Description

Method of determination Immunoassay.

Material under study Serum

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Mycoplasmas - a group of intracellular microorganisms - gram-negative bacteria 115 - 200 nm in size, which do not have a dense cell wall, covered with a three-layer cytoplasmic membrane. Several strains of mycoplasmas have been described.

Conventionally, mycoplasmas are divided into 6 groups, depending on the diseases they cause in humans. The group of mycoplasmas that cause lesions of the urogenital tract in men and women include Mycoplasma hominis type I and type II, Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Mycoplasmas are characterized by polymorphism and a peculiar life cycle. The source of infection is a person with mycoplasmosis, or a healthy carrier of mycoplasmas.

Mycoplasma infections of the urogenital tract occupy one of the leading places among STIs. They are often combined with gonococci, Trichomonas and opportunistic microorganisms, transmitted through sexual contact, can cause non-gonococcal urethritis and prostatitis, inflammatory diseases small pelvis, pathology of pregnancy and fetus, infertility in women and men, as well as perinatal infection of newborns.

Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis infection using microbiological methods is difficult because it is difficult to cultivate this microorganism in vitro. Adequate modern method diagnosis of M. hominis infection is a PCR method aimed at identifying the DNA of the pathogen (in the INVITRO laboratory tests,).

Serological methods (detection of antibodies in blood serum) are of lesser use, since, due to the intracellular localization of M. hominis, the body's immune response against these microorganisms is often weakly expressed. A positive test result for IgM antibodies may indicate the likelihood of an ongoing infection.

Mycoplasmatosis: causes, symptoms and diagnosis of the disease

Among a fairly large number of mycoplasmas found in humans, only 4 species can cause disease under certain conditions. One of them, Mycoplasma pneumonia, affects respiratory system, causing inflammatory diseases of the throat, bronchi, lungs. The other three - Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum - are the causative agents of urogenital mycoplasmosis - one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases.

Mycoplasma causes:

1. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract (atypical pneumonia, mycoplasmal bronchitis, etc.).

The causative agent of this group of diseases is a microorganism of the species Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

The main route of transmission of diseases: - airborne.

The source of infection is a sick person and a healthy one (carrier).

The possibility of infection persists throughout the year, but in the autumn-winter period, infection is activated.

Clinical manifestations:

cough is the most common symptom of respiratory tract infection in patients with mycoplasma infection. As a rule, a dry, hysterical cough with light sputum is present throughout the disease, but among those who cough only 3-10% of patients with pneumonia.

Diagnostics:

one of their main assets laboratory diagnostics infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae are serological studies, partly due to their wide availability and ease of sampling - used deoxygenated blood to detect antibodies (Ig A, IgM, IgG).

These methods are widely used in clinical practice. In recent years, an increase in their sensitivity has been achieved through the separate detection of different classes of antibodies (IgM and IgA). Enhanced Level IgM is a reliable indicator of mycoplasmal infection in children. In adults, methods based on the determination of IgA have a higher sensitivity.

Ig G is an indicator of a current or past Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, these antibodies appear later than Ig A and Ig M, and persist for a longer time (more than a year).

Another modern method for diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae is PCR diagnostics. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a method that allows you to find in the studied clinical material a small section of genetic information (DNA) of any organism among a huge number of other sections and multiply it many times.

The clinical material for the study can be venous blood, saliva, sputum, separated from the ear, throat and nose.

2. Diseases of the urogenital tract in men and women (Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum).

Currently, mycoplasmas are considered to be opportunistic microbes. Only Mycoplasma genitalium is considered by most researchers as a pathogenic microorganism that can cause urethritis, epidymitis in men, and cervicitis, vaginitis, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs and pregnancy pathology in women.

The frequency of detection of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum varies widely and ranges from 10% to 50%. These microorganisms are often detected in clinically healthy individuals and, being opportunistic microorganisms, can normally colonize the organs of the urogenital system.

Genital mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealiticum) can be infected in several ways:

during sexual contact;

when the infection is transmitted from mother to fetus through an infected placenta or during childbirth;

in transplantation (transplantation) of organs;

indirectly (in women, especially girls, through household items).

Clinical manifestations of urethritis caused by genital mycoplasmas:

dysuria (itching, burning, pain when urinating);

discomfort, itching, burning in the urethra;

frequent urination or urge to urinate;

pain during sexual intercourse (dyspanuria).

