutting and tearing food. Large molars are six posterior teeth on each jaw (three on the right and left sides), arranged according to a certain pattern: these are the first, second and third molars, the last one erupts later than the others and is called the “wisdom tooth”. Large constants serve mainly for grinding food. It is for this important function that a certain anatomy is provided.

The complex structure includes a massive cube-shaped crown, a large closure area, on which there are three or four tubercles. The upper large permanent teeth have three root canals, while the lower ones have two. Roots of the last molar can join into one conical structure.

fangs

(lat. dentes canini)

Fang - a cone-shaped tooth that serves to tear and grind food. Located between the molars and incisors. In the upper jaw, the fangs have a massive crown and a noticeable middle ridge. This is usually the third (3) tooth from the top. In the lower jaw, the fangs are less pronounced. They have a shorter dense root. They are characterized by a single root with lateral grooves.

molars

(lat. dentes molares)

Molars - molars chewing teeth with an outstanding massive crown, which has several tubercles. They are behind the premolars. A molar has three roots. In the upper jaw, the molars are diamond-shaped. In the lower jaw, they have a shape resembling a slightly elongated cube, flattened vertically. The molars include the sixth tooth (6), the seventh (7) and the eighth (8).

premolars

(lat. dentes premolares)

Premolars are small and large molars that are absent in the milk bite. Actively participate in rubbing and chewing food. Located between canines and molars. Refers to the posterior teeth. The premolars of the upper jaw are usually much larger than the lower ones. The mandibular premolars have a longer root. These include the fourth (4) and fifth (5) tooth.

incisors

(lat. dentes incisivi)

Incisors - front teeth: first (1) and second (2) from the center. They have a spatulate shape with a cutting edge. They cut food of the wrong size, they are needed for biting off food. Only 8 incisors: upper and lower. They have a single root. The lingual surface of the incisors is concave. The upper incisors have a wider crown than the lower ones. The root of the lower incisors is compressed laterally.

Wisdom teeth

(lat. dens serotinus)

The wisdom tooth is the eighth (8) in the dentition, the third molar. It is rudimentary, as it has long lost its purpose. Each jaw may have two teeth. The upper wisdom teeth are smaller than the lower ones and can have a different shape, most often three-cusp. Lower wisdom teeth often have recurved short roots and four cusps on the chewing surface.

Milk chewing teeth total 8, 4 on each jaw, 2 on each side. Officially, the pair of back teeth is called the first and second molars. Compared to permanent teeth, they are smaller and also characterized by thinner enamel, increased fragility and a greater risk of damage.

Scheme of eruption of milk teeth

After the growth of the milk tooth is completed, a period of physiological rest begins, lasting about three years. Then the roots begin to shorten, dissolve, and the tooth becomes mobile and falls out. A permanent one grows in its place.

Permanent chewing teeth are called premolars and molars. Counting from the middle of the jaw, the premolars are the fourth and fifth in a row, and the molars are the sixth, seventh and eighth.

Scheme of eruption of permanent teeth

Chewing teeth are called molars because of their shape. Premolars are also called small molars. First and second molars differ in root structure and crown shape. The sixth and seventh teeth of the upper jaw each have three roots, a cuboid crown, and 3–4 cusps. The lower molars have 2 roots. The second molar is smaller than the first.

In total, each person has 8 premolars and 8 molars. Permanent teeth, which are the eighth in a row - wisdom teeth - do not erupt in all people. As a rule, the total number of teeth is 28 (of which 16 are chewing).

Chewing teeth begin to grow in babies after a year, when the first 8 teeth - incisors - are already in place. They do not appear in a row: after the first molars (their number in the dental formula is 4), fangs (3) usually grow, and only then do the second molars (5).

The dental formula shows which teeth the child has already grown, designating each by its number from the center of the jaw.

It is important to remember that any sequence of eruption of milk teeth, as well as the timing of their appearance, deviating from the generally accepted ones by no more than six months, are an individual version of the norm.

Permanent molars in children begin to erupt closer to six years.. First, the first molars grow (6), then a pair of premolars (4, 5), canines (3) and only after the canines - the second molars (7).

The order of eruption of permanent teeth is also very conditional. By the age of 13, a child has 28 permanent teeth.

As a rule, the eruption of milk molars occurs relatively painlessly and easily, compared with the appearance of incisors and canines. The baby can become lethargic, moody and restless for a few days..

Main symptoms:

fever (usually not higher than 38 degrees);
runny nose;
profuse salivation;
sleep disturbance and anxiety;
itching and soreness of the gums;
sometimes - indigestion and stool.

It is important to remember that during the period of teething, the child's immunity is weakened, therefore, with the manifestation of several anxiety symptoms within 2-3 days, it is necessary to consult a pediatrician or dentist to rule out an infectious disease.

In most cases, the appearance of molars is accompanied only by a runny nose.

The eruption of permanent chewing teeth usually does not cause a deterioration in the general condition and is therefore easily tolerated by children. But there is another problem here. During the period of interchangeable occlusion, it sometimes happens that the milk tooth stands firmly in its place, and the permanent one is already beginning to erupt. This is often asymptomatic and painless. However, if this process is not noticed in time and the milk tooth is not removed in dentistry, then the permanent one may grow uneven or will grow between the milk teeth, pushing them apart. There is a serious risk of developing a malocclusion in a child.

The appearance of milk teeth can be facilitated by special silicone teethers. There are teethers filled with water, they must be kept in the refrigerator for 20 minutes before use. Older children who are teething permanent teeth are allowed to chew solid food (for example, an apple or crackers). This is also necessary in order for the teeth to get used to the load.

Remember that babies who are not yet able to chew can be given any products so that they scratch their itchy gums in this way only in a special mesh - a nibbler.

Nibbler helps massage gums safely

Video: how not to relieve itchy gums

If necessary, the doctor prescribes special dental gels with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as general drugs that relieve pain and reduce inflammation:

gels based on lidocaine and benzocaine (for example, Calgel and Kamistad);
anti-inflammatory and homeopathic gels (for example, Holisal and Traumeel S);
painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs prescribed by a doctor, in dosage form suitable for the child by age (as a rule, these are paracetamol and ibuprofen preparations, for example, Eferalgan and Nurofen).

Before using medications, be sure to consult a doctor: only he can determine a safe and effective dosage.

Visit a dentist, let him give you all the necessary advice and select safe medicines to relieve fever, pain and inflammation.
Never lick your baby's pacifier or pacifier! For an older child, select separate cutlery - a spoon and a fork, which only he will use.
Follow the rules of daily hygiene of the child's oral cavity. It is recommended to brush the teeth of children over 1 year old with special soft children's brushes. When the child gets older, it is necessary to teach him the right movements so that after the procedure the bumpy surface of the chewing teeth is really clean.
Teach your child to rinse their mouth with water after every meal. If food gets stuck between the back teeth and/or gums, gently clean these places with dental floss.
Drink your child often to avoid dry mouth.
Try to limit your intake of foods containing sugar.
In order for teeth to grow strong, food must be nutritious and varied.

