Pentaxim vaccine when done. Vaccination Pentaxim: instructions for use, reviews, price
Preventive measures to prevent dangerous diseases such as poliomyelitis and tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough, as well as other possible infections that can be caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B, are carried out in all children without exception.
Begins. To avoid an epidemiological situation, in the course of long-term scientific and laboratory research in 1997, a universal immunobiological preparation was created - the Pentaxim complex vaccine.
An improved formula, compared to previous analogues, makes it possible to develop in the body small child protective ability to resist more infections.
The main principle in the development of each monovaccine is to strengthen the immune response. But, unfortunately, this does not take into account the combination of some antigens with pathogens of other diseases.
Therefore, the immunobiological preparations included in the vaccination schedule are prescribed with some interruption. This allows the body to adapt to the individual characteristics of a particular infection and learn to fully cope with it.
The advantages that Pentaxim vaccination has eliminate the disadvantages of previously administered prophylactic vaccinations: DTP, Infanrix, Tetraxim. With the help of a single new generation multicomponent drug, medicine has been able to reduce the pharmacological impact on children's body. Let us consider in more detail what Pentaxim is vaccinated against.
First of all, it should be noted hemophilic infection. It includes purulent meningitis and arthritis, acute pneumonia, inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, epiglottis and sinus mucosa, damage to the serous membrane of the heart. Next come diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio.
For use in preventive purposes antigens isolated in the laboratory, it was planned to introduce several agents that additionally contained chemical and synthetic substances. This created a burden on the still not too strong, weak body and injured the children.
One injection, in which several sources of possible diseases are ideally combined, made life easier and medical workers, and parents. Especially if they are worried about the future condition of their beloved child.
When and is it possible for a child to do Pentaxim
The emergence of a universal vaccine preparation was preceded by a long study of the vital activity of bacteria that cause whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria, poliomyelitis and infections that provoke Pfeiffer's bacilli. More than 10 thousand children took part in clinical research action of an immunobiological substance.
As a result, the scheme provided for vaccination with Pentaxim showed positive results.
In almost 100% of recorded cases, the presence of antibodies to dangerous pathogens was confirmed. bacterial infection. These include whooping cough and tetanus. The immune response in the form of T-cells to diphtheria bacilli, poliomyelitis enterovirus, Haemophilus influenzae was also determined in the blood.
Since 2011, on the recommendation of the World Health Organization, Pentaxim has been included in the list of mandatory and permitted preventive measures. They can and are recommended for children with an atypical reaction after traditional DTP.
Vaccination is also available for babies who need acellular pertussis injections in the presence of HIV infection and immunodeficiency. It must be prescribed to a healthy child from the first 3 months of life, the drug is also recommended for children suffering from atopic dermatitis, dysbacteriosis, with low hemoglobin levels and anemia, anemia.
Pentaxim or DTP: which is better
Let's compare the two most effective vaccines, one of which, DTP, was developed back in the 40s, and the other, Pentaksim, a modern one, appeared in 1997. Both of these biological preparations responsible for activating and strengthening the immune system were created in order to prevent the most dangerous diseases in the children's group.
Previously adsorbed DPT is intended, following the manufacturer's instructions and research center recommendations, to prevent whooping cough, viral hepatitis B, diphtheria, and tetanus.
Whereas Pentaxim, in addition to similar infections, also develops resistance in the body to gram-negative bacteria of the species Haemophilus influenzae, as well as their strains, united by a single antigenic structure, serotype B.
They are the cause of about 40% of morbidity in childhood meningitis, in 20% - pneumonia and up to 80% of the cases of inflammatory processes of the epiglottis.
Any side effects are available, both from Pentaksim, and after DPT. Basically, they are expressed by allergic reactions, fever, seals at the injection site. Unlike the old vaccine, which specifically forms immunity, the new French drug only prevents the disease and facilitates its course.
The composition of the vaccine Pentaxim
What is a combined immunobiological preparation with such a broad preventive effect. Let us consider in detail what exactly is included in the composition of the vaccine, and what distinguishing characteristics it has in comparison with DTP.
The foreign drug consists of so-called toxoids. These include laboratory-isolated, safe for possible infection, but effective toxins. They are able to activate immune cells to fight pathogens.
In what quantitative indicators are toxoids in one dose of the vaccine:
- poliomyelitis. Virus type I, II and III;
- protein hemagglutinin and whooping cough - 25 mcg;
- diphtheria - 30 IU;
- tetanus - 40 IU.
The second stage consists of polymeric carbohydrates of a bacterium that causes hemophilic and tetanus toxins in an amount of 10 μg. The method of administration is intramuscular.
Content differs domestic vaccination DPT. It includes diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, pertussis microbial cells, protective units and preservatives containing mercury.
Naturally, it is much more expedient to use a new remedy that prevents infectious and inflammatory processes in children in the absence of adverse reactions.
Preparation for vaccination
The package consists of two separate needles, a syringe filled with vaccine. It is intended for the prevention of whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. Separately, in a bottle hermetically sealed with a plastic colored cap, there is a lyophilizate, a substance for the prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type B.
Such a division of toxoids was provided if there are contraindications for vaccination against hemophilic infections. In this case, the lyophilisate remains in a separate container and is not used.
The use of all components of the drug occurs by combining the contents of the syringe and vial.
The resulting substance is shaken for about 3 minutes until a cloudy, with a white tint of a homogeneous liquid is formed. A change in color or the presence of poorly soluble particles of a substance against hemophilic infection indicates the unsuitability of the medicinal composition for the procedure.
Application of Pentaxim
The process itself, which involves the use of Pentaxim, determines a specially designed vaccination schedule. The classical scheme consists of successive injections. There are only three of them. The interval between them is up to 2 months.
Each vaccination is carried out with subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml of the active active drug into the middle third of the outer surface of the thigh. At an older age, children are given an injection in the forearm. During the procedure, it is necessary to avoid getting the immunobiological substance into the subcutaneous fat layer, blood vessels.
