Risk factors for hypertension. BP norm by age

Taking an anamnesis for arterial hypertension allows you to find out not only the presence of the disease itself, but also the cause of its development. This allows the doctor to determine the methods of treatment and improve the quality of life of the patient.

Diagnosis, which allows you to draw up a treatment plan, consists of the following steps:

1. Measurement of pressure - using a tonometer, blood pressure is measured at different times of the day for several days. All symptoms and complaints of the patient who applied for help are taken into account.
2. Physical examination - the doctor palpates, examines the patient's skin, measures temperature and body weight, detects or excludes neurological disorders, finds out what medications the patient has taken in the past few months and what diseases have been treated. These methods help determine secondary blood pressure and identify pathologies. internal organs.
3. Laboratory and instrumental methods - blood and urine tests, biochemical blood tests (allows you to assess coagulability, the presence of cholesterol, identify a tendency to diabetes and atherosclerosis). ECG, ultrasound of the heart and radiography chest help to identify pathologies in the work of the myocardium.

If there are difficulties in making a diagnosis, sometimes additional procedures are performed: ultrasound of the kidneys and thyroid gland.

Clinic

Clinic hypertension determined by the stage of the disease and the nature of the course. Before the development of complications, the disease may be asymptomatic. Patients are more likely to be concerned headache in the forehead and back of the head, dizziness, tinnitus, flashing "flies" before the eyes. There may be pain in the region of the heart, palpitations, shortness of breath on exertion, and heart rhythm disturbances.

The onset of the disease is typically between the ages of 30 and 45 and a burdened family history of hypertension.

On clinical examination, the most important symptom is a persistent increase in blood pressure detected by repeated measurements.

Examination - allows you to identify signs of left ventricular hypertrophy (resistant cardiac impulse, displacement of the left border of the heart to the left), expansion of the vascular bundle due to the aorta, accentuation of the tone over the aorta. A more informative method for diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy is an electrocardiographic study. On the electrocardiogram, it is possible to detect a deviation of the electrical axis of the heart to the left, an increase in the voltage of the R wave in I, aVL, left chest leads. As hypertrophy increases in these leads, signs of “overload” of the left ventricle appear in the form of T wave smoothing, then ST segment depression with a transition to an asymmetric T wave.

On a chest x-ray, changes are detected with the development of dilatation of the left ventricle. An indirect sign of concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle may be rounding of the apex of the heart.

Echocardiographic examination reveals thickening of the walls of the left ventricle, an increase in its mass, in advanced cases, dilatation of the left ventricle is determined.

Risk factors for developing hypertension

Risk factors for hypertension may vary depending on the type of disease. There are two types: primary, or essential, and secondary hypertension. The first type occurs many times more often than the second - it is diagnosed in 95% of patients with hypertension, and its development is associated with three groups of factors: the general condition of the body, lifestyle and heredity. Secondary hypertension affects 5% of patients, and various pathologies of specific organs are a risk factor for its development. Some of the factors can be kept under control, reducing the risk of developing the disease.

Complications

The majority of the population does not fully understand what hypertension is and what consequences the lack of treatment can lead to. In fact, as a result of the disease, serious complications often develop that threaten the life of the patient:

• Stroke - in the history of some patients, this diagnosis is recorded as a violation of cerebral circulation. With this complication, brain damage occurs due to occlusion of the vessel or its rupture. As a result, many vital functions are impaired in the patient, and in severe cases, death occurs.
• Cerebral edema - the pathophysiology of this condition implies a reaction to vasospasm. In the process of necrosis of small vessels, nearby brain tissues are affected.
• Heart attack - occurs as a result of a circulatory disorder, as a result of which a small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heart muscle is necrotized. A heart attack in 30% of cases ends in sudden death of the patient.
• Angina pectoris is a common complication of arterial hypertension. Characterized severe pain in the chest, radiating to the scapula and cervical region. Angina pectoris is considered a pre-infarction condition.

Treatment

To prevent the development of a crisis, hypertension should be treated at an early stage. To draw up a scheme of treatment tactics, doctors conduct a series of studies for the patient, on the basis of which they make a conclusion. But, unfortunately, such events are impossible in some situations. For example, detecting hypertension in your 20s is very difficult. Young patients rarely seek medical care, since the malaise caused by increased blood pressure is correlated with ordinary overwork.

When identifying any form of hypertension, they immediately begin to select methods of therapy. The main goal is not only to lower blood pressure, but also to keep it at the right level. To do this, combine the use dosage forms with correction of risk factors.

Health food

With hypertension, regardless of the mechanism of development, table number 10 is shown. This diet limits the intake of salt and water, and food should be fortified with potassium. Strong tea and coffee, fatty meat, smoked meats and preservatives, spicy dishes are excluded from the diet. The patient is recommended to consume more vegetables, cereals, beans, lean meat, sea fish.

Active lifestyle

Light physical activity is beneficial for everyone, especially people who lead a sedentary lifestyle. Ideally, if the patient first visits the exercise therapy room.

The medical specialist will draw up a training plan and determine the load. Physical therapy can be done daily or every other day. The duration of one workout is from 30 to 45 minutes.

Reducing excess weight

Propaedeutics of internal diseases calls obesity the main cause of high blood pressure

In the treatment of hypertension, it is important to get rid of extra pounds. However, it is recommended to lose weight gradually

Sudden weight loss can be hazardous to health.

Rejection bad habits

Hypertension often occurs against the background of alcohol abuse, smoking and frequent stress. Good rest and a healthy lifestyle is 50% of the successful treatment of any ailment.

Drug therapy

Medicines are prescribed in cases where lifestyle changes have not yielded results or the patient needs urgent care. A large selection of drugs in pharmacies allows you to choose the right one in each case.

Complications of hypertension

This pathological disease refers to a serious deviation in the S.S.S., which can cause various complications in the body as a result of constantly increased pressure in the arteries. Patients who suffer from hypertension are much more likely to experience pain in the temples, weakness, dizziness, noise, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Therefore, treatment of hypertension that has not been started in time can cause serious complications, such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, and hypertensive crisis. In the second and third stages of the disease, functional disorders of the brain, heart and kidneys can be detected.

The most dangerous complication of hypertension is considered to be a hypertensive crisis, which develops quite rapidly, causing a sharp rise in blood pressure. Symptomatic manifestations of the crisis are in the form of nausea and incessant vomiting. As a rule, the resulting complications as a result of hypertension are dangerous because of their rapid course and negative effects on the body. This, for example, concerns myocardial infarction, which can last several minutes and cause lethal outcome.

Also, a dangerous complication of the pathological process is angina pectoris, which is one of the most common pathologies of hypertension. During an attack, dull pains behind the sternum of a strong nature appear with frequent vomiting and general malaise.

The development of coronary artery disease contributes to the late diagnosis of the underlying disease and non-compliance with all prescriptions for complex treatment. In addition, patients diagnosed with hypertension are at risk of coronary artery disease, which contributes to poor blood flow to the coronary vessels, and the heart, as a result, does not receive the necessary nutrition.

Thus, in order to avoid the development of such complications, it is necessary to take the existing hypertension seriously and responsibly and consult a doctor in a timely manner.

Complications affecting the eye

Hypertensive retinopathy is a condition characterized by a spectrum of retinal vascular signs in people with elevated blood pressure. It was first described by Liebreich in 1859. Retinal circulation undergoes a series of pathophysiological changes in response to elevated blood pressure. In the initial, vasoconstrictive stage, there is vasospasm and an increase in retinal arteriolar tone due to local self-regulatory mechanisms. This stage is seen clinically as a generalized narrowing of the small retinal arteries. The constantly elevated blood pressure leads to intimal thickening, media wall hyperplasia and hyaline degeneration in the subsequent, sclerotic, stage. This stage corresponds to more severe generalized and central areas of arteriolar narrowing, changes in the arteriolar and venular junctions, and changes in the arteriolar lung reflex (ie, widening and exposure of the central lung reflex, or "copper wiring").

This is followed by an exudative stage in which there is destruction of the retinal blood barrier, necrosis of smooth muscle and endothelial cells, exudation of blood and lipids, and retinal ischemia. These changes are manifested in the retina as microaneurysms, hemorrhages, hard to sweat, and cotton wool spots. Optic disc swelling may appear at this time and usually indicates severely elevated blood pressure (ie, malignant hypertension). Insofar as best practices for control blood pressure now available in the general population, malignant hypertension is rarely seen. In contrast, other retinal vascular complications of hypertension, such as macroaneurysms and branch vein obstruction, are quite common in patients with chronically elevated blood pressure. These stages of hypertensive retinopathy, however, may not be sequential. For example, signs of retinopathy that reflect the exudative stage, such as retinal hemorrhage or microaneurysm, may be seen in eyes that do not have features of the sclerotic stage, exudative signs are vague since they are seen in diabetes and other conditions.

Kinds

Types of hypertension give a complete picture of the disease. They are divided into two large groups, similar in manifestation, but differing in the principle of treatment.

1. Primary arterial hypertension - doctors cannot determine the causes of increased blood pressure. Most often, it is diagnosed in older people, indicating the stage of manifestation:

• The first degree is mild, blood pressure ranges from 140 to 99 mm Hg. Art. Hypertensive crises and lesions of vital organs (heart, kidneys, brain) are absent.
• The second degree is moderate, the pressure exceeds 179-109 mm Hg. Art. Crises often occur, performance is impaired, lesions are noted in the internal organs.
• The third degree is severe, blood pressure exceeds 180 mm Hg. Art. Crises are accompanied by renal and heart failure.