Children usually endure the eruption of premolars and molars easily, but parents need to control this process. After all, milk chewing teeth play an important role in the development of independent eating skills, and the permanent teeth that replace them determine the correct bite formation. Temporary rear teeth should in no case interfere with the growth of permanent ones, therefore, in some cases, their timely removal may be required.

Teething in children is an important stage in its development, and, despite the discomfort associated with this difficult period, deterioration in well-being and mood, parents are looking forward to the appearance of each little white sharp tooth. However, inexperienced mothers have many questions. They relate primarily to the time of the order of the appearance of teeth, as well as the ways in which you can alleviate the condition of the baby.

The terms and procedure for teething in children have their own medical norm: from 6-8 months to 3 years. The teeth of a child are laid even in the mother's womb, and if at the time of the formation of the rudiments there were no damaging factors, growth will begin at the right time. After birth, such problems rarely arise that could significantly disrupt this process.

Do not worry if the eruption of milk teeth in children deviates from the norm by 1 - 2 months. Most likely, these are individual variations, which are explained by hereditary factors, dietary habits, and maternal health during pregnancy. Ask your parents if you got your teeth in time, and if this process was difficult. WITH big share the likelihood can be argued that your baby will also.

The timely onset of eruption and the correct sequence indirectly indicate that the child is developing normally. If the process is very late, this may indicate certain diseases, such as rickets, intestinal malfunctions, metabolic disorders, and the consequences of past infections. Early appearance gives reason to suspect endocrine pathologies.

The pattern of teething in children meets the nutritional needs of the body. If in the first months it is predominantly liquid - breast milk or a mixture, then by about six months the baby gradually begins to get used to adult food. First, for this purpose, incisors grow, central and lateral, which, in contact with each other, allow chewing not too hard foods. A little later, after a year, the first molars join them.

Then fangs appear, with the help of which the baby can bite off hard pieces. However, he begins to fully chew only with the formation of the chewing group - the molars. The first molars are cut after one and a half years, the last grow by about 3 years, after which the child is completely ready to eat from the common table.

The table of teething in children will tell you at what time you can expect such an important event:

Thus, teething in children under one year old is at least 8 front teeth. Growth can be uneven, for example, incisors crawl out one after another with little or no interruption. And before “pecking” others, the body takes a break, especially before the appearance of fangs. This is the most painful and unpleasant stage, bringing significant discomfort to the baby.

At 3 years old, a child should have 20 teeth in his mouth, which will be replaced by permanent ones, but not earlier than at the age of ten. Up to this point, the teeth must be maintained in a healthy state, if necessary, treated and prevented from early loss. If the order of growth is violated, as with the removal of milk teeth, the child may form an incorrect bite. The "toothless" period begins at about 6 - 7 years and continues throughout elementary school.

It is impossible to predict how difficult the process of teething will be for the baby. All children are different, and in their own way endure this period. There are times when parents accidentally discover white teeth in the crumbs, while he himself did not show much concern.

However, asymptomatic teething in children is more rare than common. More often, both the child and the family have to suffer a lot before the tooth breaks through the gum and takes its “rightful” place. Moreover, the first symptoms may appear long before the actual eruption:

profuse salivation;
swelling of the gums;
persistent nibbling of everything;
capriciousness;
restless sleep.

This condition can last for several weeks or months. Closer to the “X hour”, a hard protrusion appears on the gum, which is lighter in color than the surrounding tissues. Then a thin white strip is cut in the center of the swelling. If you lightly tap on it with a spoon, you can clearly hear a “clattering” sound. This is the growing tooth. As soon as it comes to the surface of the gums, the discomfort is noticeably reduced, unless a tooth is climbing in another place at the same time.

The period of growth of milk teeth in many parents is terrifying. This is because the persistent myth of the associated problems persists. It is believed that the "teeth" are accompanied by fever, diarrhea, runny nose and other symptoms that are not actually directly related to teething.

The fact is that the first teeth in a child appear at a time when the immunity received from the mother decreases, and the body has not yet developed its own defense. Under such conditions, the risk viral infections. Therefore, pediatricians urge not to write off any symptoms that appeared at this time on the teeth, so as not to miss the onset of the disease.

Can children have fever during teething? A small increase, yes. This is due to a weak inflammatory reaction that occurs in the gums when they swell, hurt and itch. At the same time, the condition of the child should not inspire fear: no pronounced malaise, endless crying, lethargy and other alarming signs.

As for the rest of the symptoms, such as cough, runny nose, diarrhea, they can be caused by both a viral disease and teething. In the first case, you need to pay attention to the well-being of the baby: if the child has a fever, snot, cough, weakness at the same time as a climbing tooth, then SARS on the face. With a "dental" malaise, all this can be, but not together. That is, a slight runny nose without other signs of a cold is a variant of the norm.

Pediatricians tend to attribute the accompanying symptoms to the activation of secretion caused by the appearance of teeth. At this point, more blood rushes to the gums, and since the same vessels feed the mouth and nose, all the glands in this area receive increased blood supply. As a result, excess saliva and mucus are produced, and these are:

runny nose, which is characterized by mild discharge, transparent and liquid, maximum - 3 days;
wet cough, reflexively arising as a response to the accumulation of saliva in the throat, also not longer than 3 days, quite rare and mostly in a horizontal position;
diarrhea without severe pain in the abdomen and impurities in the feces, normal color and smell, but watery due to excessive salivation, the duration of diarrhea is up to 3 days and no more than 3-4 urges per day.

Thus, teething can indeed cause a little discomfort, but the key word here is small. If there is even the slightest doubt, the child should be shown to the doctor so that against the background of a weakened immune system, complications from a missed infection do not develop.

A high temperature for the appearance of milk teeth is not typical. Usually it stops at a mark not higher than 37.5 ° C and is not accompanied by chills, intoxication and other manifestations of fever. In rare cases, the thermometer may show 38.5 ° C or more, and this is the level at which a baby is usually given an antipyretic. Should I do the same with my teeth?

First of all, parents need to determine whether hyperthermia is a consequence of the disease. Obvious signs of pathology are the presence of one or more symptoms of a cold and the baby is clearly unhealthy. In such situations, a doctor must be called to determine the infection.

If there are no extraneous manifestations, and only a moderate temperature worries, and it worries the parents, and not the crumbs, continue to observe and do not rush with medicines.