If the very first injection was made in accordance with the approved vaccination schedule, at 3 months, subsequent revaccinations should be carried out at 4 months and 2 weeks, 6 months. The last dosage is prescribed after 12 months. In case of violation of the schedule, enter the same scheme: each injection is carried out at an interval of 1.5 months. The final dose is after 1 year.
If the vaccine is given to children over 6 months old and under 1 year old, there are slight changes in the procedure. The first dosage corresponds to the introduction of the entire substance. The second injection is carried out after 1.5 months. For the third vaccine, the lyophilisate substance contained in the vial is not used. The last dosage involves a combination of the composition of the syringe and the glass additional container against HiB infection.
After 1 year of life, Pentaxim is used without a reaction to a hemophilic infection. Only the contents that are originally in the syringe itself are entered.
All recommendations and appointments for the subsequent use of a new approved drug depend on the attending physician and the vaccination schedule. In case of intolerance to the composition of Pentaxima, the pediatrician has the right to stop the injection. It will have to be replaced with the traditional DPT vaccination.
Complications and side effects in children after Pentaxim
The body's ability to activate immune system with the penetration of alien dangerous microorganisms, viruses and bacteria, it is expressed by a deterioration in the state of health. It is much more difficult for children than for an adult with an already developed protective reaction to cope with possible unpleasant symptoms of vaccination.
Parents need to monitor any changes after the injection to avoid serious consequences and complications.
Usually, vaccination using the substance contained in Pentaxime is accompanied by a 10% increase in body temperature up to 38-39 ° C. Fever and fever above 40°C are much less common.
Unfortunately, the pain of any injection causes excessive tearfulness, irritability, screaming and crying in babies, which are replaced by drowsiness and weakness. After the injection, redness up to 5 mm in diameter and a seal appear on the damaged area of the skin, when pressed, the child feels itching, unpleasant aching pain. This lasts no more than 24-72 hours from the moment of administration of antitoxins.
Cases have been reported when in 0.01% of vaccinated children Pentaxim caused dermatological consequences in the form of an allergic extensive small rash, urticaria. Possible anaphylactic shock. There are frequent cases of Quincke's edema and a sharp drop blood pressure. The risk of intramuscular bleeding increases in young patients with bleeding disorders.
Do not exclude the inflammatory process peripheral nerve, paresis or temporary paralysis in the shoulder area. This happens in patients with an acute autoimmune disorder such as Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Vaccine Contraindications
Even the most harmless drugs can be banned from use. As for Pentaxim, it contains components that are dangerous for some babies and a large number of contraindications.
Prevention should be postponed if, after examination, the doctor diagnosed the children with ARVI, influenza, an inflammatory or infectious process in the body was detected. This also applies to intestinal infections.
Vaccination is strictly prohibited if, at the first administration, cross-reactions were observed during the interaction active ingredient contained in the injection, and other drugs that the child receives.
If a small patient is diagnosed as progressive or acquired after an injection with the Bordetella pertussis antigen, encephalopathy, accompanied by lesions of the brain and convulsions. Concomitant symptoms are possible: migraine, noise in the head, sleep disturbance, nervousness and causeless crying.
If the response to Pentaxim is a pronounced decrease or increase in blood pressure, fever, which causes a body temperature of more than 40 ° C, even 48 hours after the prophylactic vaccination.
It is dangerous to prescribe injections to children with a history of febrile convulsions, distinct allergic reactions to drugs such as Streptomycin, Neomycin, Polymyxin B and the substance glutaraldehyde.
Carefully: if the child has a history of febrile seizures that are not associated with previous vaccination, the body temperature of the vaccinated person should be monitored for 48 hours after vaccination and, if it rises, as prescribed by the doctor, antipyretic (antipyretic) drugs should be used; in thrombocytopenia and other bleeding disorders, the vaccine should be administered with caution due to the risk of bleeding during intramuscular injection.
Dosage
A single dose of the vaccine is 0.5 ml.
Primary vaccination
According to the National Immunization Schedule Russian Federation the course of primary vaccination consists of 3 doses of the vaccine administered at intervals of 1.5 months: at the age of 3, 4.5 and 6 months. However, other three-dose immunization regimens (eg, 2-3-4 months, 2-4-6 months, or 3-4-5 months) may also be used on the advice of a physician.
Revaccination
Revaccination is carried out once at the age of 18 months. If the vaccination schedule is violated, subsequent intervals between the administration of the next dose of the vaccine do not change, incl. the interval before the 4th (revaccinating) dose is 12 months. When carrying out vaccination / revaccination, they are guided by the following schedule:
In all cases of violation of the vaccination schedule, the doctor should be guided by the instructions for use medicinal product and recommendations of the National calendar of preventive vaccinations of the Russian Federation.
Method of administration
Do not administer i.v. or i.v.
Before insertion, make sure that the needle does not enter a blood vessel.
For the packaging option with two separate needles (16 mm 25G, 25 mm 23G), before preparing the vaccine, one of the two needles should be firmly fixed by rotating it a quarter of a turn relative to the syringe. The choice of needle depends on the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer in the child at the injection site.
To prepare the vaccine, having previously removed the plastic colored cap from the vial, completely inject the pre-shaken suspension for intramuscular injection (vaccine for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio) through the needle from the syringe into the vial with lyophilizate (vaccine for the prevention of infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b).
Shake the vial without removing the syringe from it and wait until the lyophilizate is completely dissolved (no more than 3 minutes). The resulting suspension should be cloudy and have a whitish tint. The vaccine should not be used in case of discoloration or the presence of foreign particles.
The vaccine prepared in this way should be completely drawn into the same syringe.
The finished vaccine should be administered immediately.
Side effects
The adverse events presented below are listed according to system organ classes and frequency of occurrence. The frequency of occurrence was determined based on the following criteria: very often (≥1/10), often (≥1/100 to<1/10), нечасто (≥1/1000 до <1/100), редко (≥1/10 000 до <1/1000), очень редко (<1/10 000), частота неизвестна (нельзя оценить по имеющимся данным).
Clinical Study Data
In three studies in infants who received the first three doses of Pentaxim vaccine, the most common reactions included irritability (15.2%) and injection site reactions such as redness (11.2%) and induration >2 cm (15.1%).