Clinical manifestations of vaginitis caused by genital mycoplasmas:

mucous or mucopurulent discharge from the genital tract;

discomfort, itching, burning on the mucous membrane of the genital tract.

Clinical manifestations of cervicitis caused by genital mycoplasmas:

spotting after sexual intercourse;

discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen;

soreness during sexual intercourse.

Diagnosis of urogenital infectious diseases

Indications for examination for Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum:

clinical and / or laboratory signs of inflammation of the urogenital tract (urethritis, prostatitis, cystitis, cervicitis, cervical erosion, pyelonephritis, vaginitis);

recurrent pathological processes associated with an imbalance in the vaginal flora (bacterial vaginosis);

pre-gravid (pregnancy planning) examination of sexual partners;

upcoming surgical manipulations on the pelvic organs with a high risk of infectious complications;

the presence of a burdened obstetric or gynecological history (miscarriage, perinatal losses, infertility);

the possibility of infection of the fetus with a complicated course.

An additional indication for testing for the presence of Mycoplasma genitalium is the detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in one of the partners, as well as a change of sexual partner in the absence of the use of barrier methods of contraception.

Material for laboratory research for the presence of urogenital infections are obtained: 1) in men - from the urethra, prostate gland, and it is also possible to conduct a study of the ejaculate and the first portion of morning urine, 2) in women - from the urethra, vagina and cervical canal (cervix).

For the qualitative laboratory diagnosis of urogenital infections, it is important to correctly obtain clinical material for research from the patient. To obtain the most reliable test result, it is recommended to comply with a number of requirements:

Donate biomaterial before the start of treatment or not earlier than 1 month after the end antibiotic therapy;

Observe the time frame for obtaining biomaterial: a) from the urethra not earlier than 3 hours after the last urination, b) in the presence of abundant urethral discharge - 15-20 minutes after urination, c) from the cervical canal and vagina before menstruation or after 1-2 days after its completion;

To carry out the taking of biomaterial in sufficient quantities for laboratory research.

Methods of laboratory diagnostics of urogenital infectious diseases

Currently, for the purpose of diagnosing urogenital infections, a number of methods are used that differ in sensitivity, specificity, ease of use and general availability.

The independent laboratory INVITRO offers a wide range of tests to detect the presence of mycoplasma infection.

For the identification of Mycoplasma genitalium, the only research method is the PCR method. PCR diagnostics of Mycoplasma hominis is based on the identification of the genetic material of the pathogen (DNA) in the biological material.

The advantages of the method are:

the possibility of using a variety of biological material (scraping, urine, prostate secretion, semen, saliva, synovial fluid) depending on the location of the alleged pathogen localization;

high sensitivity of the method allows early diagnosis of urogenital infections of diseases;

high speed of analysis.

To detect Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealiticum, a cultural (bacteriological) study is carried out with a quantitative determination of isolated microorganisms and sensitivity to antibiotics. Clinically significant is the detection of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealiticum in an amount of more than 10^4 cfu/ml.

In addition, in order to assess the state of the epithelium of the genital organs, the presence of an inflammatory process and concomitant sexually transmitted infections, it is recommended to conduct a microscopic examination of a Gram-stained smear.

Literature

1. Manual of Infectious Diseases with an Atlas of Infectious Pathology. Edited by Yu.V. Lobzina, S.S. Kozlova, A.N. Uskov. www.infectology.spb.ru, St. Petersburg. 2000

Indications for appointment

Positive result:

1. likely current infection with Mycoplasma hominis;
2. bacillus carrying.

Negative result:

1. early or late terms of Mycoplasma hominis infection;
2. weak immune response to Mycoplasma hominis;
3. no infection (with negative PCR results).

* The positivity ratio (PC) is the ratio of the optical density of the patient sample to the threshold value. KP - the coefficient of positivity is a universal indicator used in high-quality enzyme immunoassays. The CP characterizes the degree of positivity of the test sample and may be useful to the doctor for the correct interpretation of the result. Since the positivity coefficient does not correlate linearly with the concentration of antibodies in the sample, it is not recommended to use the CP for dynamic monitoring of patients, including monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.