To begin with, provide the child's body with comfortable conditions. Do not wrap it up, create heat in the room, and do not clog windows. The optimum air temperature in the nursery should be no higher than 21°C with high humidity. If it is not possible to turn on the humidifier, you can put water containers in the room or hang wet sheets on batteries. And the best thing is to take the baby for a walk. Fresh air will help to cope with both fever and a runny nose.

If the numbers on the thermometer still crossed the mark of 38.5, you can resort to the help of drugs. The only drugs that are acceptable for self-use are ibuprofen and paracetamol, and in extreme cases and once, until the condition of the crumbs is relieved.

It is impossible to give an antipyretic all the time, how many days children can have a temperature during teething - up to three days. If some time after taking the fever starts again, it is better not to risk it and see a pediatrician.

As the well-known doctor Yevgeny Komarovsky says, antipyretic during teething is a medicine for parents, not for a child. When a baby is restless, sleeps poorly and eats for several days, the whole family has a hard time. The use of ibuprofen gives relatives the opportunity to rest - after 30-40 minutes the drug will work, and the baby will calm down, sleep. In such cases, the tablets act more as an analgesic than an antipyretic.

When it comes to the growth of milk teeth, medicine is powerless to somehow influence this process. It cannot be accelerated, you can only try to alleviate the accompanying discomfort. How to help a child in such situations:

Take your baby in your arms more often so that he feels calm and protected.
The baby needs to be fed on demand. It is known that breastfeeding The best way soothe the baby and reduce pain.
With a runny nose, it is important to prevent the mucus from drying up in the nose. You need to act here in the same way as with any other rhinitis: rinse the nasal passages with saline, do not overheat and do not dry the air in the apartment, walk more, drink plenty of water.
Distract the child from discomfort by offering him interesting activities and games. As long as his attention is switched to communication with parents and toys, he will not cry because of climbing teeth.
With abundant salivation, it is important to ensure that the chin, neck and chest of the baby remain dry. Clothing can be protected with a bib, and a wet chin can be wiped regularly with a soft cloth to avoid skin irritation.
Teethers are an ingenious invention for itchy gums. These are special toys made of elastic safe material - latex, PVC - which can be cooled in the refrigerator and given to the child to chew on. Teethers fit comfortably in a child's hand and help relieve itching and pain. Before giving a "scratch" to a baby, it must be disinfected. You can not cool the toy in the freezer compartment, just hold it for a few minutes on the shelf of the refrigerator.
Not all children scratch their gums with specially designed products. There is no need to insist if the child did not like any of the proposed toys, and he prefers other items. Let him gnaw, the main thing is that the impromptu teether is completely safe. Check the item for sharp edges, potentially traumatic areas, parts that the baby can bite off, swallow or choke on. Naturally, pay attention to the materials so that they are not harmful and toxic. Any toy must be clean.
When the baby is already familiar with solid food, he can be allowed to gnaw cookies, crackers, apples, carrots. But only if the child has previously received these products and reacted normally to them. It is not recommended to introduce new ones during eruption.

If nothing helps, the baby’s gums hurt and itch, he can’t sleep and eat normally, you can try special baby gels.

Calgel is a local anesthetic and cooling agent with an anti-inflammatory effect, it helps quickly, but the effect lasts no more than half an hour;
Baby Doctor - a vegetable gel that disinfects and strengthens the gums, with a weak analgesic effect;
Kamistad - anesthetic and anesthetic for the oral cavity, contains chamomile and lidocaine, gives a long-term effect;
Dentol-baby - an anesthetic gel based on benzocaine, relieves discomfort for up to 2 hours;
Cholisal - up to 8 hours reduces inflammation, swelling and itching of the gums, disinfects the oral cavity.

Such funds are sold in pharmacies without a prescription, but they must be used carefully, not exceeding dosages and carefully studying the instructions. So, lidocaine can cause an allergic reaction, many gels with it are contraindicated in breastfed children.

The gel is applied in a small amount to the sore gum with a massaging movement of a clean finger. The frequency of use and intervals must be specified in the instructions for a particular drug. If all the tried methods did not bring relief to the baby, it is allowed to give him an anti-inflammatory based on ibuprofen or paracetamol (Children's Nurofen, Panadol).

As for folk remedies, in the case of infants, their use is limited by a high risk of allergies. So, lubricating inflamed gums with honey or propolis tincture relieves itching and pain well, but bee products for young children are a strong allergen. Without fear, we can advise:

soothing teas from chamomile, lemon balm, lavender - both for babies and for nursing mothers;
gum massage with clove oil, mixed in half and boiled with any other vegetable;
washing the gums with concentrated chamomile infusion or valerian extract diluted with water;
sage helps with teething when used internally, externally and locally - lubricating the sore spot with a decoction relieves pain, drinking sage tea strengthens the gums, and adding an infusion to the bath soothes the baby and promotes sound sleep.

Despite the fact that teething in children can cause a lot of trouble, you should not tune in to problems in advance. Perhaps they will not touch your child, and the period of the appearance of milk teeth will pass almost imperceptibly for you.

From doctors of the "old school" you can hear that the first teeth erupt in a baby at the age of 6 months. Modern pediatricians set a range of 4 to 8 months. The famous doctor Komarovsky generally claims that it is unfair to set any deadlines: one out of 2000 babies is born with 1-2 teeth, one out of 2000 does not have them until 15-16 months. Everything is individual here, since many factors influence when the baby’s first tooth begins to knock:

Genetics. If the teeth of the mother and father of the child began to erupt from 3-4 months, it is likely that the baby will also be early. And vice versa, you should not worry that a nine-month-old baby still has a toothless smile if his parents had the same at that age.
Features of the course of pregnancy. Pregnancy with pathologies delays the timing of teething.
Features of the course and term of childbirth. If the baby was born prematurely, his teeth may begin to erupt later. In this case, the biological age of the baby should be taken into account, and not his age according to the certificate.
Diseases in a child (due to some infectious diseases transferred by a child, his teeth may appear later), the sufficiency of his nutrition, climatic conditions, living conditions, etc.

IMPORTANT: If a child's first teeth did not come out in six months, you should never panic. Given the health of the baby, this is considered the norm. For your own peace of mind, discuss this issue with your pediatrician.

The order and timing of teething in a child.

It is already obvious that teething in infants can be early, that is, one that occurs before six months (at 2, 3, 4 months). But this does not mean that you need to get into the mouth of a child if, in your opinion, he is without a reason:

getting restless
sleeping badly
refuses to eat
constantly puts toys and rattles in her mouth
temperature
coughing or showing other warning signs

Show the child to the doctor, first of all, it is necessary to exclude diseases, and then sin on early teeth.

A child of 2, 3, 4 months may have the first tooth.