In a Swedish study, after three doses of Pentaxim given at 3, 5 and 12 months of age, the most common reactions included irritability (24.1%) and injection site reactions such as redness (13.4%) and induration (12.5 %).
These signs and symptoms usually develop within 48 hours after vaccination and resolve spontaneously without requiring specific treatment.
With revaccination, there is a trend towards an increase in the incidence of general disorders and disorders at the injection site.
From the side of metabolism and nutrition: very often - anorexia.
From the side of the psyche: very often - nervousness (irritability), unusual crying; often - sleep disturbances; infrequently - prolonged crying.
From the nervous system: very often - insomnia.
From the digestive system: very often - vomiting; often - diarrhea.
very often - redness at the injection site, fever (≥38 ° C), soreness and swelling at the injection site; often - a seal at the injection site; infrequently - redness and swelling (≥5 cm) at the injection site, fever (≥39 ° C); rarely - fever (≥40 ° C), diffuse edema of one or both limbs can be observed after the introduction of vaccines containing capsular polysaccharide Haemophilus influenzae type b. If such a reaction develops, then it occurs mainly after the primary vaccination and is observed during the first few hours after vaccination. This reaction may be accompanied by cyanosis, redness, transient purpura, and intense crying. These symptoms disappear spontaneously without consequences within 24 hours.
Post-registration data
Because spontaneous reports of adverse events in the commercial use of the drug were received very rarely and from a population with an indeterminate number of patients, their frequency was classified as "frequency unknown".
From the immune system: anaphylactic reactions such as swelling of the face, shock.
From the respiratory system: in very preterm infants (born at 28 weeks or earlier) within 2-3 days after vaccination, there may be cases of lengthening the time intervals between respiratory movements.
From the nervous system: convulsions with or without fever, hypotonic reactions or episodes of hypotension-hyporesponsiveness.
From the side of the skin and skin tissues: rash, hives.
General disorders and disorders at the injection site: pronounced edema (≥5 cm) at the injection site, incl. swelling extending beyond one or both joints. These reactions appeared 24-72 hours after the vaccine was administered and may be accompanied by redness, fever at the injection site, or tenderness or tenderness at the injection site. These symptoms disappeared on their own within 3-5 days without any additional treatment. It is believed that the likelihood of developing such reactions increases depending on the number of injections of the acellular pertussis component, this probability is higher after the 4th and 5th doses of such a vaccine.
Potential adverse reactions
The company has data that after the introduction of other vaccines containing tetanus toxoid, neuritis of the brachial nerve and Guillain-Barré syndrome were observed.
Overdose
No data available.
drug interaction
With the exception of immunosuppressive therapy, there are no reliable data on the possible mutual influence when used with other drugs, incl. with other vaccines.
The suspension containing the vaccine for the prevention of diphtheria and tetanus adsorbed, pertussis acellular, polio inactivated, must not be mixed with any other medicinal products, with the exception of the attached vaccine lyophilisate for the prevention of infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugated.
The reconstituted vaccine must not be mixed with other medicines or vaccines.
The doctor should be informed about the recent or coinciding with the vaccination of the introduction of a child of any other drug (including over-the-counter).
special instructions
The Pentaxim vaccine does not form immunity against infection caused by other serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae, as well as against meningitis of a different etiology.
The doctor should be informed about all cases of adverse reactions, incl. not listed in this manual. Before each vaccination, in order to prevent possible allergic and other reactions, the doctor should clarify the state of health, the history of immunization, the history of the patient and close relatives (in particular, allergic), cases of side effects on previous vaccine administrations. The doctor must have the drugs and tools necessary for the development of a hypersensitivity reaction.
Immunosuppressive therapy or a state of immunodeficiency may cause a weak immune response to the vaccine. In these cases, it is recommended to postpone vaccination until the end of such therapy or remission of the disease. However, in individuals with a chronic immunodeficiency (such as HIV infection), vaccination is recommended even if the immune response may be weakened.
If you develop a history of Guillain-Barré syndrome or brachial neuritis in response to any vaccine containing tetanus toxoid, the decision to vaccinate with Pentaxim should be based on a careful assessment of the potential benefits and possible risks. As a rule, in such cases, it is justified to complete the primary immunization in children of the first year of life (if less than 3 doses are administered).
The potential risk of developing apnea and the need to monitor breathing for 48-72 hours should be considered when conducting a primary course of immunization in very preterm infants born at or before 28 weeks of gestation, especially those with a history of respiratory immaturity. Because the benefit of immunizing this group of children is high, vaccination should not be delayed or considered contraindicated.
Since the capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b is excreted through the kidneys, a positive test for an infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b can be recorded within 1-2 weeks after vaccination. During this period, other tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection.
Influence on the ability to drive vehicles and control mechanisms
Since the Pentaxim vaccine is used to vaccinate children, the effect of the drug on the ability to drive vehicles and engage in other potentially hazardous activities has not been studied.
Pregnancy and lactation
Since the Pentaxim vaccine is used to vaccinate children, there are no data on the effect of the drug on the course of pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Terms of dispensing from pharmacies
The drug is dispensed by prescription.
Terms and conditions of storage
The drug should be stored in the refrigerator (at a temperature of 2 ° to 8 ° C); do not freeze. Keep out of the reach of children. The shelf life of the lyophilisate and suspension is 3 years.
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Pentaxim is a complex, polyvalent vaccine, designed to vaccinate children against five serious infectious diseases - whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio and Hib infection.Composition, manufacturer and general characteristics of the vaccine Pentaxim
The Pentaxim vaccine is complex, that is, it contains not one, but several components, which allows you to vaccinate a child against five infections at once in one injection. The vaccine consists of two main parts - a syringe filled with a cloudy suspension and a vial with a dry lyophilisate. The suspension syringe contains components for vaccination against the following four infections:- Whooping cough;
- Diphtheria;
- Tetanus;
- Polio.