Mycoplasmas are a bacterial group whose representatives are small in size (from 125 to 250 microns). Such bacteria are characterized by pronounced polymorphism and the ability to reproduce in the extracellular environment. These microorganisms use sterols (cholesterol) for their own growth, they are resistant to sulfa drugs, benzylpenicillin, but sensitive to erythromycin and tetracycline.

When sown on a special nutrient medium, mycoplasma forms colonies with a dark center and a light border (the so-called “fried egg look”). The bacterium does not revert to its original microbial form, which distinguishes them from the L-forms of microorganisms.

Mycoplasma is at an intermediate stage between viruses, microbes and protozoa. They are able to survive and be stored for years in a lipophilic dry state at a certain temperature.

Mycoplasma hominis is more common in the urogenital system. The bacterium germinates on a medium such as bovine heart tryptic digest to which 20% horse serum and 10% yeast extract (pH 7.4) are added. On a dense nutrient medium, the usual papillary form of the bacterium is formed.

Life cycle of mycoplasma hominis

Infection with Mycoplasma hominis often occurs during labor: the infant acquires the infection from a carrier mother. In adulthood, infection occurs after sexual contact with a carrier partner.

In general, the main number of causes of infection can be distinguished:

• Any kind of unprotected sexual contact, including oral, anal, vaginal sex. It is for this reason that both partners should be treated to avoid re-infection.
• Weakness immune system caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, poor nutrition, the presence of other infections in the body, hypothermia.
• Infection from a sick mother to a child during childbirth.

Pathogenesis

The following factors contribute to the increased reproduction of Mycoplasma hominis:

• frequent douching;
• douching with chlorine-containing antiseptic preparations (for example, Gibitan, Miramistin);
• the use of contraceptive drugs, which include 9-nonoxynol (such drugs include vaginal suppositories Patentex Oval, Nonoxynol);
• the use of barrier protective agents with spermicidal treatment (9-nonoxynol);
• promiscuous sex life, frequent change of partners;
• treatment with antibiotics of a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity;
• treatment vaginal tablets and suppositories with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity (Terzhinan, Betadin, Polygynax);
• a sharp weakening of the immune defense, hypothermia.

How is Mycoplasma hominis transmitted?

Previously, it was believed that Mycoplasma hominis can be transmitted indirectly through infection - for example, through various household items (bedding, towels, baby potty), as well as through insufficiently disinfected medical instruments (vaginal tips, rubber gloves, gynecological speculums).

However, to date, the likelihood of domestic infection is defined as “extremely unlikely” (virtually impossible). It is believed that Mycoplasma hominis can enter the body in only two ways: during childbirth from the mother and sexually.

If the disease manifested itself spontaneously, then this may indicate that the bacterium Mycoplasma hominis was already present in the body, which, under favorable circumstances, became more active. That is, the person has been a carrier for some time.

Epidemiology

Mycoplasmas are the smallest microorganisms that live on the surface of plants and inside mammalian organisms. The human body can become a "shelter" for 16 varieties of mycoplasmas. Among them, six varieties are localized on the mucosa of the genitourinary system, and the other ten are in oral cavity and oropharynx.

The first six varieties include:

• ureaplasma urealiticum;
• mycoplasma primatum, spermatophilum, penetrans;
• Mycoplasma hominis and genitalia.

The listed bacteria belong to the type of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. This means that their presence can cause the development of the disease, but they may well "peacefully" live in an absolutely healthy person.

Infection often occurs during childbirth - from mother to child (more often to girls than to boys).

Infection in adults occurs during sexual intercourse; household transmission is unlikely.

Mycoplasma hominis is found on the surface of the genital organs of 25% of newborn female infants. The percentage of affected boys is much lower. Moreover, mainly in boys, self-healing can subsequently be observed: the bacteria die on their own. It happens to girls too, but much less frequently.

According to statistics, older girls school age Mycoplasma hominis is found only in 10-17% of cases (meaning only virgins). With the onset of sexual activity, the level of spread of the bacteria increases, which is explained by sexual transmission of the infection.

In general, Mycoplasma hominis is present in 20-50% of females. Men become carriers much less often, they often self-heal.

Mycoplasma genitalium is much less common than Mycoplasma hominis.