The order of teething can be as individual as the timing. But in most babies, it still persists. Study the table in the figure to understand which teeth are cut first, which and when to wait after them.

The sequence of teething in a child.

The milk teeth that erupt last are the fangs. On average, they appear in a child at 1.5 - 2 years. Again, due to individual circumstances, this may happen sooner or later.

How do you know if a child is teething? This process is accompanied by certain symptoms:

The child is acting restless. He is capricious for no reason, it is difficult to distract him with something and not for long.
The baby may be off food. Or, conversely, ask for breasts more often if he is on breastfeeding. Mom may notice that the child seems to be chewing on the nipple - this is how he scratches the gums.
The child has increased salivation. If the crumbs have a bittern around the mouth or on the chest, this may have happened due to saliva getting on the skin.
The child pulls fingers, toys, objects into his mouth, bites a pacifier or a spoon. He wants to scratch his gums.
The baby's gums swell, swell and become inflamed. Sometimes white vesicles are visible under the mucosa, sometimes cyanotic hematomas.

During teething, the child may refuse to eat.

IMPORTANT: If you suspect that the baby's teeth are on the way, you do not need to climb into his mouth a hundred times a day, especially with dirty or unkempt hands. First, it will be painful and unpleasant for him. Secondly, the risk of getting into the body of infection is high.

Swelling and swelling of the gums are signs of teething in children.

To see what a baby's gums might look like when they're teething, look at the photo.

First teeth: photo. Photo of a child's gums during teething. Hematoma on the gums during teething.

In a child who has just been born, there are 20 follicles of temporary teeth in the gums. Before they "thump" they go through bone tissue and gum. This requires a certain amount of time, strictly individual for each baby. Usually, the process of teething the first teeth in a baby takes from 1 to 8 weeks.

There is a category of mothers who write off all the troubles that happen to their child up to 2 - 2.5 years old "in teeth". Rhinitis, sneezing, coughing, fever almost up to 40 degrees, a rash on the body, constipation and diarrhea, they consider teething symptoms. This is a huge misconception that can cost a child's health. Similar symptoms accompany SARS, influenza, tonsillitis, stomatitis, herpes infection, various intestinal infections, etc., occurring in parallel with teething.

When teething, the child's temperature should not rise.

Normally, there is no temperature above 37.5 degrees during teething. Some of its increase may occur due to local inflammation (gums). Subfebrile, febrile, pyretic or hyperpyretic temperature indicate that the child has a disease not related to the teeth.
Diarrhea, vomiting, accompanied by fever, anxiety, various manifestations of intoxication are symptoms of an intestinal infection. The child needs urgent medical care, since dehydration can occur very quickly, its consequences are often fatal.
Rhinitis, sneezing, coughing are signs of colds. If a child has snot flowing, he coughs with a dry or wet cough, while his temperature is normal or elevated, it is necessary to consult a doctor in order to establish a diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

IMPORTANT: Indeed, due to increased salivation during teething, the child may sneeze and cough, thereby clearing the airways of saliva. It happens irregularly. If salivation is too abundant, the child may even vomit.

It is very difficult to answer the question of which teeth during teething give the baby the greatest discomfort. Again, everything is individual. There are several reasonable options:

Fangs. These teeth are sharp, they literally cut the gums. In addition, the upper canines (the so-called "eye teeth") are in close proximity to the facial nerve.
Molars. The surface of these teeth has the largest area, their eruption through the gums can cause pain.

Walking with a child who is teething is possible and necessary. Fresh air and activity will only benefit him. But places of large crowds of people, where there is a high probability of catching an infection, it is better to avoid during this period.

IMPORTANT: Starting from the first, the baby's teeth will be cut one by one. You can't sharpen it at home for 1.5-2 years!

Walking with a child who is teething is possible and necessary.

Teething is not a contraindication for vaccination. The doctor will give a challenge for vaccinations only if during this period he reveals another disease not related to the teeth.

Teething is not a reason not to get vaccinated.

Check with your doctor before introducing complementary foods.
Introduce complementary foods carefully, strictly according to the recommendations.
Pay close attention to your child's reaction to new foods.
If the baby’s menu is already quite diverse, if possible, wait a little with the introduction of new products.

Unfortunately or fortunately modern medicine there are no known ways to help baby teeth erupt. You do not need to tear his gums with a finger with a bandage, a spoon and other objects, let him gnaw apples and dryers (which, by the way, the baby can easily choke on). Somewhat facilitate the process certain medications, which should be prescribed only by a doctor, and special toys - teethers.
If you are one of those parents who simply cannot let the process go by itself, try the Teething plot. They say it works well.
You will need to say the following words three times: “A month, a month, you have Antiny’s brother, his teeth grew easily, they never hurt, and the servant of God (baby’s name) does not have gums, teeth grow and do not hurt. God grant that my child's teeth grow easily, do not hurt, do not pinch. Amen".

IMPORTANT: During the pronunciation of the words of the conspiracy, it is recommended to lubricate the child's gums with honey. But you know how strong this allergen is. The reaction to honey in an infant can be very strong, up to edema.

Absence of permanent teeth. If all the normal terms have passed, but they still have not appeared, the dentist examines the radiograph, on which you can see the jaw with new teeth. The reasons may be heredity (this is noticeable in the picture) or adentia - the absence of laying the rudiments even in the womb. Sometimes newborn teeth die during inflammation. In such cases, children are given prostheses.
Molar pain. The new tooth does not yet have a normal layer of minerals. Due to weak mineralization, it is easy for a child to pick up caries, and with deep destruction, pulpitis with periodontitis. Toothache in such cases will be accompanied by fever, weakness. Postponing a visit to the dentist threatens to lose an adult tooth. With weak enamel and milk caries, fissure sealing is sometimes recommended - closing the recesses on permanent teeth with a composite material.
Irregular growth of permanent teeth. If the growth of an adult tooth is ahead of the loss of a temporary one, the bite is disturbed. Orthodontic therapy is required, in which the temporary tooth is removed. At home, loosen and remove it is not worth it.
Loss of adult teeth. It happens both with inflammation of the gums, pulpitis, caries, and with general diseases ( diabetes, systemic pathologies of connective tissues). The loss of teeth in the anterior group is a serious problem: in order for the maxillofacial apparatus to form normally, the baby needs temporary prosthetics. When the jaw is fully formed, temporary prostheses are replaced with permanent ones.
Injury to molars. Most modern children are hyperactive, so there is always a risk of mechanical damage to the teeth, especially since they fully mature only a few years after the appearance. With minor fractures and cracks, the volume is increased with a composite material.

teach children to brush their teeth regularly, use a scraper and floss, rinse their mouth;
to support the enamel, buy a baby paste with the addition of calcium and fluorine;
to strengthen new teeth and protect them from caries will help proper nutrition with the restriction of sweets and carbohydrates in favor of vegetables, fruits, dairy products;
consult a doctor on the choice of vitamins (vitamin D is especially needed) and gels to improve the mineralization of new teeth;
in case of inflammation, before meeting with the dentist, it is necessary to actively rinse the child's mouth with antiseptics and herbal decoctions.

malocclusion;
gum disease;
curvature of the dentition;
milk caries.