The suspension contains diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis toxoids, as well as killed polio viruses types 1, 2 and 3. All components of the vaccine are dead, and therefore cannot cause an infectious disease associated with vaccination. As auxiliary components, the Pentaxim vaccine suspension contains aluminum hydroxide, Hanks' medium, formaldehyde, acetic acid and deionized water. The suspension is poured into a syringe in a volume of 0.5 ml, which is exactly one dose of the vaccine. The lyophilisate in the vial contains 10 μg of Haemophilus influenzae type B membrane particles, as well as sucrose and trometamol as excipients.
The Pentaxim vaccine is produced by SANOFI PASTEUR, S.A., a large pharmaceutical concern. in France, and shipped to all European countries and the USA. In Western European countries, the vaccine is registered under the name Pentavac, and in all other parts of the world, including Russia, it is sold as Pentaxim.
Due to the multicomponent composition, one Pentaxim vaccine replaces three conventional and familiar childhood vaccines, such as DTP, against polio and Hib infection. This means that for one shot of the Pentaxim vaccine, the child will be vaccinated against five infections. If you use the usual old, non-combined vaccines, then to vaccinate a child against the same five infections, you will need to give three injections - DTP, Imovax Polio and against Hib infection.
Both the suspension syringe and the dry lyophilizate bottle, which are part of the Pentaxim vaccine, contain one dose of particles of various microbes, which are enough to produce only one vaccination for one child. That is, in order to vaccinate a child with the Pentaxim vaccine, it is necessary to inject him with the entire contents of the syringe and vial.
The separation of the Pentaxim complex vaccine into a ready-made suspension and a lyophilizate is not accidental, since it allows, if necessary, to vaccinate a child against only four infections - whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria and poliomyelitis, without the Hib component. The fact is that for the full formation of immunity against whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria and poliomyelitis in a child under 5 years old, a total of four doses of the vaccine will be needed, three of which must be administered at intervals of 1 to 3 months between them, and the fourth - in a year after the last of the preceding three. The HIB component must be administered 1 to 3 times, depending on the age at which the child was vaccinated.
If the child began to be vaccinated according to the schedule, that is, at 3 months, then he will need to enter one full dose of the Pentaxim vaccine at 3, 4.5 and 6 months. And for revaccination at 18 months, only Pentaxim suspension containing components against tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria and poliomyelitis is needed, and the lyophilisate with the Hib component is no longer needed, since the child received all three doses against this infection. That is, the separation of the vaccine against Hib infection allows you to administer it only the required number of times, without exposing the child's body to an excessive antigenic load.
Benefits of the Pentaxim vaccine
Firstly, Pentaxim is a polyvalent vaccine containing components for vaccination against five infectious diseases at once. Until recently, Pentaxim was the only five-component vaccine registered in Russia and the CIS countries. However, the vaccines Infanrix Penta and Infanrix Hexa have recently been registered and contain components to vaccinate against five and six infections, respectively. That is, the first advantage of Pentaxim can be called precisely its multicomponent nature, which allows one shot to vaccinate a child against five infections at once. Secondly, the advantage of Pentaxim over DPT and live polio vaccine is the acellular pertussis component and dead polio viruses in its composition, which give a lower antigenic load on the child's body, are better tolerated and do not have the risk of developing vaccine-associated infections. Let's take a closer look at this advantage.
So, the DTP vaccine contains a pertussis component with cellular antigens in the form of weakened but live bacteria. The presence of cellular antigens causes a violent response from the immune system, which is manifested by fever, allergic rashes and other severe reactions to vaccination, which are familiar to many parents from their own experience or the stories of friends. It is the cellular pertussis component in the composition of the DTP vaccine that is the most reactogenic and causes severe tolerability of the vaccine. In the Pentaxim vaccine, the pertussis component is acellular, that is, it does not carry a large number of antigens that cause violent and severe reactions in the child's body, so the vaccine is well tolerated.
In addition, weakened live bacteria in the DTP vaccine can provoke the development of whooping cough, if the child's immune system, due to its individual characteristics, could not fully suppress the pathogenic organism. Such an infection is called vaccine-associated whooping cough, since the disease develops as a result of the introduction of pathogenic bacteria into the child's body during vaccination. The risk of vaccine-associated whooping cough when using Pentaxim is zero, since it contains dead parts of bacteria, and not live and weakened parts, as in DPT.
Just like the pertussis bacteria in DTP, the attenuated polio viruses in live vaccines given to children in the mouth can cause vaccine-associated polio. This is a severe complication of the vaccine, occurring in 1-4% of children. In the Pentaxim vaccine, polio viruses are dead, and therefore not capable of causing a vaccine-associated infection. Thus, when using Pentaxim, the risk of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, like whooping cough, is zero. In addition, when using Pentaxim, the child should receive only four vaccinations against polio - at 3, 4.5, 6 and 18 months, respectively. And when vaccinated with a live polio vaccine, you will have to administer it five times - at 3, 4.5, 6, 18 and 20 months.
The development of immunity to all five infections, the components of which are present in the Pentaxim vaccine, occurs in 100% of children who do not suffer from severe congenital immunodeficiencies (for example, AIDS, hypogammaglobulinemia, etc.). The effectiveness of the vaccine is exactly the same as with the introduction of all five components separately in the form of different vaccinations.
Tolerability of the Pentaxim vaccine is very good, since only 0.6% of vaccinated children develop severe reactions requiring medical attention. This good tolerability is characteristic of all four administered doses of the vaccine preparation. The safety of the vaccine has been proven not only for healthy children, but also for the weakened, and often ill, and at high risk of post-vaccination complications. Children who gave severe reactions to the introduction of DTP, in the vast majority of cases, perfectly tolerated the Pentaxim vaccination.
In addition, the antigenic load on the child's body when using the Pentaxim vaccine is ten times lower compared to using DPT + Hib infection + live polio. So, the standard DPT contains 3000 different types of pertussis bacteria antigens, and one each for tetanus and diphtheria. Pentaxim contains only 2 antigens of pertussis bacteria, 2 of Hib infection, one each of tetanus and diphtheria, and 15 of poliomyelitis virus. That is, with one dose of the DPT vaccine, the child receives 3002 antigens, and Pentaxim only 21. Thus, with the introduction of Pentaxim, the antigenic load is less than a hundred times compared to that when using DTP + Hib infection + live polio. It is a small amount of antigens that makes the Pentaxim vaccine safe, low reactogenic and well tolerated by children at any age and initial state.