The first two degrees of arterial hypertension often do not make themselves felt for a long time. The patient seeks help for the first time after the onset of the crisis. Sometimes pathology is detected by chance - during a physical examination.

2. Secondary arterial hypertension - manifests itself as a consequence of other diseases or is a side effect on medications. The patient's blood pressure is greatly increased, and the therapeutic reduction gives little results and a short-term effect.

Secondary can be caused by the following changes in the body:

• endocrine pathologies (malfunction of the adrenal glands and thyroid gland);
• kidney disease (pyelonephritis, urolithiasis disease, glomerulonephritis, neoplasms, nephropathy);
• aggravated hereditary hypercholesterolemia;
• heart failure (malformations, atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta);
• diseases and injuries of brain tissues;
• mishandling medicines(hormones, CNS stimulants).

Unstable pressure can be caused by pregnancy when the load on the kidneys is increased. But after the birth of a child, everything returns to normal.

This type of hypertension can occur in anyone after drinking a cup of strong coffee or an energy drink.

Complications affecting the kidneys

Hypertension is a risk factor for kidney injury and ESRD. Kidney risk appears to be more closely related to systolic than to diastolic blood pressure, and black men are at greater risk than white men for developing ESRD at each blood pressure level.

Atherosclerotic, hypertension-related vascular lesions in the kidney primarily affect the preglomerular small arteries, leading to ischemic changes in the glomeruli and postglomerular structures. A glomerular injury may also result from direct injury to the glomerular capillaries due to glomerular hyperperfusion. The glomerular pathology progresses to gromelurosclerosis, and eventually the renal tubules may also become ischemic and gradually depleted. Renal damage associated with malignant hypertension consists of fibrinoid necrosis of centripetal small arteries, sometimes extending into the glomerulus, and may lead to central necrosis of the glomerular bundle.

Clinically, macroalbuminuria (random urine albumin/creatinine ratio > 300 mg/g) or microalbuminuria (random urine albumin/creatinine ratio 30–300 mg/g) are early markers of renal injury. These are also risk factors for the development kidney disease and for cardiovascular disease.

Causes

The causes of persistently high blood pressure are very diverse, but the most common are the states of prolonged neuropsychic stress, with prolonged stressful situations, and emotional stress.

One of the main reasons is hypothermia. When atherosclerosis develops in older people, the vessels are subject to age-related changes.

Violation can develop during menopause, when the female body begins to rebuild.

Contribute to its development a number of diseases that adversely affect cardiovascular system.

There are also factors that provoke hypertension:

• overweight;
• brain injury;
• hereditary predisposition;
• infectious diseases;
• viral diseases;
• elevated level cholesterol;
• smoking and alcohol;
• passion for coffee
• salt in large quantities;
• immobility;
• a sharp release of adrenaline;
• long time at the computer.

Complications linked to diabetes and hypertension

There are several complications of diabetes, one of which is hypertension or high blood pressure. The data indicate that at least 60-80 percent of people who develop diabetes will eventually develop high blood pressure. High blood pressure gradually early stages and may take at least 10-15 years to fully develop. Besides diabetes, other factors that can also increase high blood pressure include obesity, insulin resistance, and high cholesterol levels. In general, less than 25 percent of diabetics have good control of their blood pressure. The presence of high blood pressure in diabetes is associated with a 4-fold increase in death mainly from heart disease and strokes.

The main reason why people with diabetes develop high blood pressure is hardening of the arteries. Diabetes tends to accelerate the process of atherosclerosis. Another fact about diabetes is that it affects both large and small blood vessels in the body. Over time, the blood vessels become clogged with fatty deposits, become unruly and lose their elasticity. The process of atherosclerosis is much faster in diabetic people who do not have good control over their blood sugar. High blood pressure eventually leads to cardiac arrest, strokes, heart attacks, blindness, kidney failure, loss of libido and poor blood circulation in the legs. When the blood supply to the legs is compromised, the chances of infections and amputations also increase.

All diabetics should be aware that even mild elevations in blood pressure can be detrimental to health. Studies have shown that diabetics with even a slight elevation in blood pressure have a 2-3 times risk of heart disease compared to people without diabetes.

Blood pressure readings do change, but experts recommend that blood pressure should not be above 130/80.

Secondly, high blood pressure is a silent disease and thus it is vital for all diabetics to get their blood pressure checked regularly or to have it checked at the doctor's office on a regular basis. The American Diabetes Association recommends that all diabetics have their blood pressure measured by a healthcare professional at least 2-5 times a year.

Treatment of diabetic patients with hypertension

Once blood pressure is found to be high in diabetics, there are ways to treat it:

Medications like Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are widely used to control blood pressure in diabetics. These medicines not only control blood pressure, but also delay or prevent the development of kidney disease in diabetes. Many studies have shown that ACEI should be the drugs of first choice in diabetics with high blood pressure. Other medicines used to treat high blood pressure include water tablets. Sometimes, a combination of medications is used to treat high blood pressure. All diabetics should quit smoking. The combination of diabetes and smoking usually results in amputations of the toes and toes.

Measure your blood sugar regularly and make sure they are well balanced, as most complications of diabetes can be prevented by ensuring that such blood sugar remains within normal limits.

It is also recommended to eat a healthy diet and avoid sugary foods and limit salt intake. Also, ensure that your cholesterol levels are under control. Exercise is a must for all diabetics. Walking twice a day for 30 minutes can be a fair substitute for non-intense gym activities. Losing weight is also beneficial as it has been shown to improve blood sugar control, increase insulin sensitivity and reduce blood pressure.

Hypertension in advanced stages

In the later stages of hypertension, cardiac output decreases and the pulmonary-pressor mechanism becomes increasingly important. Increased secretion of renin leads to the formation of a significant amount of angiotensin, which stimulates the production of aldosterone. Aldosterol contributes to the accumulation of sodium in the walls of arterioles, resulting in their swelling, and they become more sensitive to pressor agents, angiotensin and catecholamines, which leads to an increase in the tone of the vascular walls; the result is arterial hypertension. An increase in vascular tone becomes persistent, organic changes develop in their walls (plasma impregnation, hyalinosis, atherosclerosis), which leads to organ ischemia, depletion of humoral intrarenal depressor mechanisms and, as a result, to the predominance of repressor and mineralocorticoid influences. In the process of prolonged stress and hyperfunction, metabolic disturbances and depletion of the reserves of a number of the most important structures and systems of the body occur - first in the central nervous system, then in the kidneys and heart.

Risk factors for arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension causes the development of a number of cardiovascular diseases - coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke, heart failure, etc. The formation of arterial hypertension is influenced by a number of factors, the fight against which is included in the system of preventive measures. These include:

- age. In general, the level of DBP increases up to 55 years, and then almost does not change. SBP steadily increases with age.

- floor. The average level of blood pressure and the prevalence of arterial hypertension in women of young and middle age is less than in men. With age, this dependence changes up to reversion.

- racial and ethnic characteristics. In representatives of the Negroid race, the incidence of hypertension is slightly higher than in representatives of other races.

- heredity. One of the most significant factors in the development of hypertension in the future. A close correlation between blood pressure in the next of kin was revealed.

- genetic aspects. Experimental studies have confirmed the genetic basis of high BP, and although some monogenic human hypertensive disorders have been described, hypertension is predominantly a polygenic disease.

- features of the neonatal period. An unfavorable environment during fetal development and premature birth are risk factors for diseases of the cardiovascular system, in particular arterial hypertension.

- obesity in the central (abdominal) type and metabolic syndrome. Obesity is directly correlated with blood pressure levels. Combination of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, lipid disorders. A relationship has been established between an increase in insulin levels and an increase in blood pressure.

- body mass. The correlation between body weight and blood pressure levels is direct, significant and persistent. Excess body weight is associated with a 2-6-fold increase in the risk of arterial hypertension.

Alimentary factors:

- table salt (NaCl). Its use in an amount exceeding the physiological norm directly correlates with arterial hypertension.

- Other macronutrients. There is an inverse relationship between the intake of K, Ca, Mg and AG.

- Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, dietary fiber. The predominance of vegetables, fruits, fish, chicken meat in the diet, limiting the intake of saturated fats, foods high in cholesterol and sweets helps to reduce blood pressure.

- Coffee. Among people who drink 1 to 5 cups of coffee a day, hypertension develops three times more often than among those who do not drink coffee at all. Caffeine causes an increase in DBP by 8 mm Hg in men with high blood pressure. Art., and with normal - by 3 mm. rt. Art.

- Alcohol. Alcohol consumption is directly correlated with blood pressure levels.

- Smoking. Cerebral stroke and coronary artery disease in smokers develop 2-3 times more often than in non-smokers with the same level of blood pressure.

- Physical activity. People who lead a sedentary lifestyle have a 20-50% higher risk of developing hypertension than those who are physically active.

— Factors environment. Noise, air pollution, soft water are risk factors for developing hypertension. The prevalence of arterial hypertension among the adult population of most countries of the world is 15-30%.

Risk groups for hypertension.

There are 4 risk groups for the development of cardiovascular complications:

Low risk. Men and women who are under 55 years of age, who have arterial hypertension of the 1st degree and do not have other diseases of the cardiovascular system, have a low risk of developing cardiovascular complications, which does not exceed 15%.