Denial of responsibility: The information provided in this article about how long a child's molars are cut is intended only to inform the reader. It cannot be a substitute for advice from a health professional.

moskovskaya-medicina.ru

Usually the first milk teeth in a baby begin to appear by the age of six to eight months. These are average results. Therefore, if you do not fit into the generally accepted deadlines, do not panic. Each organism is individual. The first tooth may appear even at four months, or maybe not even at ten. It depends on many factors, both external and internal. For example, the quality of water, the nature of nutrition (breast or artificial), the climatic conditions in which the child lives can affect. It is believed that the hotter the climate, the earlier the baby's teeth should erupt. Although this is not a common truth.

The timing of the appearance of teeth can be affected by heredity, genetic predisposition. If the baby's grandmother or grandfather already had several teeth at six months, it is likely that the child's first teeth will appear much earlier than the generally accepted period.

An important role is played by the health of the mother during pregnancy: how she felt, what she ate, whether her body received all vitamins and microelements in sufficient quantities. That is why it is especially important to follow a balanced diet during pregnancy. After all, the rudiments of teeth are laid in the baby's body long before his birth, approximately in the third or fourth month of pregnancy. future mother. The overall health of the child, the proper development of all internal organs as well as teeth.

The expectant mother should stop using tetracycline during pregnancy. When combined with calcium, it reacts and stains the teeth in a greenish or brownish hue. For the same reason, it is not prescribed to children under 13-14 years old, until their teeth are fully formed.

Your child should have a full set of 20 milk teeth by the age of 2.5 - 3 years. And it all starts much earlier. At about six months, the baby has the first two lower teeth, and a month later, the two upper teeth. At this time, children are especially cute: with four incisors, they look like funny rabbits, especially when they smile.

By the age of one, the child can already be called a decent critter. It boasts eight teeth - four lower and upper incisors. In the period from a year to a year and a half, the baby has 4 more teeth, his first molars (molars) - 2 from the bottom and 2 from the top. In a month or two, four more teeth will come out into the world - two lower and upper fangs. And complete the eruption of milk teeth - the second molars, 2 at the top and 2 at the bottom. This period falls on the age of the baby from 2 to 3 years.

I would like to remind you once again that these are average statistics that you can only focus on. Therefore, your child may have shifts in the timing of the appearance of teeth in one direction or another, which is not considered an anomaly. Early or late appearance of teeth does not affect their quality.

Erupted milk teeth are tightly pressed against each other, there are no gaps or gaps between them. But, by the approach of the time of change of milk teeth to permanent ones, the gaps between the teeth should appear. Nature has thought of everything to the smallest detail: otherwise, permanent teeth, which are larger than milk teeth, simply will not fit in the vacant space and will begin to grow crookedly.

Your baby's first tooth can erupt either alone or paired with another. The same picture can emerge with the advent of subsequent teeth. Sometimes 4 teeth go at once at the same time. This is not a deviation, the mass appearance of teeth only affects the timing of their eruption.

There are times when the very order of appearance of the teeth changes. For example, canines will appear earlier than first molars. This is not considered a developmental disorder, it’s just that nature decided to fool around a little, which manifested itself in the individual characteristics of your baby’s teething.

Previously, there was such an assumption that the late appearance of teeth in children is caused by a disease such as rickets. But after numerous studies, scientists have come to the conclusion that this assumption is erroneous. A delay in the eruption of milk teeth is characteristic of many quite healthy and normally developing babies.

No matter what time your child's teeth erupt, this period is considered normal for him. This applies to milk teeth, and permanent, and wisdom teeth. Only one point should alert you - if not a single tooth has erupted in the child before the year. In this case, you can start sounding the alarm and suggest that some hidden diseases, including rickets, can serve as the reason for such a frank delay in the appearance of teeth.

How do you know if a child is teething? Closer to six months, you can check the baby's gums. If the teeth are about to come out, his gums will be reddened and slightly swollen. This is due to the increased blood supply to this area of the oral mucosa.

The appearance of the first teeth gives the child a lot of anxiety. A week or two before they appear, the baby begins to cry often, rub his gums with his fists, gnaw on the crib, pull objects into his mouth. At this time, the teeth break through the gums, mechanical irritation of the nerve endings occurs, so the gums begin to hurt, itch and itch. Increased salivation is formed, with which the child cannot cope on his own, because. still does not know how to regulate the amount of saliva formed in the mouth. Dripping saliva, if not wiped off, can irritate the baby's skin and appear around the mouth. small pimples or redness.

The baby may have a runny nose. It is provoked by the glands of the nasal mucosa, which begin to secrete an increased amount of mucus. Mucus on the background of teething looks watery - fluid and transparent. Such a runny nose lasts no more than three or four days. It does not require treatment, it is only necessary, as necessary, to mechanically clean the child's nose from mucus.

Along the general pathways of the nervous system, pain can radiate to the ears. Therefore, the child begins to pull his ears or scratch them. So he tries to reduce itching and pain. When feeding, the baby becomes fussy, tries to dodge a spoonful of food, his appetite decreases. Do not feed him through force, it is better to give more liquid.

As soon as the child's tooth erupted, all negative symptoms should disappear on their own. Do not put your hands in the child's mouth, checking whether the tooth has erupted or not. So you can easily bring the infection into the oral cavity. It is better to examine his mouth when he yawns or smiles. The emerging tooth can be noticed by accident. When feeding the baby with an iron spoon, you will hear a characteristic sound.

Against the background of the appearance of teeth in a baby, diarrhea may well begin. Most often, it appears due to a change in the usual diet of the child and a violation of the intestinal microflora. Mom, wanting to calm the child and alleviate his suffering, begins to feed him more often, give him new products. Yes, and the baby, wanting to relieve itching, pulls all the surrounding objects into his mouth. Such diarrhea lasts no more than two days, as a rule, it is watery, and not frequent - up to three times a day.

An elevated temperature in a child, with the appearance of the first or next tooth, is not such a rare occurrence. Usually it should not rise above 38C. If the thermometer shows a temperature of 38.5, 39 or higher, it is better to play it safe and call a doctor. Because especially heat can be both an individual reaction of the body to teething, and a manifestation of the symptoms of any infection, including intestinal. Especially if the temperature is accompanied by frequent diarrhea, which does not go away after teething.