Until what age can a child be vaccinated with the Pentaxim vaccine?
The Pentaxim vaccine contains an acellular pertussis component that can be used to vaccinate a child or adult of any age. The same applies to the diphtheria, tetanus and polio components of the vaccine, which can be used for vaccinations at any age. But the Hib component of the Pentaxim vaccine is recommended for use only in children under 5 years of age.Thus, the full vaccine Pentaxim with the Hib component can be used to vaccinate children until they reach the age of 5 years 11 months and 29 days inclusive. And part of the vaccine in the form of a ready-made suspension (components against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and polio) without the Hib component (lyophilizate in a vial) can be used to vaccinate children and adults of any age who have not previously been vaccinated.
However, for revaccination of previously vaccinated children and adults of any age, the Pentaxim vaccine is not used in Russia and the CIS countries, since ADS-M containing a lower dosage of antigens is used for this purpose. If a child or an adult has received all 4 dosages of the Pentaxim vaccine necessary to form a full-fledged immunity to infections, then this drug can no longer be used according to the regulations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Instead of Pentaxim, for all subsequent revaccinations it is necessary to use the ADS-M vaccine. But in the countries of Western Europe and the USA, the Pentaxim vaccine without the Hib component is also used for revaccination of adults and children at any age. Therefore, theoretically, Pentaxim without the Hib component can be used at any age.
What does the Hib component of the Pentaxim vaccine protect against?
The Hib component of the Pentaxim vaccine protects the child from severe infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B. Hib infection in children under 5 years of age is very difficult and difficult to treat, since the pathogen is resistant to many known antibiotics. So, according to world data, it is type B hemophilus influenzae in children under 5 years old that provokes about half of severe meningitis, 80% of epiglottitis and 20-25% of pneumonia and sepsis. Upon reaching the age of five, Haemophilus influenzae becomes of little danger to the child, as the immune system matures and effectively suppresses the pathogenic bacterium, preventing it from provoking severe bacterial infections of the brain, lungs and epiglottis. But before the age of five, a child easily becomes a victim of an aggressive bacterium. The Hib component of the Pentaxim vaccine protects the child from Haemophilus influenzae, which can cause extremely dangerous diseases, often resulting in death. However, this does not mean that after vaccination the child will be protected from any meningitis, pneumonia or sepsis, since they can be caused by various pathogenic microbes, and not only Haemophilus influenzae type B. Remember that Pentaxim only protects against Haemophilus influenzae, but does not form immunity to other pathogenic bacteria, which can also provoke sepsis, meningitis, epiglottitis, etc. However, infections caused by other bacteria in children under 5 years of age are much easier and respond well to therapy, and therefore do not pose such a danger as diseases associated with Haemophilus influenzae.
It is recommended to vaccinate against Hib infection for a child under 5 years old, since it is up to this age that his body is especially vulnerable to Haemophilus influenzae. Immunity from Hib infection after vaccination lasts for five years, and since this pathogenic bacterium is no longer so terrible for a child over 5 years of age, revaccination is not necessary.
In addition to protecting against HiB infection, this component of the Pentaxim vaccine reduces the number and severity of ARVI in a child, since it has a stimulating effect on the cellular link of the upper respiratory tract immunity. Therefore, if a child was not vaccinated against Hib infection in the first year of life, it is recommended to do this before entering a preschool institution.
Pentaxim is recommended to be used for vaccinating the following categories of children:- Healthy children from 3 months according to the schedule according to the national vaccination calendar;
- Children with a sharp negative reaction to the introduction of the first dose of the DTP vaccine;
- Children with withdrawals from DTP;
- Children suffering from HIV, allergic and neurological diseases, with a history of febrile convulsions, as well as persistent neurological symptoms;
- Frequently ill children;
- Children with perinatal encephalopathy;
- Children suffering from atopic dermatitis, anemia, dysbacteriosis and other diseases.
Contraindications to the use of the vaccine
Pentaxim vaccine is contraindicated for use if a child or adult has the following diseases or conditions:- progressive encephalopathy;
- Encephalopathy that developed within a week after the introduction of any vaccine containing a pertussis component (antigens of Bordetella pertussis);
- A severe reaction occurring within 48 hours of any vaccine containing a pertussis component. A severe reaction means a temperature rise to 40.0 o C or higher, prolonged crying for more than 3 hours, the appearance of convulsions and general severe depression, as well as a decrease in pressure;
- Allergic reactions to previous administrations of any vaccines containing components against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio and Hib infection;
- Any disease that occurs with an elevated body temperature (you can vaccinate only after recovery);
- Acute infectious disease (can be vaccinated only 2-4 weeks after recovery);
- Exacerbation of any chronic diseases (vaccinate only after the onset of remission, lasting at least two weeks);
- Hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or to glutaraldehyde, neomycin, streptomycin and polymyxin B.
Pentaxim - instructions for use
General rules for vaccination with Pentaxim
The Pentaxim vaccine is administered strictly intramuscularly. In children under one year old, it is optimal to inject the drug into the middle part of the outer surface of the thigh, and at an older age - into the upper part of the shoulder, where the muscle is clearly visible. It is strictly forbidden to inject Pentaxim into the buttock, since in this part of the body in children and adults there is a rather thick layer of subcutaneous fat, into which the entire dose of the vaccine can get. If the vaccine enters the subcutaneous fat layer, then it will be useless, since it will not be absorbed into the bloodstream in the required volume. In addition, an injection in the buttock can injure large nerves, which is fraught with serious complications. The general rules for administering the Pentaxim vaccine are shown in Figure 1.
Picture 1– Technique for administering the Pentaxim vaccine.
The introduction of the vaccine is carried out according to the following established regulations. First, you should take out a syringe filled with suspension and shake it several times to mix the contents well. Then the needle included in the kit is put on the syringe. If the child does not need the Hib component of Pentaxim, then after the indicated preparatory actions, only the suspension in the syringe is administered.