Average level. This group includes patients who have risk factors for the development of complications, in particular, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, impaired glucose tolerance, age over 55 years for men and 65 years for women, and a family history of hypertension. At the same time, target organ damage and associated diseases are not observed. The risk of developing cardiovascular complications is 15-20%.

High risk. This risk group includes all patients who have signs of target organ damage, in particular, left ventricular hypertrophy according to instrumental studies, narrowing of the retinal arteries, signs of initial kidney damage.

Very high risk group. This risk group includes patients who have associated diseases, in particular coronary heart disease, have had myocardial infarction, have a history of acute disorder cerebral circulation, suffering from heart or kidney failure, as well as people who have a combination of hypertension and diabetes.

Complications affecting the heart

Hypertensive heart disease is the result of structural and functional adaptation leading to left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, CHF, and blood flow abnormalities due to atherosclerotic disease coronary artery and capillary disease and cardiac arrhythmias. People with left ventricular hypertrophy are at increased risk for stroke, CHF, and sudden death. Aggressive control of hypertension may return or reverse left ventricular hypertrophy and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

left ventricular hypertrophy is seen in 25% of patients with high blood pressure and can easily be diagnosed by the use of echocardiography. The main mechanisms of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy are of 2 types: mechanical, mainly causing myocyte to hypertrophy; neuro-hormonal, mainly resulting in fibroblastic proliferation.

Abnormalities in diastolic function, ranging from asymptomatic heart disease to frank cardiac arrest, are common in patients with high blood pressure. Patients with diastolic cardiac arrest have a preserved ejection fraction, which is a measure of systolic function. Diastolic dysfunction is an early consequence of hypertension-related heart disease and is exacerbated by left ventricular hypertrophy and ischemia.

Treatment

In the treatment of hypertension, first of all, the level of blood pressure is controlled, and drugs are taken to maintain the pressure in a state of stability.

These medicines act on the basis of various mechanisms that reduce pressure.

1. b-blockers - to reduce heart rate and peripheral vascular resistance - "Visken", "Atenolol", "Lokren", "Metoprolol".
2. ACE inhibitors - to block the production of renin, which is produced by the kidneys and causes an increase in pressure - Tritace, Methiopril, Capoten, Prestarium, Cilazapril, Spirapril, Moex, Enalapril.
3. Diuretics - diuretic drugs that reduce the volume of fluid in the body and blood pressure decreases - "Chlorthiazide", "Indapamide", "Hydrochlorothiazide", "Clopamide". These drugs are also good because when they are taken, potassium is not washed out of the body.
4. Calcium antagonists - block calcium channels in the walls of blood vessels, increase the lumen of blood vessels, which reduces blood pressure - "Felodipine", "Corinfar", "Amlodipine". However, these drugs have side effects such as dizziness, swelling, or headache.

It is equally important to try to avoid stress

Complications

Complications of hypertension of the first degree can be expressed in a microinfarction of the brain, hypertrophy of the heart muscle, kidney sclerosis (nephrosclerosis). Usually consequences occur only in 15%, but the need to minimize the risk of developing hypertension is clear.

In the second degree, diseases such as cerebral thrombosis, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, encephalopathy, and aortic aneurysm can develop.

The third degree, if left untreated, can cause heart failure, stroke, cardiac asthma, myocardial infarction, affect peripheral arteries, cause pulmonary edema, blindness, diabetic nephropathy, kidney failure.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of arterial hypertension, you need to follow preventive recommendations. This is especially true for people with a hereditary predisposition to this disease.

It is necessary to give up bad habits, this is the basis of prevention.

Lead an active lifestyle modern world the person began to move a little. Doctors call hypertension "syndrome of sedentary death." But it’s enough to walk a couple of stops, do a few exercises, slowly climb to your floor, ignoring the elevator.

You need to learn how to deal with stress. If it doesn’t work out on your own, contact psychologists or experienced specialists.

It is necessary to be in the fresh air more often, go out of town, get up early in the morning and do jogging, enjoying the world around you.

If a person is diagnosed with hypertension, he must strictly follow all the prescriptions prescribed by the doctor. Medicines are taken for life, in order to avoid complications. Daily control of blood pressure, using a tonometer in the morning and in the evening. And, most importantly, remember that health is in the hands of the patient himself.

If symptoms of hypertension appear, which are confirmed by the indicators of the tonometer, you need to contact a therapist or cardiologist.

Risk factors for arterial hypertension must be known, since their presence provokes the development of pathology.

Hypertension is considered a disease of our time. It is preceded by a wrong way of life and the abuse of bad habits.

The causes of essential arterial hypertension are difficult to establish. It is possible to determine the problem that served as the beginning of pathological indicators of blood pressure only with symptomatic or secondary hypertension. In the presence of certain factors, the risk of developing hypertension disease increases significantly.

What is hypertension and how does it manifest?

Arterial hypertension is a persistent increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This happens as a result of narrowing of the lumen of the arteries and arterioles.

Spasm is the cause of vasoconstriction. Frequent spasmodic phenomena provoke a thickening of the vascular wall, which greatly complicates the movement of blood from the heart to the organs and tissues of the whole body.

In such a state, the heart needs to increase its productivity, throw a larger volume of blood into the bloodstream, since only in this case it will be possible to saturate each cell with oxygen.

Since hypertension has no obvious signs, patients may not be aware of the development of the disease for a long time.

In such cases, seizures occur periodically:

• dizziness;
• nausea;
• weaknesses.

People attribute all these symptoms to overwork or bad weather, but it is in this state that you need to measure blood pressure and listen to your body.

If you start the disease, then further treatment will be complicated. Therefore, it is worth regularly measuring pressure, and if it increases, seek medical help and take special medications.

The symptoms of hypertension appear when the high pressure affects the target organs.

During this period, note:

• frequent dizziness;
• vision loss;
• noise in the head;
• deterioration in general health.

Internal changes are manifested by thickening of the wall of the left ventricle, and then an increase in the size of this chamber of the heart.

With a severe degree of hypertension, the factors for the development of complications increase, which manifest themselves:

• heart attack;
• failures in the rhythmic work of the ventricles;
• heart failure;
• hemorrhage in the brain.

With the development of left ventricular dysfunction, the patient is often worried about:

• dyspnea;
• congestive heart failure;
• pulmonary edema.

From the side of the visual apparatus:

• visual acuity decreases;
• light sensitivity changes;
• blindness occurs.

The risk of pathologies from target organs increases:

• with the wrong lifestyle,
• in the absence of effective treatment;
• in case of non-compliance with preventive measures.

Risk factors for the development of pathology

Any disease is preceded by certain risk factors. There are those that a person cannot change, and those that can be influenced.

In the case of hypertension, invariable causes that increase a person's risk of high blood pressure include:

• genetic predisposition;
• belonging to the male sex.

Heredity is considered a determining factor when weighing the risk of developing hypertension. The chances of the appearance of the disease depend on whether one or both parents suffer from a persistent increase in pressure, whether there are still close relatives in the family who have also been overtaken by this disease.

Among all interviewed patients, more than 30% of the mother or father suffered from arterial hypertension. Although the gene responsible for the development of hypertension has not been identified, the genetic factor plays an important role in the likelihood of high blood pressure.

Nationality plays a big role. Thus, it has been found that African Americans are more susceptible to the development of hypertension than Europeans or Asians.

This fact is related:

• with the habits of peoples (physical activity, dietary habits and lifestyle in general);
• with environmental factors.

If we compare the risk of developing the disease in women and men, then the latter under the age of 55 are more susceptible to high blood pressure. In this case, the hormonal background plays a key role. Before the onset of a woman menopause The hormone estrogen is the body's main defense against blood pressure problems.

After a woman stops menstruating, her hormonal levels are completely reversed. In old age, the risk of developing hypertension in men and women levels off, and sometimes the percentage of women suffering from high pressure becomes much higher than the percentage of sick men.

Risk factors that a person can change are:

• overweight;
• bad habits;
• malnutrition;
• frequent stress;
• snore.

Violation of the diet and non-compliance with the balance of the daily menu are the main factors contributing to the appearance of problems in the work of the cardiovascular system. Excessive salt intake during the day, exceeding the permitted 5.8 g / day, can also be attributed to this group.

The body will be constantly overloaded if the diet is based on the following products:

• fatty and fried foods;
• flour and confectionery products;
• coffee, tea with a few spoons of sugar;
• semi-finished products and meat.

As a result of this, food will not be digested properly and instead of useful saturation and filling the body with energy, a person after eating will feel very tired and apathetic.

Cholesterol and other harmful substances that come with food disrupt blood circulation processes:

• cholesterol plaques are deposited on the inner wall of blood vessels:
• they narrow the lumen of the arteries and interfere with the normal flow of blood.

Modern technologies contribute to the fact that people lead an inactive lifestyle. A person spends all his working time at a computer desk, and his free time - at a TV, the Internet or in a bar with a mug of beer. Such a pastime negatively affects the state and functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Bad habits, smoking and alcohol abuse, together with the risk factors listed above, cause significant damage to human health. Most often, by smoking or drinking, a person tries to drown out mental disharmony, stress and nervous tension, but instead of the expected calm and tranquility, the nervous system is subjected to additional negative effects.

In addition, smoking, as well as frequent stress, helps to reduce the elasticity of the vascular wall. This happens due to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which, in turn, affects the internal organs and causes them to work hard. Also, during stress, processor hormones are released into the blood. They contribute to the increase in resistance of arterioles.

Improper nutrition, an inactive lifestyle and the abuse of bad habits lead to obesity, and this is a direct path to the development of hypertension with all the ensuing consequences.