The process of teething is not always painless for the child. He becomes restless, capricious, often cries. Do not be afraid to spoil the baby, take him in your arms more often, caress and pity.

There are several other ways you can help your child in this situation:

It is necessary to purchase teethers - plastic or rubber rings or toys that the baby can scratch the gums on and reduce itching. Teethers with liquid inside are especially soothing. Before giving it to a child to chew, it must be cooled, for example, put in the refrigerator. If the baby refuses the teether, you can give him an ordinary dryer;

Use soothing gels. Almost all of these products contain small doses of painkillers such as lidocaine and fillers (menthol to cool the gums, flavor additives, astringents). They are all clinically tested, pediatrician-approved, have no side effects. These are Kalgel, Mundizal, Dentinox, etc. These drugs do not have a strict order of application, they are smeared on the gums when they hurt and the baby is restless. Unnecessarily, for prevention, gels should not be used. Usually, the baby's gums are smeared no more than 3-4 times for no more than three days in a row. If a child is allergic to lidocaine, use Dr. Baby's gel, which is specially designed for children with allergies;

You can massage the child's gums with your index finger, after wrapping it with a clean gauze swab. Before massage, the tampon must be soaked in cold water and squeeze. If there is no time to manipulate the gauze swab, you can buy a massage brush made especially for such cases, which is put on the finger;

Some babies benefit from sucking on a cold iron spoon or pacifier that has been chilled. In order not to bring bacteria and microbes that are contained in the saliva of an adult into the child's body, do not lick the nipples and pacifiers and do not try food from the baby's spoon;

So that the constantly flowing saliva does not irritate the skin of the child, as it drains, it is necessary to wipe it with a clean napkin or towel. In order not to injure the delicate skin of the baby, it is better not to wipe the saliva, but to get it wet. When the child is sleeping, with strong salivation, you can put a cloth napkin under his head. Then you don't have to change the sheets often.

During teething, the child feels physiological discomfort, which causes a load on nervous system. Unlike older children, in babies of the first years of life, fatigue and exhaustion of nervous functions occur much faster. Inflammatory processes of the gums cause fever, cause diarrhea and prevent the child from falling asleep. Conventional drugs have only analgesic, or anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, doctors usually recommend Dentokind, specially created for babies, which, in addition to analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, calms the nervous system and stabilizes sleep.

zhenskoe-opinion.ru

The appearance of teeth in children is a long and difficult process. Babies are often accompanied by unpleasant symptoms: pain, swelling, temperature, but parents can help them during the period when a milk bite appears and it changes to a new (permanent) one. Which teeth erupt first? When does the first upper molar come out? At what age does the bite completely change in children? The answers to all questions are in the article.

The rudiments (follicles) of 20 teeth in children are formed even in the mother's womb - temporary units will develop from them. First, incisors are cut - four pieces on each row of the dentition. This process begins in a child at 5-6 months with the appearance of the lower incisors in the center, after 1-2 months the upper incisors climb in the child. There are only 4 lateral incisors - they are located near the central ones. The upper ones will appear in the little one presumably at 9-11 months, the lower ones - at 11-13.

Following the incisors, the baby's molars come out. An approximate diagram looks like this:

4 first molars are located in both jaws. They climb in the period from 1 year to 1 year and 4 months.
The appearance of the second milk molars is observed after 2 years. They go after small molars.
When the baby is 16-20 months old, fangs are shown. During this period, it is important to prevent colds in the baby, since the process of teething these teeth is often accompanied by malaise.

This is considered the norm. However, molars can appear before other units - there is nothing to worry about. There are cases when babies are born with teeth.

In a child of 5-7 years old, the bite changes to a new one - permanent teeth gradually replace milk ones. The sequence of appearance of indigenous units is rather conditional. As for the eruption of molars, they usually come out at 5 years. Deviations in terms are considered the norm.

Usually, the lower molar appears first, and then the teeth in the upper jaw gradually erupt. However, such a sequence when changing bite is rarely observed. The molars from above appear first in the row, then the molars of the lower row.

As for the third molars, or the so-called "eights", the timing of their appearance in each person can be very different. Usually they grow at 16-26 years old, but now there is a tendency for retention - the teeth can remain hidden in the gum. Modern man it is not required to chew too hard food, so the "wisdom" teeth may never appear.

The main difference between molars and canines and incisors is what functions they perform. The first lower molar (one of 3 units on each half of the jaw arch) is located behind the premolar. Third molars are wisdom teeth. They perform an important function - grinding products when effort is required. Large crowns do an excellent job, but the size of the teeth decreases from the first to the third.

Premolars are molars located behind the canines, small units with two cusps on the crown that tear food. Due to their large surface area, they are also involved in chewing.

The canines are located in front of the first molar of the lower jaw - the units are also located on top. Their task is to tear off parts of solid products. The canine is the most stable tooth, its strength is greater than that of the organs of the smile zone.

Incisors are frontal teeth with a "sharp" cutting edge. Their task is to bite off food - these are the weakest teeth that are not able to withstand the load during the chewing process. How all the described chewing organs look like can be seen in the photo for the article.

The molars of the upper row of teeth appearance differ from the lower ones, and the premolars combine the features of both canines and molars, which allows them to work with solid food without harm to the enamel (see photo). Premolars growing in the upper jaw have a crown with a diameter of 19.5 to 24.5 mm. Below is a description of the structure of the teeth.

Upper first premolar:

looks like a fang;
the surface of the crown is prismatic;
the buccal tubercle is larger than the palatine tubercle;
the edges of the crown have enamel rollers;
there are two roots;
most people have 2 channels, less often - 1-3.

The second premolar of the upper jaw is slightly smaller and looks like this:

crown in the form of a prism;
two hillocks of approximately the same size;
the vestibular part is less convex than that of the upper first premolar;
one channel, less often two or three.

The structure of the 1st premolar of the lower row is close to the canine to ensure tearing off pieces of food:

convex buccal surface, which is much longer than the palatine;
tearing tubercle markedly pronounced;
there is one longitudinal and edge rollers;
flattened unit root, number of channels - 1-2.

The shape of the second premolar of the lower row is similar to the molar:

the crown is directed (tilted) inside the mouth;
both tubercles are approximately the same size, there is a roller between them;
a fissure in the form of a horseshoe separates the ridge from the sides of the tubercles;
the lingual tubercle is often double;
the root is in the form of a cone, flattened, the channel is often one.

The upper molars are the 4th and 5th teeth of the milk row and 6-8 permanent ones. Similarly, the molars are located on the lower jaw. In the dentition, teeth usually have 3 roots and 4 canals on top, and 2 roots and 3 canals on the bottom.