If the child needs an injection with the Hib component of the Pentaxim vaccine, then after fixing the needle on the syringe, they take out the vial with the lyophilisate that is in the kit. The colored cap is removed from the vial, after which the entire volume of the suspension from the syringe is released directly into it. The bottle is gently shaken with rotational movements, dissolving all the lyophilisate. Dissolution should be carried out within a maximum of three minutes. The finished product is cloudy, whitish in color. If flakes or any particles appear in the vaccine after dissolving the lyophilisate, or if the color has changed, then such a preparation cannot be used. The finished solution must be immediately administered intramuscularly, without leaving it to be stored even for a short period of time.
How to prepare your child for vaccination
Before vaccination, it is advisable to prepare the child so that he can more easily endure the manipulation. To do this, on the morning of the day of vaccination, do not feed the child, but only give him a good drink. You should also make sure that the child poops on the eve of vaccination or in the morning on the day of vaccination. If the baby did not poop for 2-3 days before vaccination, then the vaccination should be postponed until the moment when defecation occurs. If it is not possible to postpone the vaccination, then the child should take care of defecation in advance, for example, on the day before the vaccination, 2-3 times after meals, give him lactulose syrup, which has a mild laxative effect.Then the child should be dressed for the weather so that he does not sweat until you get to the clinic. Directly in the clinic it is necessary to undress the child and give him a drink of water. And if he still sweats, then you need to sit on a bench and let the child cool down. Only after the child cools down and stops sweating, you can go into the vaccination room and administer the vaccine. After vaccination, you can take a walk on the street, if the child does not mind, then come home and do not feed the baby for as long as possible, but only give plenty of water. You need to feed the child only when he asks for it himself. Moreover, he needs to be given a dietary dish, for example, low-fat soup, liquid porridge on the water, etc. You can not give hearty, sweet, etc., as this will worsen the tolerance of the vaccine.
Within 2 to 3 days after vaccination, the temperature of the child should be monitored. If it begins to rise, then it is recommended to bring down the temperature, since it does not have any positive effect, but only worsens the baby's condition and makes parents nervous. The temperature is brought down only with preparations containing paracetamol, ibuprofen or nimesulide. If they are ineffective, you should consult a doctor.
Rules for the introduction of Pentaxim to a child who has had an acute illness
In case of any acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic one, it is necessary to postpone vaccination until complete recovery or a period of remission. Doctors recommend vaccinating no earlier than 2 to 4 weeks after recovery or the start of a remission period.If the child had ARVI or acute intestinal infection, then Pentaxim can be vaccinated immediately after normalization of body temperature, without paying attention to residual catarrhal phenomena, such as runny nose, cough, unstable stool, etc. Children who have had meningitis or other diseases of the nervous system should not be vaccinated with Pentaxim for at least six months after recovery. Often sick children are vaccinated 5 to 10 days after SARS, not paying attention to residual catarrhal phenomena.
Rules for administering Pentaxim to a child suffering from allergic diseases
If a child suffers from any skin allergic manifestations, such as rash, itching, redness and others, then he should be vaccinated with Pentaxim 2 to 3 weeks after the acute symptoms subside. Pentaxim is administered to such children only against the background of maintenance therapy, which consists in the use of antihistamines orally in the form of tablets and externally in the form of ointments.If the child suffers from periodic spasms of the respiratory tract, then Pentaxim should be administered no earlier than 2 to 4 weeks after the elimination of the next episode. Such children should be vaccinated without fail against the background of the parallel use of hormonal bronchodilators (in the form of a spray) and antihistamines (inside in the form of tablets). Bronchodilators and antihistamines begin to be used 1-2 days before vaccination and continue for another 3-4 days after vaccination. After that, hormonal bronchodilators are canceled, and antihistamines continue to be taken according to the standard scheme recommended by the attending physician.
Pentaxim vaccination schedule
A full course of vaccination, after which the child will develop immunity to tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, polio and Hib infection, consists of three doses of Pentaxim, which are administered with an interval of 1 to 3 months between them. According to the schedule of the national vaccination calendar of the Russian Federation, Pentaxim is administered to children at 3, 4.5 and 6 months. On this, vaccination against Hib infection, poliomyelitis, tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough is considered complete, since persistent immunity is formed to all of the listed diseases after three doses of Pentaxim. A year after the third vaccine dose, that is, at 18 months (1.5 years), the child is revaccinated, which consists in administering another dose of Pentaxim vaccine. This revaccination is necessary to maintain previously developed immunity to infections. Thus, the full course of vaccinations with Pentaxim in children according to the schedule of the national calendar is as follows - at 3, 4.5, 6 and 18 months. Such a course, consisting of four vaccinations, allows the child to form immunity to five infections (HIB infection, poliomyelitis, tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough), which will last for 5 years. The next revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus and poliomyelitis will need to be done in five years, that is, at 6-7 years of age.
If the vaccination of the child does not begin according to the schedule of the national calendar, that is, not at three months, but later, then it is carried out according to the following scheme 1 - 2 - 2 - 12. This means that the first vaccination is administered, then after two months the second, after another 2 months - the third. And 12 months after the third vaccination, the fourth dose of the Pentaxim vaccine is administered. On this, the vaccination of the child against polio, whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria and Hib infection is considered completed, and the acquired immunity will last for five years. Therefore, revaccination will need to be carried out only five years after the administration of the fourth dose of Pentaxim.
When vaccinating a child of any age with Pentaxim, the contents of the syringe (prepared suspension) with pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria and polio components are always fully administered when all four vaccinations from the cycle are performed. And the Hib component of the vaccine (a vial with a lyophilisate) is administered 4, 3 or 1 time, depending on the age at which the child was vaccinated with Pentaxim. The rules for introducing the Hib component of Pentaxima, depending on the age at which the child was vaccinated, are shown in the table.
Accordingly, if the table indicates "with the Hib component", then the child is given the full vaccine after dissolving the lyophilisate with the contents of the syringe. And if it is indicated "without the HIB component", then only the contents of the syringe (prepared suspension) are administered to the child, without dissolving the lyophilisate in the vial.