Risk factors for secondary hypertension

Symptomatic hypertension is a consequence of pathological processes in the body, respectively, the response of the cardiovascular system to these disorders.

With pathologies of the kidneys, vasorenal hypertension develops. It is diagnosed by narrowing renal artery due to its atherosclerotic lesion or fibromuscular hyperplasia.

In this case, the pressure rises due to increased production of hormones (angiotensin and renin) by the kidneys, which, interacting with the adrenal hormone (aldosterone), contribute to an increase in vascular resistance and their spasm.

Renovascular hypertension occurs predominantly at a young age or as a relapse of the disease in the elderly.

The following diseases also increase the risk of developing hypertension:

• inflammatory process in the glomeruli of the kidneys;
• inflammation of the parenchyma of the kidneys;
• the formation of stones in the urinary system.

With these pathological processes, the balance of hormones in the body is disturbed. High blood pressure and kidney function are closely related, therefore, with a frequent increase in blood pressure, you need to check the condition of the kidneys on ultrasound and pass the necessary tests that determine the amount of angiotensin and renin in the blood.

Hormonal risk factors are the main causes of arterial hypertension.

Tumors of the adrenal glands contribute to a high risk of developing arterial hypertension. The hormones produced by these paired glands affect the readings of blood pressure in the vessels. Treatment of pathology of the adrenal glands consists in their removal - adrenalectomy.

With aldosterone, the concentration of the hormone aldosterone in the bloodstream increases blood pressure, and an excessive amount of potassium is excreted in the urine. With the development of a pheochromocytoma in a person, an increase in pressure is caused by the release of adrenaline into the blood (contributes to vasospasm).

Such attacks are accompanied by:

• redness of the skin;
• increased sweating;
• hot flashes;
• increased heart rate.

Factors in the development of hypertension in childhood associated with pathologies of the heart and aorta.

The most common cause of high blood pressure is coarctation of the aorta. This pathology manifests itself immediately after birth and consists in narrowing the lumen of the main vessel in the body - the aorta - in a certain area (mainly at the place where the renal arteries depart from the aorta). This contributes to the appearance of disorders in the renal blood flow.

Pathologies of the thyroid gland with excessive production of thyroid hormones also lead to increased heart rate and increased pressure in the vessels. Therefore, with the frequent manifestation of high rates of systolic and diastolic pressure, it is necessary to check not only the kidneys and adrenal glands, but also the state of the thyroid gland and the general hormonal background.

How to prevent hypertension factors

Many risk factors can be prevented if you take care of your health in a timely manner.

As a preventive measure, the following rules must be observed:

• regularly monitor changes in blood pressure;
• avoid nervous tension and stressful situations;
• prevent the appearance of excess weight and the development of obesity;
• lead a healthy lifestyle, get enough sleep and spend a lot of time outdoors;
• do not abuse alcoholic beverages, if possible, completely eliminate smoking;
• reduce salt intake;
• exercise regularly in a moderate mode;
• normalize the work regime in order to prevent emotional overload.

It will not be superfluous to resort to phytotherapy.

Among medicinal plants, preference is given to those that have:

• diuretic action (lingonberry leaves, elderberry, kidney tea, horsetail, cornflower);
• sedative action (hawthorn, valerian, motherwort, hops, lemon balm, mint);
• reduce pressure in blood vessels (hops, barberry, viburnum, hawthorn, sophora).

But you should not abuse the intake of medicinal decoctions. It is important to note that many of these medicinal plants flush out potassium from the body, so during phytotherapeutic treatment it is necessary to eat a balanced diet, “lean” on foods high in potassium.

Before taking any decoction of medicinal plants, you should consult with your doctor and calculate all possible risks of developing side effects or complications.

Arterial hypertension is a multifactorial disease with a genetic predisposition. It is characterized by a persistent, chronic increase in systolic (more than 140 mm Hg) and diastolic (more than 90 mm Hg) blood pressure.

Arterial hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases, the frequency of which increases significantly with age in countries with economies in transition. The prevalence of arterial hypertension among the adult population (if you choose BP 160/90 mm Hg as a criterion) varies, according to WHO (1997), from 10 to 20%. If lower values ​​are taken as a criterion, then the prevalence of the disease will be even higher. Thus, arterial hypertension is one of the most important public health problems.

Patients with arterial hypertension develop coronary heart disease, cerebral stroke, and life expectancy decreases. Arterial hypertension is one of the main factors of mortality from major cardiovascular diseases, the proportion of which in the structure of total mortality, according to WHO (1996), is 20 - 50%. The causes of death of arterial hypertension are more often coronary heart disease with the development of myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, cerebral stroke, progressive renal failure.

All arterial hypertensions are divided into:

1) Hypertension or essential hypertension (8O%). At the same time, an increase in blood pressure is the main, sometimes even the only symptom of the disease.

2) Secondary or symptomatic hypertension (2O%).

The main hemodynamic factors are minute volume and total peripheral vascular resistance, which depends on arterioles.

The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, central

neuro-regulatory apparatus of the circulatory system.

The minute volume depends on the strength and frequency of heart contractions, the total peripheral vascular resistance depends on the tone of the arterioles. With an increase in tone, the venous return of blood to the heart sharply increases, which also affects its minute volume. With an increase in the work of the heart (running, excitement), the minute volume increases several times, but at the same time, peripheral resistance decreases significantly, and the average hemodynamic pressure remains unchanged. Currently, hemodynamic shifts in blood pressure in GB are well known:

1) B initial stages increased cardiac output or

ejection, and the total peripheral resistance remains at the same level;

hence the increase in blood pressure. This type of hemodynamic change is called hyperkinetic.

2) Subsequently, an increase in the overall

peripheral resistance, and cardiac output remains normal -

eukinetic type.

3) In the future, in a far advanced stage, there is a sharp increase in peripheral resistance against the background of a reduced cardiac output.

This type is called hypokinetic.

The maximum pressure reached when blood is ejected from the heart into the aorta is called systolic (BP). When the aortic valves close after pushing blood out of the heart, the pressure drops to a value corresponding to the so-called diastolic pressure (DP). The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure.

Risk factors for arterial hypertension should be divided into 2 groups: managed (overweight, alcohol consumption, smoking, low physical activity, high salt intake with food, high cholesterol, stress) and unmanaged (age over 55 years, burdened heredity).

The difference between these groups is the ability to eliminate manageable risk factors.

Increased weight is currently considered as one of the main risk factors for the development of arterial hypertension. In obese people, arterial hypertension occurs 2 times more often than in people with normal weight. In a significant proportion of patients, normalization of body weight causes normalization of blood pressure levels. The main conditions for weight loss are limiting the caloric content of the diet to 1500 - 1800 kcal / day, diet (4 meals a day with the last meal 3 - 4 hours before bedtime), sufficient physical activity. In addition, fasting days are obligatory 1-2 times a week (apple, cottage cheese, vegetable, sour-milk and others). In the diet, it is necessary to limit fats of animal origin, easily digestible carbohydrates. Increased alcohol consumption may be the cause of hypertension in 11% of men and 1% of women. The risk of stroke in drinking patients with arterial hypertension is 3-4 times higher than in non-drinkers.

There is an undoubted relationship between the amount of salt consumed and the level of blood pressure. Sodium and water accumulate in the vessel wall, thickening it, which causes an increase in peripheral vascular resistance and an increase in blood pressure. Daily rate salt for a patient with arterial hypertension or a patient with normal blood pressure who is threatened by other risk factors is no more than 5 g, and over the age of 60 - 3 g.

It is necessary that a patient with arterial hypertension have sufficient physical activity. Useful walking (30 - 40 minutes daily brisk pace), swimming (2 times a week), cycling. Competitive sports (volleyball, football, tennis), isometric loads (weight lifting), exercises with torso inclinations are contraindicated.

The effectiveness of treatment is determined by many factors. The medical factor includes the doctor's ability to correctly identify the main risk factors for the disease (in the case of primary arterial hypertension) or understand the causes of its development (in the case of secondary arterial hypertension), accurately assess the severity of arterial hypertension, the nature and severity of target organ damage, and , in accordance with this, to choose an adequate treatment strategy. But the role of the patient in the treatment of arterial hypertension cannot be underestimated. Because he is ready, in accordance with the doctor's recommendations, to actively and consistently fight and, if possible, eliminate his risk factors, stop smoking, limit alcohol consumption (10-20 g for women, 20-30 for men in terms of pure ethanol ), regularly take the recommended drugs and monitor their effect on blood pressure, enter blood pressure measurement data and other information necessary for the doctor in a special diary, the effectiveness of therapeutic measures largely depends.

Hypertension is one of the most popular ailments of our time. It is caused by the pathology of the cardiovascular system, accompanied by unpleasant painful sensations and entails serious and severe consequences.

In this article, we will analyze the risk factors and its prevention. This will help you take the necessary steps to prevent this disease for yourself or for your loved ones.

In addition, by reading this article, you will learn the degrees, symptoms and treatment of hypertension, its diagnosis, as well as how to measure pressure correctly.

But let's start in order - the risk factors for its pathogenesis.

What is hypertension

Essential hypertension, or arterial hypertension, is one of the most popular diseases of our time, accompanied by an increase in blood pressure.

About a third of the world's population suffers from this disease. This disease is very insidious, since its visible signs may not remind of themselves for a long time, while the complex process of progression of the disease has already begun in the walls of the vessels.