The first upper molar, like the tooth in the bottom row, is the largest in size. However, it has 5 cusps, in contrast to the second upper molar, in which there are 4 on the surface. The crown of these posterior teeth looks like a rectangle, in the bone unit there are 3 roots. On the second molars of the upper jaw, there may be bizarre patterns associated with the appearance of additional formations. "Eights" do not erupt for everyone and are considered the most "capricious" teeth, causing discomfort in the process of appearance.

The mandibular first molar has a cube-shaped crown. The chewing surface looks like a rectangle, there is one pronounced tubercle. The tubercles are separated by grooves crossing at a right angle in the middle of the crown.

The second molar of the lower jaw is slightly smaller than the "six". There are 4 tubercles on the surface - two rounded vestibular and two distal pointed ones. The back tooth is held by two roots. There are two canals in the medial root, and one canal in the distal.

Compared to the appearance of incisors, molar units are relatively easy and painless to cut. The baby may be a little lethargic, restless and moody. First, the “sixes” will appear in the top row, the second premolars of the upper jaw are cut through the latest - at 24-36 months. This process is accompanied by the following symptoms:

runny nose;
temperature increase up to 38°C;
incessant salivation;
itching and pain in the gums;
sometimes a violation of the stool is possible.

During the period of eruption, the body's defenses weaken. With severe symptoms that accompany the process for more than 2-3 days, it is worth showing the baby to the pediatrician. This will rule out an infectious disease. In most cases, only rhinitis is detected.

With the appearance of the first and second premolars of the upper jaw, as well as chewing molars, the child can be relieved by using special silicone teethers. Before use, products filled with water are placed in the refrigerator for 20 minutes - the cold relieves pain and reduces itching.

Also, adults can massage the gums with a finger after washing their hands. Children over the age of 2-3 years can chew hard foods (apples, crackers). To reduce discomfort, it is convenient to use special gels and ointments:

Kamistad Baby. Contains lidocaine, used for pain relief during teething and kills pathogens.
Holisal. Relieves inflammation, acts as an analgesic.
Dantinorm Baby. It can be used in babies from the age of three months. It is a homeopathic preparation that includes only natural ingredients.
Kalgel. It has an antibacterial effect and reduces pain.

The first permanent teeth in a child (at 6-8 years old) are incisors and "sixes" from above and below. "Sixes" are additional teeth, they do not replace milk teeth, since they are not in the temporary bite. They just cut through next to the infant units.

First, in a child aged 11-13 years, the second lower molars appear. The baby gets rid of the premolars by the age of 12, the second molars of the upper row appear by the age of 12-14.

Sometimes it happens that the molar erupts, and the old (milk) remains in place. In this situation, it is better to consult a dentist, since the temporary unit will interfere with the appearance of a permanent one, as a result of which it can become deformed and grow crooked. The milk organ is removed in the doctor's office.

Wisdom teeth ("eights") should appear by the age of 17-25, but if they do not come out in these terms, this is considered the norm. In most cases, they begin to break through in an older person.

Teeth need to be taken care of from infancy. Preventive measures are reduced to elementary hygiene rules that must be followed to establish the correct bite and maintain the health of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Then the risk of caries and tooth loss will be minimized.

The child and his parents must adhere to the following rules:

daily hygiene using a toothbrush, floss, interdental brushes, properly selected toothpaste;
rinsing the mouth after each meal;
proper brushing of teeth - from the bottom up from the gums to the crowns;
drinking plenty of water to prevent dry mouth;
control over the intake of useful microelements and vitamins into the body;
the use of hard foods for training the dentoalveolar apparatus;
correct distribution of the load on both sides of the dentition;
timely treatment of diseases and regular preventive examinations at the dentist.

The time when a child's adult teeth are cut is one of the most serious and difficult times its development. To help the baby survive it without problems, parents need to know what symptoms indicate molars eruption, and how to help the child in this situation.

Teething in children: symptoms

Molar milk teeth

What do parents need to know about milk teeth?

Milk incisors, as well as permanent ones, have a root.
The rudiments of such dental units are formed in the prenatal period.
When a temporary tooth is replaced by an adult, the old root resolves itself over time.
On the first teeth, the enamel is softer.
Milk teeth are smooth, and their roots are wide, so that there is room for the development of the rudiments of permanent teeth.
Temporary teeth are canines and lateral incisors, central and first molars, premolars. The second molars in four-year-old children are already adults.

Baby teeth

When the rudiments of an adult tooth appear, the root of its predecessor weakens, the tooth loosens. If it is not pulled out, then under it you can see the emerging adult tooth. When dairy interferes with it, it can grow abnormally.

The dentition is symmetrical in nature, and the teeth erupt in pairs: on both parts of the dentition, they appear almost simultaneously.

The structure of milk teeth

Eruption of adult teeth

The rudiments of the first teeth (on average - about 20 units) in infants are formed during the first two years of life. When it comes time to replace them with permanent teeth, the milk teeth loosen and fall out. There are no definite terms for the eruption of molars; many factors can affect the speed: the ecological situation, climate, water quality and diet. Genetic features also play a certain role, some of which make themselves felt even during the formation of the fetus. The impact can be both positive and negative. If the parents have healthy teeth from birth, then there is no need to worry about the teeth of the child. If the first incisors, canines and premolars grow in 3 years, then the permanent ones erupt for a long time. The first symptoms of a change in the dentition can be seen at the age of 5, and it continues until the age of 21, when the third molars appear.

Eruption terms

Signs of the formation of permanent teeth

The most characteristic symptom of the formation of adult teeth in childhood- an increase in the size of the jaw. The gaps between the first teeth are small, if the jaw grows, this means that it creates the conditions for new dental units. Adult teeth are larger than temporary teeth, so they require a lot of space. Distances between milk teeth increase. They lose stability and fall out. With any deviations, the teeth will break through with pain, bend, spoil the bite. In order for a child's teeth to grow properly, parents need to control this process.

Pay attention to the distance between the child's teeth

Permanent teeth can erupt at the age of 6-7 without any symptoms, but most often the child behaves restlessly, is naughty, gets irritated over trifles, and does not eat well. Often, the formation of permanent teeth has the same signs as with the eruption of milk teeth. If some other diseases occur against the background of teething, they can distort the symptoms.

Permanent teeth erupt at age 6 or 7

Increased salivation is a very common symptom, although it is no longer as abundant as in infancy, but you can notice the difference. At the age of 6, children can already be taught to wipe their mouths with a napkin, otherwise irritation will appear on the face, since saliva contains many microbes that aggressively affect delicate skin.

If your child is salivating, have a supply of clean handkerchiefs ready.