The most common diseases caused by this bacterium:

• male urethritis;
• female bacterial vaginosis (gardnerellosis);
• inflammation of the internal genital organs in women;
• pyelonephritis.

Symptoms

In most cases, carriage of Mycoplasma hominis does not cause any symptoms. In the vast majority of people, the presence of bacteria goes unnoticed. It is for this reason that the diagnosis of the disease becomes possible only when the colonies of microorganisms become too numerous.

Under certain conditions - for example, with a sharp weakening of the immune defense, after severe stress or hypothermia, Mycoplasma hominis is activated, the first characteristic symptoms of the disease appear.

In women, the pathology is manifested by damage to the urethra, glands of the vestibule, ovaries, uterus, tubes, and vagina. Symptoms may be:

• the appearance of different volumes of secretions, a feeling of itching and burning;
• discomfort during urination and sexual intercourse.

Men usually complain about the appearance of a small amount of urethral discharge (usually in the morning, after waking up), pulling pains in the groin, and lack of comfort during urination. If the microorganism affects the epididymis, then there is an increase in their size, there is a flaccid soreness in the scrotum.

In the advanced stage, clouding of the urine, the appearance of pus in the urine are noticeable, there are frequent urges to urinate (especially at night).

Incubation period

The defeat of Mycoplasma hominis, as in any infectious pathology, has its own incubation period, the duration of which is still not clearly defined. According to various sources, this period can last from 3 days to five weeks. The average duration of incubation is taken as 15-19 days.

Infection with Mycoplasma hominis does not lead to the development of the disease in all cases. This is indicated by the frequent detection of microorganisms in healthy patients, as well as the detection of antibodies in people who did not have mycoplasmosis.

Hidden, asymptomatic mycoplasmal infectious pathology is often activated with the onset of pregnancy or labor, after hypothermia, severe stress.

First signs

Experts point to the following main signs of Mycoplasma hominis damage, typical for women and men:

• sensation of irritation on the outer surface of the genital organs;
• the appearance of a transparent or purulent secret from the vagina or urinary canal;
• discomfort during and after urination;
• discomfort during and after sexual contact;
• pain in the lower abdomen (pain may radiate to the lumbar region);
• in men, pain in the scrotum;
• inflammatory processes in the urinary organs;
• frequent urge to urinate, urinary disorders;
• signs of general intoxication (feeling of weakness, pain in the head, loss of appetite, thirst).

Mycoplasma hominis can cause other symptoms: it depends on the stage of pathology, on the stage of development of bacteria, on the total duration of the disease, on the general condition of the body.

Mycoplasma hominis in women

If a woman becomes a carrier of Mycoplasma hominis, then often she herself does not know about it. In approximately 10-20% of cases, the course of carriage is latent, without any symptoms - until some circumstance leads to the activation of the infection. Sometimes in a woman, this bacterium can be present throughout her life, and does not manifest itself in any way.

• If Mycoplasma hominis affects the external genitalia, then the accumulation of infection occurs on the mucous tissues of the vagina and urethra. In most cases, there are no complaints, almost transparent discharge and slight itching rarely appear.
• If the infection affects the internal reproductive organs, then the woman may complain of pain in the lower abdomen, discomfort when passing urine, and multiple purulent vaginal discharges.

The defeat of Mycoplasma hominis in women may be accompanied by the development of bacterial vaginosis, urethritis, endometritis, salpingo-oophoritis, pyelonephritis. Often, mycoplasmosis in the female body is found simultaneously with ureaplasma and chlamydia. In about 10-50% of cases, the presence of the microorganism does not cause the development of the disease.

Mycoplasma hominis in pregnant women

To date, there is no unequivocal answer to the question of the effect of Mycoplasma hominis on the course of the pregnancy period. Some experts tend to consider this microorganism an exclusively pathogenic bacterium, which can significantly complicate the process of bearing: spontaneous miscarriage, premature labor, low birth weight, fetal fading, postpartum problems, etc. are mentioned as complications.

However, most scientists believe that mycoplasma only under a certain set of conditions can cause infectious complications, so it does not pose any danger to a woman.

Infection of the child with bacteria most often occurs during childbirth. The organs of vision, the upper Airways, sexual organs. There have been cases when the presence of a microbe led to the development of conjunctivitis in a baby, congenital pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, chronic pulmonary pathologies, encephalitis, sepsis - but, as a rule, this applies to other types of mycoplasma infection.