What happens during hypertension?

The mechanism of manifestation of the disease

The pathogenesis of hypertension is complex and not fully understood. It is based on the deformation of blood vessels, resulting in metabolic disorders. Because of this, the heart and brain can no longer fully perform their functions, a spasm of blood vessels occurs, blood viscosity occurs, arterioles do not expand and stop responding to blood changes. This situation leads to undesirable consequences - the vessels of the kidneys, brain and heart are affected.

Since the pathogenesis of hypertension has not yet been determined, scientists cannot establish what exactly the disease begins with and what are the real causes of its occurrence.

Nevertheless, there are a number of factors that can provoke the disease, the so-called risks of arterial hypertension. Let's take a closer look at them.

Unchangeable causes of hypertension

Risk factors for hypertension are classified into two categories: unchanged and modifiable. Immutable are those that a person cannot influence. Changeable - those that depend on the person, his decisions and lifestyle.

The first ones include:

1. Heredity. In most cases, arterial hypertension is a disease transmitted by genes, and refers to diseases with a hereditary predisposition. That is, if someone in the family suffered from hypertension, it is likely that the next generation will be affected by this disease.
2. physiological factor. It is estimated that middle-aged men are more susceptible to hypertension than women. This is due to the fact that in the period from twenty to fifty years, the female body produces the sex hormones estrogen, which perform a protective function. However, with the onset of the climax this process ends, and since then, women also begin to be at risk of arterial disease.

And yet, even though the risk factors listed above are considered immutable, you can do everything in your power to keep unreasonable risks to a minimum.

Heredity. It is important to remember here that diseases with a hereditary predisposition do not transmit the disease itself, but only a tendency to it. That is, the occurrence of the disease is due not to one factor, but to a number of reasons. They can be influenced by a person if he carefully monitors his habits, nutrition, lifestyle and working conditions.

We also clarify that kidney diseases that provoke hypertension can be inherited. In this case, it is also important to carefully and scrupulously monitor your health.

physiological factor. Yes, men of working age most often suffer from hypertension, but this does not mean that they cannot protect themselves from the disease.

First of all, the disease chooses those who do not take care of their health, spend a lot of time at work and abuse alcohol and tobacco. Therefore, men can protect themselves from the complications of high blood pressure if they devote enough time to their well-being, devote less energy to professional pursuits and get rid of bad habits.

It is also important to remember that hypertension loves overweight and malnutrition, as well as those who are chasing recognition and honor, sacrificing sleep and personal life for the sake of ambition and ambition.

Modifiable causes of hypertension

Risk factors for hypertension include:

• excess weight;
• passive lifestyle;
• stress;
• bad habits;
• high intake of salt, caffeine, cholesterol;
• insomnia;
• weight lifting;
• weather fluctuation;
• medicines, etc.

Let's look at some of these factors and find out what is

Excess weight and sedentary lifestyle lead to obesity and serious dysfunction of important organs, which increases the risk of hypertension.

In order to influence these unseemly factors, it is important to adhere to proper nutrition(avoid a lot of fatty, fried, sweet foods) and monitor moderate activity (walking for at least an hour a day, walking in the fresh air, exercising or gymnastics).

The following risk factors for hypertension are bad habits. It has been established that the daily use of alcohol and tobacco provokes many severe chronic diseases which may contribute to the development of hypertension.

What is the maximum consumption of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products? Of course, everyone should set their own limit of what is permitted. Moreover, it was found that the complete rejection of nicotine and narcotic substances will improve human health several times, especially if he is at risk.

And yet it is believed that for a healthy person, the limits of moderate alcohol consumption can be: half a liter of beer per day, three hundred grams of wine or fifty grams of vodka.

With regard to cigarettes, it was found that if you smoke more than twenty pieces a day, then this will increase the likelihood of cardiovascular disease by as much as three times and become a threat of sudden death.

Another important factor in the development of arterial hypertension is the use of large amounts of salt, caffeine and cholesterol. Why is it so dangerous?

The fact is that salt, caffeine and cholesterol(in large quantities) contribute to blockage of blood vessels, worsen the functioning of the liver and kidneys, increase the heartbeat.

According to calculations, the salt rate per day is only five grams, and the dose of caffeine is 0.1 grams.

How to protect yourself from harmful products? First of all, again, it is important to avoid fatty and fried foods, and you should also limit yourself to a small cup of coffee.

To reduce the risk of hypertension, it is important to eat something that lowers cholesterol and sodium chloride. First of all, these are products such as sea fish, sunflower and corn oils, vegetables, fruits, citrus fruits, parsley and dill, raisins and dried apricots.

Of great strategic importance in increasing the pressure are stressful situations, which most often provoke hypertensive crises. Of course, in everyday life it is impossible to completely get rid of nervous situations and overexcitation. However, you can control yourself and your emotions so that they do not go off scale and do not cause negative consequences (palpitations, vasospasms, high blood pressure).

To do this, you can carry with you light sedatives that are suitable only for you (Valerian, Validol, Corvalol and others). Also, when emotions take over the mind, you should force yourself to switch to something else, think about something pleasant, or count to ten.

And if you are in constant psychological stress and unable to change the situation? Then you need to change your attitude to this problem. Don't try to take on too much. Don't dwell on the negative. And of course, regularly do emotional relaxation: take a walk in the park, watch a comedy, cook something delicious, take up a hobby, or just take a nap.

Another risk factor for hypertension is weight lifting. If you are doing this by profession and suffer from high blood pressure, you should think about changing working conditions to easier ones. If we are talking about the prevention of high blood pressure - remember that while lifting a heavy load, it is important to hold your breath, and between physical exertion you should breathe evenly and calmly.

So, we briefly discussed the many causes of hypertension, and also found out what needs to be done to eliminate and exclude them.

Now let's find out the answers to such questions: how to measure blood pressure correctly? What pressure is life-threatening? How is hypertension classified?

Correct pressure measurement

If you have a tendency to high blood pressure, it is very important to have a blood pressure monitor at home and always at hand.

The following are the basic rules for accurate pressure measurement:

The step-by-step algorithm for measuring pressure depends on which tonometer you have - mechanical or automatic. Before using the device, be sure to read the instructions or consult your doctor.

What should be the normal pressure?

BP norm by age

It is believed that the ideal indicators of pressure are the numbers 120/80, however, these standards are exaggerated and template. In reality, much depends on the physiological data of the patient, his age and gender.

Below is a table in accordance with which you can determine the rate of blood pressure for a particular patient.

But, of course, even this table in practice can be far from perfect, since many factors and indicators affect a person’s working blood pressure.

What to do if you find that your pressure is higher than the specified norms?

First of all, there is no need to panic and self-diagnose. It is important to contact a specialist who will conduct the necessary diagnostics and only then determine whether high blood pressure a sign of hypertension or is it something else.

This behavior is correct, since not always high pressure indicators indicate arterial hypertension. And vice versa, for low scores may not be recognized as a hypertensive crisis.

What are the symptoms and diagnosis of hypertension?

Symptoms of the disease

As hypertension progresses, the patient develops the following symptoms:

• high blood pressure 160 over 100 or more;
• severe headache and occasional dizziness;
• weakness and fatigue;
• noise and ringing in the ears or head;
• darkening, “gray dots” in the eyes;
• feelings of fear and excitement.

The combination of these symptoms will help determine the correct diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

In order to do this in the best possible way, it will be necessary to carry out some additional examinations.

Diagnosis of hypertension

First of all, in order to see an objective picture of the patient's well-being, it is important to establish control over his blood pressure. To do this, during the day, the readings of the tonometer are recorded on both hands with an interval of one to two hours.

Diagnosis of hypertension is laboratory research. First of all, it will be necessary to pass a blood and urine test for potassium, glucose, creatine and cholesterol.

In addition, you will be asked to take an ECG and ultrasound of the heart, as well as conduct examinations of other important organs (to determine complications).

During the diagnosis of the disease, the stage of the disease and the degree of hypertension will be established.

Classification of arterial hypertension

In medicine, there are four stages of hypertension, which differ from each other in symptoms and complications of the underlying disease. This:

1. preclinical stage. There are no pronounced symptoms, the patient does not suspect an increase in pressure.
2. First stage. The pressure rises sharply, but the internal organs have not yet been affected.
3. Second stage. There is a gradual damage to important organs (the heart, eyes, kidneys suffer).
4. Third stage. Accompanied by severe heart disease pathological changes in the organs of vision and blood vessels.

Unlike stages, the classification of degrees of hypertension is based on tonometer readings. In total, three degrees of development of the disease are defined:

1. determined by the pressure fluctuation between the marks 140/90 and 149/99.
2. due to pressure intervals of 160 to 100 and 179 to 109.
3. The third degree is the most critical. Blood pressure rises above the 180/100 pointer and brings with it many complications and pain.

Most often, only the degree of hypertension is indicated in the diagnostic conclusions. However, sometimes another number (from 1 to 4) is added to the indicators, which can mean determining the risk of the underlying disease.

How to recognize it in practice?

For example, if a patient is diagnosed with grade 1 hypertension, this indicates that his pressure indicators are not critical. However, this does not mean that there is no threat to health at all. For example, if a patient has had a stroke, then the number “4” is added to the diagnosis, which means the maximum risk of developing hypertension. If the patient is relatively healthy, but abuses tobacco, then the number “1” will be added to the main diagnosis.