During the period of growth of permanent teeth, the gums and mucous membranes become inflamed again. If redness is noticed in the mouth, it is better to show the child to the dentist, who can accurately distinguish the onset of teething from a banal viral infection.

Show the child to the dentist if you notice redness in the child's mouth

Over time, swelling is observed on the gums - this is an adult tooth breaking through to replace the temporary one. The germination process is painful, parents can alleviate the child's condition with anesthetics.

The pain is replaced by itching. The child pulls things to the mouth to soothe the gums.

The child may suck or chew on fingers or other objects

A natural symptom will be a deterioration in the quality of sleep. If he is worried about a toothache, the baby will not be able to fall asleep for a long time, often wakes up at night, cries, tosses and turns.

If the baby does not sleep well and cries, this may be a symptom of teething.

Some children have a fever, cough, upset stool.

May have fever, cough

These signs may appear periodically and do not necessarily have to be present in all children.

Almost all milk teeth that erupted in the first two and a half years, 10 pieces on each half, are replaced by permanent ones. Compared to their predecessors, adult teeth form in a different order.

If individual teeth grow in a different order in a baby, this is not dangerous. Individual characteristics, deficiency of vitamins and minerals slow down the speed and sequence of the formation of permanent teeth. It is important for parents to know that an adult tooth should not be loose, if there are similar symptoms, this should be a reason to visit the dentist.

Teeth can fall out and grow at random in different children

Permanent teeth should not be loose

Associated features

These symptoms are not so often manifested, but they should not be ignored. If the baby has a fever, an incomprehensible cough, diarrhea - this can be both a sign of an infection and a reaction of a weakened body to pathogenic microflora.

Diarrhea can be a sign not only of teething, but also of various diseases.

During the formation of teeth, the temperature usually lasts 3-4 days to 38.5 ° C. This symptom is irregular, so the fever in children should be periodic. If it lasts for a long time, you need to show the child to the pediatrician. Some doctors believe that the symptoms of a cold have nothing to do with teething and prescribe appropriate treatment for cough and fever.

If the temperature persists for more than three days, you should consult a doctor

What does a cough and runny nose have to do with new teeth, adults also do not understand. The gums are directly related to the blood supply to the nose and airways. As teeth form in the mouth, blood flow increases. The nasal mucosa is close, so its glands also begin to produce more mucus, which children try to get rid of. Residual mucus sinks down the throat, irritating the airways and causing coughing.

Runny nose may occur during teething

Another symptom is liquid stool with a frequency of no more than 3 times a day. Combing the gums, the baby constantly pulls dirty fingers and the first objects that come across into his mouth. In addition to infection, diarrhea is promoted by increased salivation, constantly washing the intestines. If the stool is short-term, does not contain blood impurities, you can not be afraid for the health of the child. It is necessary to monitor his condition, since with a weakened immune system there is always a risk of attaching an infection that exacerbates all symptoms.

Hardly erupting permanent teeth may already have developmental deviations, and parents should be prepared for this.

Absence of permanent teeth. If all the normal terms have passed, but they still have not appeared, the dentist examines the radiograph, on which you can see the jaw with new teeth. The reasons may be heredity (this is noticeable in the picture) or adentia - the absence of laying the rudiments even in the womb. Sometimes newborn teeth die during inflammation. In such cases, children are given prostheses.
The rudiments of permanent teeth

Fissure sealing in children

The main stages of fissure sealing

The tooth grows second

Loss of adult teeth

After injury, the tooth grows incorrectly

Erupting teeth care

When changing teeth, care for them should be especially thorough, because a fallen tooth tears tissue, and when infected, it quickly becomes inflamed. To prevent such problems, you need to:
- teach children to brush their teeth regularly, use a scraper and floss, rinse their mouth;
  Teaching children oral hygiene
  
  healthy eating
  
  Vitamins for children
  
  Chamomile decoction is suitable for rinsing the mouth
  
  You can buy rinses for children or prepare herbal teas for this purpose.
  
  Mouthwash for children
  
  interfere with the normal growth of adult teeth bad habits: sucking fingers or tongue, pacifier and any objects. Despite the teeth that have fallen out, do not limit the baby in solid food. A piece of apple or carrot massages and strengthens the gums, frees the teeth from plaque.
  
  Treat your child with slices of apples and carrots
  
  When is the right time to visit the dentist?
  
  The formation of the dentition requires constant monitoring and competent assistance from the parents to the child in order to notice the pathology in time in case of developmental deviations.
  
  It is good if, when the first permanent teeth appear, the child visits a pediatric dentist for a preventive purpose.
  
  Such a survey will help identify a number of problems:
  - malocclusion;
  - gum disease;
  - inadequate mineralization of enamel;
  - curvature of the dentition;
  - milk caries.
  Malocclusion
  
  Milk teeth caries
  
  Insufficient attention to teeth in childhood is not only excruciating pain, tears and insomnia for the whole family, but also painful treatment and fear of the dentist for life. Therefore, it is important to constantly keep in touch with your doctor and give enough time to the health of children.
  
  The loss of the first teeth is a natural process for all children. And you need to worry only when there are problems with the formation of adult teeth. They can be prevented by controlling eruption from the first tooth.

What teeth are called molars in children. Molar (permanent) teeth in children

Molars in children

Profuse salivation

whims

Temperature

Reddening of the gums

Cold symptoms

Molars and premolars in humans

Signs of eruption of permanent teeth

In what order do milk teeth hatch?

The cutters are the first guests in a small state

Indigenous people follow them

When will the fangs come out?

Teething Formula

The order and timing of eruption of permanent teeth

Possible problems

Adentia

retention

Early teething

Late teething

Breaking the order

Enamel hypoplasia

How can you tell if your baby has teeth?

What and how to alleviate the condition of the child?

Milk teeth care

Symptoms

Main

Related

Sequence

Timing

What to do

Medicines

Folk remedies

Care

premolars

Upper premolars

lower premolars

molars

Upper large molars

Lower large molars

Molars in children

Anatomy

Beginning and duration of molars eruption

Symptoms that your child is teething

Why does a child's molars take a long time to cut?

Help when teething in children

Anatomical structure

Histological structure

Types of teeth

dental formula

Zsigmondy-Palmer system (square-digital)

Viola two-digit system

Tooth development

Signs of the imminent appearance of molars

Possible problems

The molars do not erupt

Pain

Teeth grow crooked

Loss of molars

Injuries

Conclusion

Role in the dentition

Anatomy of small molars

general characteristics

Features of lower units

The structure of the upper small molars

When do premolars appear?

fangs

molars

premolars

incisors

Wisdom teeth

Video: how not to relieve itchy gums

Molar milk teeth

Eruption of adult teeth

Signs of the formation of permanent teeth

Associated features

Erupting teeth care

When is the right time to visit the dentist?