Premature babies are at greater risk. If the infection occurred in a full-term baby, then the elimination of the bacterium is gradually observed, so no symptoms are noted. It is worth noting that when diagnosing infectious carriage in newborns, in the vast majority of cases, an opportunistic microbe is detected against the background of the presence of other infectious agents. Monopathology, like monocarriers, almost never occurs.

Mycoplasma hominis in men

In the male population, Mycoplasma hominis is more likely to be a carrier, however, the development of the disease can occur at any suitable moment.

Signs of damage - mycoplasmosis - can not be called specific. Men can make such complaints:

• burning sensation at the exit of the urinary canal;
• almost transparent discharge from the urethral outlet (mainly after a night's rest);
• severe pain when urinating;
• slight swelling and redness of the urethral outlet, its adhesion;
• flaccid pain in the groin, in the testicles.

These symptoms may disappear and reappear, depending on the presence of an immune response. In addition, microbial damage can affect individual organs, with the development of the following inflammatory processes:

• urethritis;
• vesiculitis;
• orchiepididymitis;
• colliculitis;
• balanoposthitis.

In accordance with the disease that occurs under the influence of Mycoplasma hominis, certain symptoms will be noticed. However, in men, cases of self-healing are often noted.

Mycoplasma hominis in children

Among infectious childhood pathologies, chlamydia and mycoplasma infections are most often diagnosed. In many cases there is a latent carriage.

More acute lesions are observed with intrauterine infection of the infant: however, such diseases are caused mainly by Mycoplasma pneumonia.

Mycoplasma hominis, found in children within the normal range, usually does not cause any painful manifestations and does not require treatment. In boys, self-healing is often observed: the number of the microorganism gradually decreases until it disappears completely.

Girls can remain carriers of Mycoplasma hominis throughout their lives.

Complications and consequences

The defeat of Mycoplasma hominis is a rather controversial process, which over time can cause the development of unpleasant consequences, but this is not always the case and not for everyone. Scientists cannot yet say why in some patients the disease proceeds without symptoms and complications, while in others it develops rapidly, with further problems due to lack of treatment.

Here are some of the possible troubles caused by this bacterium:

• difficulties with conceiving a child in women (due to constant inflammatory processes, narrowing of the tubal lumen, adhesions);
• difficulties with conceiving a child in men (due to a slowdown in the function of spermatozoa, a violation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the spermatic fluid);
• deterioration of erectile function, impotence (due to the inflammatory process, constant flaccid pain in the vulva);
• spontaneous miscarriage in pregnant women, miscarriage;
• chronic fetal hypoxia, encephalitis, dysfunction of vital organs in a newborn child.

However, it must be taken into account that in many people Mycoplasma hominis is present in the body as part of the normal flora, and does not lead to complications.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis with Mycoplasma hominis is carried out in stages. First, you need to consult with a specialized specialist - for example, a gynecologist or urologist. A doctor who has discovered an inflammatory process in the cervix, vagina and cervical canal, after indicating the appearance of a discharge with a pungent odor, may suspect the presence of an infectious agent in the body. To clarify the diagnosis, he may advise the patient to conduct ultrasound diagnostics pelvic organs, as well as other types of research. For example, it is necessary to make a bacteriological culture of the material taken from the mucous membrane of the cervix. This will help identify the causative agent and determine its response to antibiotic treatment.

Along with bacterial culture, PCR diagnostics and enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) are informative methods.

Conducting a widespread smear microscopy in this case is impossible, since Mycoplasma hominis is difficult to stain and has an extremely small size.

Consider the main analyzes to determine the bacteria in more detail.

Microbiological analysis for Mycoplasma hominis is carried out by the method of inoculation of biological material on a liquid and solid nutrient medium. The material in this case is taken from the vagina, urethra and cervix: after taking it, it is placed on a liquid transport medium and delivered to the laboratory.

Material for research is never taken during menstrual bleeding, due to the high probability of obtaining a distorted result. The main "advantage" of bakposev is that this analysis allows you to determine both the quantity and quality of mycoplasmas. So, the norm of Mycoplasma hominis is a value of up to 10 4 - 10 6 CFU / ml (usually they talk about it as a carriage of mycoplasma, without clinical signs diseases). If the tests indicate such a norm, then there is no need for antibacterial treatment. If the number of microorganisms exceeds the allowable limits, then the doctor may assume that the bacterium really affects the development of the infection, and prescribe antibiotic therapy.