Or another example. How to decipher the diagnosis: “Hypertension 3 degrees, risk 4”? This means that the patient's blood pressure has exceeded 180/100 and that the patient is in a serious risk zone, that is, has a very high probability of complications. In this case, the sick person is offered urgent hospitalization and inpatient treatment.

What could it be?

Treatment of hypertension

First of all, it is important to lower blood pressure, but this must be done carefully and gradually so as not to provoke irreparable failures in the body.

The attending physician prescribes a specific plan for taking drugs, individually choosing the dosage and combination of drugs. The influence of medicines will extend not only to lowering the pressure, but also to blocking the risk (protecting the internal organs from complications).

Parallel pharmacological treatment a diet is prescribed, which the patient will need to strictly follow. Recommendations will also be given regarding changes in lifestyle or working conditions.

You may find it difficult to come to terms with some of the principles of treatment. However, remember that health is more important than the usual rhythm of life and personal preferences. Never forget: your health is in your hands!

1. Heredity
2. age factor
3. tender factor
4. Bad habits
5. Elevated cholesterol
6. Excess caffeine
7. Meteorological factors
8. weight lifting
9. Professional activity

Risk factors for developing hypertension play a key role in human health. It is important to know under what conditions the development of hypertension is most likely in order to take action in advance. Today we will consider all the main factors, so that then each person can most objectively assess the risk of developing hypertension and try to protect themselves.

Experts have long come to the conclusion that the key reason for the increase in pressure is a malfunction of the nervous system. In the brain, coordination is disturbed, as a result of which its areas acquire increased activity. Also, the nervous system affects the body through hormones. Adrenaline constricts blood vessels, the force of heart contractions increases, and blood begins to flow into the vessels at elevated pressure.

Another important factor is the work of the kidneys. Urination increases, pressure rises, sodium begins to be excreted from the body.

Risk factors for hypertension can be roughly divided into two categories: there are immutable and modifiable factors for the onset and development of the disease.

Here is a range of unchanging factors:

• Gender factor - men are under attack, because women are protected by estrogen - the sex hormone;
• After menopause, the hormone estrogen is not released in women, the risk of hypertension increases dramatically;
• Heredity also plays a significant role.

There are many variable factors:

• Stress, emotional overload;
• Smoking;
• alcohol abuse;
• Overweight;
• Age changes;
• Snore;
• Insomnia;
• Elevated cholesterol;
• Excess caffeine;
• Side effects from medications;
• Weather changes.

Now we will dwell in detail on all the important risk factors for the development of hypertension.

Heredity

The most important risk factor is heredity. It has long been known that it is diseases of the heart and blood vessels that are inherited. Unfortunately, in almost one hundred percent of cases, people will inherit these diseases from their ancestors.

At the same time, at the genetic level, a tendency to hypertension is inherited, and not the disease itself. However, it is precisely these tendencies that determine the disease. These may be features of nervous reactions, metabolic processes in the body. Kidney diseases are also sometimes inherited, and they also provoke an increase in pressure.

age factor

Specific age limits, when the risk of hypertension increases dramatically, is difficult to determine. However, with age, the likelihood of the disease clearly increases, as the vessels become more fragile,

• In most cases, failures in pressure are associated with the extinction of sexual functions;
• Women are more likely to suffer from hypertension after menopause. This period is also characterized by metabolic disorders, neuroses;
• Sometimes already in childhood there is a tendency to hypertension, since it is then that emotional oversaturation occurs;
• IN adolescence dangers also lurk, since in the transitional stage the emotional background is extremely unstable;
• When a person already reaches a respectable age, hypertension can be provoked by metabolic disorders, as well as disruptions in electrolyte metabolism.

tender factor

Scientists note that men are much more likely to suffer from high blood pressure. At risk - able-bodied, young population. Such people are practically not interested in their health, allow significant overloads and do not go to the doctors on time. Because of this, their hypertension develops.

Another risk factor for men is a large volume of the vascular bed and significant weight. This combination in itself provokes an increase in pressure.

Men can remove themselves from the risk group if they give up bad habits in a timely manner - drinking alcohol and smoking tobacco. It is important to remember that nicotine poses a serious threat to health: it stimulates the development of heart disease, blood vessels, provokes an instant increase in blood pressure.

Bad habits

Let's take a closer look at bad habits. If a person smokes or drinks, he dramatically increases his chances of developing hypertension. The best solution is to give up bad habits in order to preserve health.

Smoking

If you smoke about 20 cigarettes during the day, the risk of developing vascular disease, the heart of a person increases dramatically. This has been scientifically proven. At the same time, smoking increases the likelihood of unexpected death, heart rhythm disturbances.

When blood vessels begin to narrow due to smoking, the gaps between them shrink, hemoglobin decreases, loses the ability to carry oxygen in the right quantities. Thus, blood circulation worsens, blood supply to tissues and organs is disturbed. The pressure rises, the heart begins to beat faster. All this can lead to serious complications.

Drinking alcohol

When alcohol addiction appears, it is almost impossible to avoid heart disease and blood vessels. At the same time, even moderate consumption of drinks containing alcohol provokes an unnatural increase in pressure. In addition, after drinking alcohol, a person disrupts the work of his nervous system: he becomes more irritable, emotionally unstable, overexcited.

Elevated cholesterol

When there is too much cholesterol, it begins to settle on the inner walls of the arteries, thus clogging the vessels. As a result, their permeability decreases, and the pressure increases. The result is the development of various diseases of the heart, blood vessels, including hypertension.

To reduce the amount of cholesterol, you need to follow special diets, change the menu. Sardines and salmon, soybean and corn oil, all kinds of seafood should be added to the diet.

Excess caffeine

Modern people give very big preference to coffee, tea. At the same time, they make quite strong drinks, and they drink them often. As a result, there is an excess of caffeine in the body. In addition, the use of strong tea or coffee in itself causes a pressure surge, which affects the cardiovascular system negatively.

Copiously salt, salt food - it is extremely harmful if there is a tendency to high blood pressure. Salt retains moisture in the body. When the volume of fluid increases, it provokes an increase in blood pressure. It is worth noting that violations in work multiply the harm from the use of salt. endocrine system.

The best solution is to reduce salt intake or completely abandon it. After all, an increase in pressure can eventually lead to severe complications. Salt can be successfully replaced with spices, seasonings, dried herbs and fresh herbs, lemon juice. And any dish will have a pleasant taste, a delicate refined aroma.

Meteorological factors

Changes in weather conditions can also cause pressure surges. Unfortunately, the body reacts sharply to meteorological conditions. If there are any malfunctions in the systems, health is already undermined, any changes in atmospheric pressure, humidity and temperature, changes in wind direction will provoke attacks of hypertension.

Sometimes patients even know in advance about changes in the weather. It is important to take preventive measures, always have drugs on hand, because for hypertensive patients such meteorological fluctuations can cause a myocardial infarction or stroke, an angina attack.

Sometimes blood pressure jumps sharply, which is accompanied by a hypertensive crisis. When the weather begins to deteriorate, you must immediately take action: control the level of blood pressure, if necessary, lower it, monitor the condition of the heart. If necessary, start intensive therapy.

Unfortunately, many people treat the daily routine very lightly. People simply do not understand how important it is to follow the regimen, go to bed on time, get up without knocking down your biological rhythm. Of course, every person should think about this problem. Non-compliance with the regime, a chaotic schedule is not just associated with overwork and bad mood. This causes the development of diseases of the heart, blood vessels, a general deterioration in the state of the body.

It is extremely important to take into account the fact that all physiological processes are oriented towards certain phases. It is on this that the rhythmic fluctuation of the phases of rest and activity depends. Digestion, breathing, heart - everything functions measuredly, according to its own schedule. A person must enter into this rhythm, maintain its stability, and not constantly break it.

It is necessary to learn how to allocate time rationally, avoiding emotional overload and overwork. You should plan the day in advance, taking into account all the nuances and leaving good temporary reserves just in case. Then the person will have time for much more, he will feel calmer and more confident. This will instantly positively affect the nervous system, psycho-emotional state.

weight lifting

This factor is most relevant for people whose work, everyday life is associated with significant physical exertion. This risk factor needs to be taken seriously.

First of all, of course, this applies to men. They should objectively assess their capabilities. If high blood pressure is observed, the diagnosis of hypertension has already been confirmed, serious physical exertion should be avoided. Otherwise, you can provoke a sharp jump in pressure, stroke or heart attack.

Professional activity

Sometimes the most important factor is professional activity person. Loads can be not only purely physical, but also psychological, emotional. When you need to process a lot of information, mentally strain, take complex decisions, take part in disputes and discussions, defend your opinion, the heart and blood vessels work with congestion.

Noise

It turns out that loud noise also provokes pressure surges. This is especially true for people who live near major roads, highways, and also work in noisy environments, such as manufacturing plants. If it starts to feel sick, it hurts and you feel dizzy, the noise has definitely negatively affected the functioning of blood vessels and the heart.

Now you know the main risk factors for hypertension. Try, if possible, to get rid of most of the negative phenomena.

Arterial hypertension (hypertension): causes, signs, treatment, what is dangerous?

Have you ever heard of an illness with no onset? This is hypertension. Indeed, people suffering from this disease cannot remember when and how it all began. This is because it develops in a special way. But first things first.

Once again about the main

Arterial is the pressure of blood in the arterial vessels of a person. Distinguish:

• Systolic (upper) - shows the level of blood pressure at the time of the contraction of the heart.
• Diastolic (lower) - shows the level of blood pressure at the time of relaxation of the heart.