Pentaxim - revaccination
Revaccination with Pentaxim can be carried out one year after the last third vaccination. Moreover, Pentaxim for revaccination can be used even in cases where the previous three vaccinations were performed with other vaccines, for example, DPT, Imovax Polio, Hiberix, etc. However, Pentaxim cannot be used for subsequent revaccinations against poliomyelitis, tetanus and diphtheria, since it contains more more antigens than needed. In Russia and the CIS countries, for revaccinations every five years, ADS-M containing a small amount of antigens is used.The use of Pentaxim in combination with other vaccines (Infanrix, Imovax Polio, DTP, live polio)
Pentax after Infanrix
Since all vaccines used in the Russian Federation and CIS countries are interchangeable, Pentaxim can be used after Infanrix. However, it should be remembered that Pentaxim contains a polio component, which is not present in the usual three-component Infanrix. Therefore, if a child has previously been vaccinated against polio with an inactivated vaccine, for example, Imovax Polio or Poliorix in addition to Infanrix, then Pentaxim will be an excellent replacement. In this case, Pentaxim will replace two injections - Infanrix and Imovax Polio. But if a child, in addition to Infanrix, received a polio vaccine in the form of drops in the mouth, then Pentaxim is perfect for vaccination against tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria, but the polio component will be useless. In such a situation, it will be necessary either to continue vaccination against polio with drops, or to administer intramuscular vaccines such as Imovax Polio in the future, considering Pentaxim as the first dose.Pentaxima compatibility with Imovax Polio, DTP and other vaccines
Pentaxim is compatible with all other vaccines registered in the Russian Federation, with the exception of live polio (drops). This means that Pentaxim can give another vaccination to a child or an adult, regardless of which vaccine was used last time. For example, it is perfectly normal for a child to receive polio, whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus vaccines with the following vaccines:- 1 vaccination - Infanrix + Imovax Polio + Hiberix;
- 2 vaccination - Pentaxim;
- 3 vaccination - DPT + Imovax Polio + Hiberix;
- 4th vaccination - Infanrix Hexa or Penta.
If a child was vaccinated against polio with Pentaxim or another inactivated vaccine (Imovax Polio, Poliorix), then he will need only 4 vaccinations to form immunity - at 3, 4.5, 6 and 18 months. The fifth vaccination at 20 months is not needed in this situation. If a live vaccine (drops) is used, then the child needs five doses of vaccination - at 3, 4.5, 6, 18 and 20 months.
Reaction to Pentaxim - side effects of the vaccine
Reactions to Pentaxim are side effects and are divided into local and systemic. Local ones occur only in a small area of the body where the vaccine was injected, and systemic ones are a reaction of the whole organism. to local reactions Pentaxim includes the following:
- Soreness and induration at the injection site;
- Redness of the injection site;
Hello!
To vaccinate a child or not is a rather controversial issue in our time.
I am not encouraging anyone to do anything with my review. I'm just sharing my experience and opinion. In the end, each parent decides what is best for their child on their own.
Even before the birth of the baby, I knew that we would vaccinate (of course, if there was no honey tap). I read literature on the Internet, in various sources. And by the time the child needed to be vaccinated against tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough, I already knew about the existence of Pentaxim. But it's pretty vague, to be honest. At the pediatrician's appointment, the doctor told us about the need for vaccinations and mentioned in passing "next week, after all the tests, we will put DTP." I started asking questions - is it possible to put Pentaxim (that it is paid, I already knew). The doctor rolled her eyes and somehow uncertainly said "you can ... of course." It turns out that many mothers, on the contrary, do not like it when doctors offer paid vaccinations for the reasons that it is beneficial for the doctor to shove the same vaccine, but for a fabulous amount.
I hope that stones will not be thrown at me, but nevertheless I will say my opinion - I am against the domestic DPT. I've read the reviews. Yes, I have met many who tolerated this vaccine normally. Someone had a slight fever. But I don't want to risk my child. Naturally, I am based not only on reviews, but elementary - Pentaxim is a purified vaccine, after inoculation with it, the risk of accompanying symptoms is minimal.
So, with the reasons, it seems like they figured it out. Eventually - why Pentax? DTP or PENTAXIM - which is better
As part of Pentakim, whooping cough is split, the shell is removed from it, which is much better. Usually it is the shell that gives a negative effect, leading to many contraindications.
When using Pentaxim, the number of vaccinations that can (and should) be given to a baby is noticeably reduced. If, with the separate use of DTP / Infanrix and IPV + HIB, a total of 12 injections must be made so that the baby does not have health problems, then Pentaxim allows you to reduce this number to four without reducing efficiency. It is convenient, profitable and better tolerated by the baby.
What is pentax.
It is a vaccine similar to DTP. But more extended. Pentaxim immunizes against the following diseases:
- whooping cough;
- diphtheria;
- tetanus;
- poliomyelitis;
- hemophilic infection (this group includes diseases caused by a special type of bacteria - Haemophilus influenzae, type B: pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, etc.).
Place of purchase: Polyclinic. In our city, they tried to catch the last, third vaccine in pharmacies, but it was nowhere to be found. You can also vaccinate your child in a private clinic.
Price: for three vaccinations, the cost was unchanged (2017-2018) 1620 rubles. (state polyclinic)
Manufacturer: France.
The package contains all the necessary information:
Grafting experience.
How to prepare your child for vaccination:
I consulted with the pediatrician - how to prepare the baby for vaccination. To which I was told that, in principle, Pentaxim is easily tolerated, nothing special needs to be done, there is no preparation as such. Well, if you want, you can give an antihistamine. I decided not to give anything - to look at the body's reaction to the first vaccination.
The first vaccine Pentaxim.
Before the first vaccination, everything was as it should be - an examination by doctors (just coincided with the medical commission per month), a blood test. On the day of vaccination, the pediatrician examined - listened, looked at the throat. He gave the go-ahead for the vaccination. We went with the child to the treatment room. There, in front of me, they took out the package from the refrigerator, opened it, I looked at the expiration date.