Normal figures for blood pressure (BP) are considered to be 120/80 mm Hg. This does not mean that they always have to be like this. Indicators can increase or decrease with physical and emotional stress, weather changes, and some physiological conditions. Such a reaction of the body is specially laid down by nature for the optimal use of the body's resources. One has only to reduce physical and psycho-emotional stress - blood pressure, regulated by various systems (endocrine, central and autonomic nervous system, kidneys), returns to normal. If there is a constantly elevated blood pressure and it persists for a sufficiently long period of time, there is reason to seriously think about your health.

And it's all about her

Arterial hypertension, arterial hypertension, hypertension is persistently elevated blood pressure, as a result of which the structure and functions of the arteries and the heart are disturbed. Scientists believe that changes in performance even by 10 mm Hg. Art., increase the risk of developing serious illnesses. Most of all goes to the heart, brain, blood vessels and kidneys. They are called "target organs" because they take the hit.

Modern classifications of arterial hypertension are based on two principles: the level of blood pressure and signs of damage to "target organs".

Classification of blood pressure levels

According to this classification, adopted in 1999 by WHO, the following indicators belong to the “normal” category of blood pressure:

1. Optimal - less than 120/80 mm Hg. Art.
2. Normal - less than 130/85 mm Hg.
3. Normal elevated - 130-139 / 85-89 mm Hg.

And indicators of arterial hypertension are classified according to degrees:

• 1 degree (mild hypertension) - 140-159 / 90-99 mm Hg.
• Grade 2 (moderate hypertension) - 160-179 / 100-109 mm Hg.
• Grade 3 (severe hypertension) - 180 and above / 110 and above
• Borderline hypertension - 140-149/90 and below. (Implies an episodic increase in blood pressure with its subsequent spontaneous normalization).
• Isolated systolic hypertension - 140 and above / 90 and below. (Systolic blood pressure is elevated, but diastolic blood pressure remains normal.)

Classification of arterial hypertension

Stage I - there are no changes in the "target organs".

Stage II - violations occur in one or more "target organs", a hypertensive crisis is possible.

Stage III - there are complex changes in the "target organs", the likelihood of a stroke, damage to the optic nerve, heart attack, heart and kidney failure increases.

About primary and secondary

By genesis (origin), arterial hypertension is

1. Primary (essential) - blood pressure rises in the absence of an obvious cause.
2. Secondary (symptomatic) - an increase in blood pressure is associated with a specific disease and is one of the symptoms.

Arterial hypertension of essential type occurs in 90-95% of cases. The direct cause of primary hypertension has not yet been identified, but there are many factors that significantly increase the risk of its development. They are very familiar to all of us:

• Physical inactivity (a sedentary lifestyle);
• Obesity (85% of overweight people have essential hypertension);
• Heredity;
• high cholesterol;
• Potassium deficiency (hypokalemia);
• Vitamin D deficiency;
• Sensitivity to salt (sodium);
• Excessive alcohol consumption;
• Smoking;
• Stress.

As for secondary arterial hypertension, the source of the problem in this case can be identified, since hypertension is a consequence of certain pathological conditions and diseases associated with certain organs involved in the regulation of pressure. It is diagnosed in hypertensive patients in 5-10% of cases.

Symptomatic hypertension can develop for renal, cardiovascular, neurogenic, endocrine and medicinal reasons.

Chronic pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, atherosclerotic lesions of the renal vessels, urolithiasis, cysts, adhesions, tumors can be the culprits of renal arterial hypertension. Atherosclerosis of the aorta, aortic valve insufficiency provoke cardiovascular hypertension. Intracranial pressure, inflammatory diseases central nervous system, polyneuritis contribute to the development of neurogenic hypertension.

Endocrine develop as a result of Conn's syndrome, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, acromegaly, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism. Drug arterial hypertension is associated with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, contraceptives, antidepressants, amphetamines.

Depending on the cause of the development of secondary hypertension, there are a number of features in terms of blood pressure. For example, in diseases of the kidneys, diastolic increases to a greater extent, in violation of the movement of blood through the vessels, systolic increases, and with damage to the organs of the endocrine system, arterial hypertension acquires a systolic-diastolic character.

Pulmonary hypertension

High blood pressure is ruthless to the human body. The slightest failure in his system is fraught with hypertensive complications. For example, at rest in the trunk pulmonary artery pressure should not exceed 25 mm Hg. Art. If the indicator is higher, we are already talking about hypertension of the pulmonary circulation (it is also called pulmonary).

It has four degrees:

• I degree LH - from 25 to 50 mm Hg.
• II degree PH - from 51 to 75 mm Hg.
• III degree PH - from 76 to 110 mm Hg.
• IV degree PH - over 110 mm Hg.
• It is also primary and secondary.

As regards the primary pulmonary hypertension, then it is very rare disease of unknown etiology, occurring in 0.2% of cardiopatients.

Secondary PH is a consequence of chronic problems of the lungs and heart: acute thromboembolism of the pulmonary trunk and recurrent, when it comes to small branches of the pulmonary artery, bronchospasm, bronchitis, pulmonary vein thrombosis, mitral heart disease, left ventricular heart failure, hypoventilation in obesity, etc.

It is believed that this type of hypertension develops due to reflex vascular spasm as a reaction to hypoventilation (shallow, slow breathing) or to an increase in pressure in the system of the left atrium and pulmonary veins. Mechanical factors cannot be discounted: compression and closure of blood vessels, thickening of their walls due to defects in the interatrial septum. Hypertension of the small circle complicates the processes in the right heart sections, which is the cause of right ventricular failure.

Symptoms of PH

1. Dyspnea;
2. The cough is unproductive;
3. angina;
4. fainting;
5. Edema (peripheral) on the legs.

Here we should make a small important digression. If suddenly a person has shortness of breath when lying down (for example, during sleep), this is most likely due to pulmonary venous hypertension, because, as a rule, this is not observed with pulmonary hypertension.

Today, hypertension of the pulmonary circulation is diagnosed quite easily. It is important to carry out effective drug treatment underlying disease, and only then can blood pressure normalize.

Vasorenal hypertension

Renovascular hypertension is secondary hypertension caused by insufficient blood supply to the kidneys due to impaired patency of the renal arteries. This type of disease is detected in 1-5% of cases in patients suffering from hypertension.

The reasons may be:

• Atherosclerosis (in 65-75% of cases of vasorenal hypertension);
• Fibromuscular dysplasia;
• Aneurysm of the renal artery (its protrusion);
• Thrombosis of the renal arteries;
• Squeezing of the vessels of the kidneys (from the outside);
• Renal artery injury followed by thrombosis.

As a rule, renovascular hypertension develops imperceptibly and progresses over a long period of time. High blood pressure is one of its first signs. Moreover, hypertension is stable and not amenable to conservative treatment. Patients suffer from headaches, aching pains in the region of the heart, complain of tinnitus, heaviness in the head, blurred vision and palpitations. The sooner a qualitative diagnosis is made, the more successful the treatment will be. It provides for both the intake of effective medications and surgical intervention, taking into account the etiology, prevalence and localization of obstruction of the renal arteries.

diastolic hypertension

We know that lower blood pressure (diastolic) is fixed at the very moment when the heart relaxes. At the same time, the heart muscle is supplied with blood. That is why people call this pressure cardiac. As a rule, high lower indicators correspond to high upper ones, which is, to one degree or another, arterial hypertension. It happens that with normal numbers of systolic pressure, diastolic pressure shows high. For example, 120/105. Such blood pressure with a difference between the indicators of 15-20 units is called isolated diastolic.

Even when detected, little attention is paid to it, because they are mostly used to focusing on systolic blood pressure. Isolated diastolic hypertension is very dangerous because the heart is in constant tension. It disrupts blood flow, the walls of blood vessels lose their elasticity, which is fraught with the formation of blood clots and changes in the heart muscle. High performance diastolic blood pressure are often symptoms of diseases of the kidneys, endocrine system, heart defects, and various tumors.

If a person has diastolic blood pressure above 105 mm Hg, the risk of myocardial infarction is 5 times, and hemorrhagic stroke of the brain is 10 times higher than in people with normal lower blood pressure. Terrifying numbers. Therefore, it is very important to consult a doctor in a timely manner in order to begin treatment of this type of arterial hypertension. Today, medicine provides for a complex intake of drugs, since a miraculous pill for this ailment has not yet been invented.

The world of childhood under pressure

Unfortunately, arterial hypertension is now childhood disease. Its prevalence, according to various sources, ranges from 3 to 25%. If hypertension is rare in the first years of life, then adolescent indicators are not much different from those of adults. Most often we are talking about secondary arterial hypertension, signaling failures in the child's body. It should be noted that renal pathologies predominate.

If a child does not have diseases that provoke symptomatic hypertension, then I consider arterial hypertension to be essential. Its etiology is associated primarily with heredity.

Also risk factors are:

1. Personal characteristics of the child (suspiciousness, anxiety, fears, tendency to depression);
2. Constant psycho-emotional stress (conflicts at school, in the family);
3. Features of the metabolic processes of the body;
4. Increased body weight;
5. Hypodynamia;
6. Smoking;
7. The state of the environment.

If treatment is started in a timely manner, then primary hypertension ends with an absolute recovery.

Parents should give increased attention children. For a long period, hypertension may not make itself felt. Not a single complaint of a child about his physical condition, not a single manifestation of malaise should go unnoticed. It is very important to measure blood pressure from time to time. The following indicators are considered normal:

• Newborns - 60-96 / 40-50 mm Hg;
• 1 year - 90-112 / 50-74 mm Hg;
• 2-3 years - 100-112 / 60-74 mm Hg;
• 3-5 years - 100-116 / 60-76 mm Hg;
• 6-9 years old - 100-122 / 60-78 mm Hg;
• 10-12 years old - 100-126 / 70-82 mm Hg;
• 13-15 years old - 110-136 / 70-86 mm Hg.

If the blood pressure deviates from the norm, it is necessary to consult a cardiologist. He will definitely prescribe a comprehensive examination, give the necessary recommendations on the diet, non-drug treatment, to prevent serious illnesses in future.

First bells

Let's talk about common symptoms of arterial hypertension. Many very often justify their malaise with fatigue, and the body is already giving full signals so that people finally pay attention to their health. Day after day methodically destroying human body, hypertension leads to serious complications and severe consequences. suddenly happened heart attack or an unexpected stroke - alas, a sad pattern. Undiagnosed arterial hypertension can "quietly kill" a person.

The numbers below are food for thought. In people with high blood pressure:

Damage to the vessels of the legs occurs 2 times more often.

4 times more likely to develop coronary heart disease.

Strokes are 7 times more likely.

This is why it is very important to see a doctor if you are concerned about:

1. Frequent headaches;
2. Dizziness;
3. Pulsating sensations in the head;
4. "Flies" in the eyes and noises in the ears;
5. Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat);
6. Pain in the region of the heart;
7. Nausea and weakness;
8. Swelling of the limbs and puffiness of the face in the morning;
9. Numbness of the limbs;
10. Unexplained feeling of anxiety;
11. Irritability, stubbornness, throwing from one extreme to another.

By the way, with regard to the last point, arterial hypertension really leaves an imprint on the human psyche. There is even a special medical term “hypertensive character”, so if a person suddenly becomes difficult to communicate, do not try to change him for the better. The reason lies in the disease that needs to be treated.

It should be remembered that hypertension, which is not given due attention, can make life much shorter.

How to live longer and longer?

It is necessary to start the treatment of arterial hypertension with a change in your lifestyle and non-drug therapy. (The exception is the syndrome of secondary hypertension. In such cases, the treatment of the disease, the symptom of which has become hypertension, is also prescribed).

Now it is necessary to note one significant nuance. All aspects of non-drug therapy, which will be discussed further, relate to the secondary prevention of arterial hypertension. It is recommended for patients already diagnosed with hypertension to prevent complications. If you have no desire to join the ranks of patients with arterial hypertension, then you just need to do primary prevention, which implies the prevention of this insidious disease and includes all the same non-drug therapy approaches.

Daily moderate physical activity

It has been proven that regular physical exercise reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 5-10 mm Hg. Art. Try to exercise at least 3 times a week for 30-45 minutes. It's not about exhausting workouts. You can go for walks, swim in a pond or pool, ride a bike and even just work in the garden to your heart's content. Such pleasant activities support the cardiovascular system, stimulate metabolic processes and help lower cholesterol.

Favorable regime of work and rest

Very often, doctors recommend alternating physical activity with periods of relaxation and relaxation. Reading your favorite literature, listening to pleasant music, additional daytime sleep can bring many benefits. If the regimen is observed, the functions of the nervous system and vascular reactions are normalized.

Quit smoking and alcohol

For some reason, the example of a poor horse that dies from a drop of nicotine makes few people turn out to be from another puff. But this passion really destroys the body. From nicotine, the heart begins to beat at a rapid pace, which leads to vasospasm. This significantly complicates the work of a vital organ. People who smoke are twice as likely to die from cardiovascular problems. This addiction significantly increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Even if blood pressure has normalized, people who continue to smoke still have an increased risk coronary disease hearts. Breaking this habit is a must!

You should reconsider your attitude towards alcohol. There is a "soothing" opinion that its reception dilates blood vessels. Indeed, for a short time this happens, but then their long spasm sets in. Such a "game of blood vessels" for expansion - narrowing significantly complicates the work of the kidneys. They begin to filter and purify the blood from harmful metabolic products worse. Do you think it's worth the risk to your health?

Weight normalization

He needs to be watched! Scientists have proven a close relationship between increased blood pressure and overweight. It turns out that with the loss of 5 extra pounds, systolic blood pressure decreases by 5.4 mm Hg. Art., and diastolic - by 2.4 mm Hg. Art. You should limit the intake of salt, fats and easily digestible carbohydrates. The diet should be more vegetable and dairy products with low fat content.

There are two ways to normalize weight:

1. Reduce the calorie content of food;
2. Increase energy costs.

Only in the event that non-drug therapy is ineffective, it is supplemented with drug treatment.

Important! Only a doctor, based on the results of a preliminary diagnosis, can prescribe one or another drug that will help reduce pressure and have a beneficial effect on risk factors. The medical principle of Nolinocere (“do no harm”) is also relevant for those who are trying to engage in pharmacological amateur activities.

Medical treatment of arterial hypertension

Diuretics (diuretics)

• Hypothiazide;
• Indapamide;
• Indapamide retard;
• Xipamide;
• Triamterene.

These medicines have proven to be highly effective drugs that have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system and are easily tolerated by patients. Most often, it is with them that the treatment of hypertension begins, provided that there are no contraindications in the form of diabetes mellitus and gout.

They increase the amount of urine produced by the body, which removes excess water and sodium. Diuretics are often prescribed in combination with other drugs that lower blood pressure.

Alpha blockers

• Joxazosin;
• Prazosin;
• Terazosin.

The drugs have a high degree of tolerance. They favorably affect the lipid profile of blood plasma, do not affect blood sugar levels, lower blood pressure without a significant increase in heart rate, but they have one very significant side effect. The so-called effect of the first dose, when dizziness and loss of consciousness are possible when moving from a horizontal to a vertical position. To avoid orthostatic hypotension (this is what this condition is called) when taking alpha-blockers for the first time, you must first cancel diuretics, take the drug in the minimum dosage and try to do this before bedtime.

Beta blockers

• Atenolol;
• Betaxolol;
• bisoprolol;
• Carvedilol;
• metoprolol;
• Nadolol;

All of these drugs are highly effective and safe. They block the influence of the nervous system on the heart and reduce the frequency of its contractions. As a result, the heart rate slows down, it begins to work more economically, and blood pressure decreases.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

• Captopril;
• Perindopril;
• Ramipril;
• Trandolapril;
• Fosinopril;
• Enalapril.

These drugs are highly effective. They are well tolerated by patients. ACE inhibitors prevent the formation of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes vasoconstriction. Due to this, there is an expansion of peripheral vessels, the heart becomes easier and blood pressure decreases. When taking these drugs, the risk of developing nephropathy against the background of diabetes mellitus, morphofunctional changes, and death in people suffering from heart failure is reduced.

Angiotensin-II antagonists

• Valsartan;
• Irbesartan;
• Candesartan;
• Losartan.

This group of drugs is aimed at blocking the already mentioned above angiotensin II. They are prescribed in cases where treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors is not possible, because the drugs have similar characteristics. They also neutralize the effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels, contribute to their expansion and lower blood pressure. It is worth noting that these drugs in some cases are superior in effectiveness to ACE inhibitors.

calcium antagonists

• Verapamil;
• Diltiazem;
• Nifedipine;
• Norvask;
• Plendil.

All drugs in this group dilate blood vessels, increasing their diameter, and prevent the development of a stroke. They are very effective and easily tolerated by patients. They have a fairly wide positive range of properties with a small list of contraindications, which makes it possible to actively use them in the treatment of arterial hypertension in patients of different clinical categories and age groups. In the treatment of hypertension, calcium antagonists are most in demand in combination therapy.

In case of arterial hypertension, non-drug methods of treatment should be strictly observed, antihypertensive drugs should be taken daily and blood pressure should be measured.

“Respite” in therapy is not allowed: as soon as the pressure again reaches elevated levels, the “target organs” will again become vulnerable and the risk of heart attack and stroke will increase. Treatment is not limited to one course. It is long and step by step process, so you need to be patient and strictly follow the recommendations of experts, then the world will again sparkle with bright colors and be filled with new life-affirming sounds.

Video: hypertension in the program "Live Healthy!"

Video: lectures on arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension in diabetes mellitus

Hypertension occurs 50% more often in patients with diabetes mellitus. The therapy includes a special menu for hypertension and diabetes, as well as changes in lifestyle. But 65-90% of patients must take antihypertensive drugs to lower their blood pressure numbers. 3 out of 10 people with type 1 diabetes and 8 out of 10 people with type 2 diabetes develop high blood pressure at some point. In the presence of such a pathology, one should strive to maintain the optimal degree of blood pressure. The presence of high blood pressure (hypertension) is one of several predisposing risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing a heart attack, stroke, and some other complications.

Forms of hypertension

An increase in vascular pressure in the setting of diabetes is defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg. and diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg. There are two forms of high blood pressure (BP) in diabetes:

• Isolated hypertension on the background of diabetes;
• Hypertension caused by diabetic nephropathy;

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major microvascular problems of diabetes mellitus and represents the leading underlying cause of acute renal failure in the Western world. As well as a major component of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Often, type 1 diabetes is manifested by hypertension due to the development of pathology in the vessels of the kidneys. In patients with type 2 diabetes, elevated blood pressure often exists before the primary manifestation of pathological manifestations in the kidneys. In one study, 70% of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes already had hypertension.