I held the child in my arms. An injection was placed in the thigh. The main thing is to hold the child tightly, so as not to escape from unexpected manipulations.
Needless to say, the baby cried. But he did not cry for long, he quickly calmed down.
We sat outside the office for another 15-20 minutes and drove home.
After the vaccination, nothing has changed in the behavior of the child. he didn't fuss. The dream was the same as usual. The appetite is the same. There was no temperature. But just in case, at home, of course, there are always antipyretics.
Only a small red dot at the injection site reminded me of the vaccination.
On the day of vaccination, we did not walk or bathe the baby.
The next day, the nurse called to inquire about the child's well-being. Everything was the same as usual. There were no lumps at the injection site. In general, the child tolerated the vaccine well.
The second vaccine is Pentaxim.
Since we were told in advance that there might not be a vaccine for the next vaccination, we reserved a dose of Pentaxim for the second procedure. Therefore, they put it on schedule - 45 days after the first vaccination.
This time we were not prescribed a blood test - the pediatrician said "not allowed." The child had not been sick before. The doctor also, like the first time, examined and listened to the child.
The manipulations were carried out in the same way as the first time.
Actually, the reaction of the child was exactly the same. And to put it correctly, there was no reaction as such. That is, there were no whims, no temperature and allergies.
The third vaccine is Pentaxim.
45 days later (in January 2018) after the second vaccine, the last vaccine should have been given. But at that moment she disappeared. It was not available in pharmacies or private hospitals. But we were assured that it would. Well, they began to wait. Waited a month, two. And after all, we don’t give other vaccinations, we all hope for the appearance of Pentaxim.
I called pharmacies almost daily - there was no vaccine and that's it. I almost agreed to our DPT. When I suddenly find out that there is this vaccine in a private clinic in the city. I have even taken the card from the clinic to visit a private trader. But to admit, somehow I don’t have confidence in private clinics, which is why I dragged this decision for so long. But suddenly it turned out that Pentaxim appeared in our state clinic (May 2018). Therefore, the third vaccine was again put on our site.
The manipulations were the same. The reaction of the child is similar to the previous two.
What happens if you vaccinate later than expected?
Vaccine for the prevention of diphtheria and tetanus adsorbed, acellular pertussis (cell-free component), inactivated poliomyelitis, infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugated.
Manufacturer: Sanofi Pasteur, France or France/Russia
Price: 3549 r.
Composition: 1 dose of the vaccine (0.5 ml) contains: diphtheria toxoid at least 30 IU, tetanus toxoid at least 40 IU, pertussis toxoid 25 mcg, filamentous hemagglutinin 25 mcg, inactivated poliomyelitis virus type 1 inactivated 40 units of D-antigen, poliomyelitis virus type 2 inactivated 8 units of D-antigen, polio virus type 3 inactivated 32 units of D-antigen, excipients (aluminum hydroxide, Hank's medium / does not contain phenol red /, formaldehyde, phenoxyethanol, water for injection, acetic acid or sodium hydroxide - up to pH 6.8-7.3). 1 dose of lyophilisate contains: polysaccharide Haemophilus influenzae type b, conjugated with tetanus toxoid 10 mcg, excipients (sucrose, trometamol).
Release form: lyophilisate for suspension for intramuscular injection in a vial + suspension for intramuscular injection in a 0.5 ml syringe.
Indicated for use: within “ National Immunization Schedule" children from the age of 3 months for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis and invasive infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (meningitis, septicemia, etc.).
Vaccination schedule:
- the vaccination course consists of 3 injections with an interval of 1.5 months at the age of 3, 4.5 and 6 months, respectively; revaccination is carried out once at the age of 18 months (i.e. 12 months after the 3rd vaccination).
- If the vaccination schedule is violated, subsequent intervals between the administration of the next dose of the vaccine do not change, including the interval before revaccination is 12 months.
- If the first dose of the vaccine was given at 6–12 months of age, the second dose should be given 1.5 months after the first, and the 3rd dose, given 1.5 months after the second, should not contain the Hib component. When carrying out revaccination (administration of the 4th dose), the usual dose of Pentaxim is used with the dilution of the lyophilisate with the Hib component.
- If the first dose of Pentakasim is administered after 1 year of age, then for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th doses a diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio vaccine without a Hib (hemophilic) component should be used.
Contraindications:
- progressive encephalopathy with or without seizures;
- encephalopathy that developed within 7 days after the introduction of any vaccine containing Bordetella pertussis antigens;
- a strong reaction that developed within 48 hours after the previous vaccination with a vaccine containing a pertussis component (fever up to 40 ° C and above, prolonged unusual crying syndrome, febrile or afebrile convulsions, hypotonic-hyporeactive syndrome);
- an allergic reaction following a previous dose of a diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio vaccine or a Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine;
- a confirmed systemic hypersensitivity reaction to any vaccine ingredient, as well as glutaraldehyde, neomycin, streptomycin and polymyxin B;
- diseases accompanied by fever, acute manifestations of an infectious disease or exacerbation of a chronic disease (vaccination should be postponed until recovery).
Advantages:
- 5-component vaccine
- administered in one syringe
- the use of the Pentaxim vaccine in children at risk reduces the number of injections by 4, in the main group of children by 3 (for comparison: the number of injections when using DPT and monovaccines is 14-15 in the first 18 months of a child's life)
- high protective efficiency of each component
- the vaccine is well tolerated
- complies with WHO requirements, developed taking into account the "National Immunization Schedule"
- may be given simultaneously with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines or hepatitis B vaccine.
Application experience: The Pentaxim vaccine is registered in 71 countries of the world and is included in the calendar of 15 countries in Europe and a number of other countries on other continents. Registered in Russia since 2008. The immunogenicity of this vaccine remains at a good level even at the age of 5 years. In some counties of Sweden (the Pentaxim vaccine has been registered in Sweden since 1997), where only the Pentaxim vaccine was used (according to the 3-5-12 months regimen), the effectiveness against pertussis after 2 doses was 91%, after 3-99 %.