Bakposev also determines the degree of sensitivity of Mycoplasma hominis to antibiotics. This allows you to choose the most optimal treatment. But the following fact must also be taken into account: if the patient took any antibiotics before the test was taken, then the growth of bacteria on the nutrient medium may be limited, and the result is unreliable.

PCR diagnostic method is considered more reliable compared to bakposev. It allows you to detect not only Mycoplasma hominis, but also a more dangerous variety of such bacteria - Mycoplasma genitalium. For diagnostics, any of the following biological materials is suitable:

• smear, scraping from the mucous tissues of the genitourinary system;
• sperm fluid;
• urinary fluid;
• discharge from the prostate.

This PCR procedure is considered the highest quality, as it involves the isolation of Mycoplasma hominis DNA. Therefore, with a negative PCR result, you can be sure that it is Mycoplasma hominis that is absent in the body, and other pathogens, in all likelihood, have become a factor in the development of the inflammatory process.

But this method is also not without drawbacks: for example, it does not allow a quantitative analysis for Mycoplasma hominis, but only determines the presence of genetic material.

Linked immunosorbent assay is able to determine the titers of antibodies to Mycoplasma hominis - that is, to clarify the types of immunoglobulins (for example, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD). The serological definition of this pathology is not accurate enough, because mycoplasmas do not cause a strong immune response from the body. For example, it is generally accepted that antibody titers increase at different stages of the disease:

• Mycoplasma hominis IgG antibodies begin to be produced approximately 15-20 days after infection and are present throughout the entire period of the disease;
• Mycoplasma hominis IgA antibodies increase mainly in elderly patients;
• Mycoplasma hominis IgM antibodies are determined in the latent course of the disease.

For a more accurate diagnosis, experts recommend bacteriological culture for Mycoplasma hominis simultaneously with the PCR method. Blood serum is used for enzyme immunoassay diagnostic procedure.

Mycoplasma hominis in a smear is determined by the following criteria:

• Positive result:
  • DNA of Mycoplasma hominis is determined against the background of the presence of symptoms of inflammation, and in the absence of other pathogenic microorganisms (for example, gonococci, mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas) - mycoplasma infection is confirmed;
  • the DNA of Mycoplasma hominis is determined in small numbers, against the background of the absence of pathological symptoms from the urogenital area - the carriage of the bacterium is confirmed.
• Negative result:
  • the presence of Mycoplasma hominis in the body has not been confirmed.

The quality of the result may be adversely affected by the reception antibacterial agents, as well as contamination of samples with third-party DNA and PCR inhibition by components of biological samples (such components can be hemoglobin, heparin, etc.).

Additional instrumental diagnostics is carried out to clarify the diseases that have developed in the body under the influence of infection. The following procedures are usually prescribed:

• Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, pelvis, kidneys;
• rarely - cystoscopy.

Differential Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis consists in excluding other sexual infections: such variants of infection as chlamydia, mycoplasma genitalium, ureaplasma, gardnerella, genital herpevirus, HPV, candida, etc. are considered.

Mycoplasma hominis and genitalium: what's the difference?

Treatment

General principles treatment for mycoplasma hominis is divided into systemic and external. The following medications are commonly used:

• Antibiotics for Mycoplasma hominis:
  • Doxycycline (analogues can be Monocycline, Vibramycin, etc.);
  • macrolide antibiotics (Azithromycin, Josamycin, Rulid, Clarithromycin);
  • fluoroquinolone preparations (Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin).
• Drugs to prevent the development of a fungal infection:
  • Fluconazole;
  • Diflucan;
  • Flucostat.
• Immunomodulating agents, to activate the immune response and accelerate recovery:
  • Cycloferon;
  • Genferon;
  • Viferon;
  • Kipferon.
• Drugs to prevent the development of dysbiosis (probiotics):
  • Lactofiltrum.

Against the background of systemic therapy, an external treatment regimen is also used: Mycoplasma hominis is destroyed locally, in men - in the urethra, and in women - directly in the vagina.

External treatment consists in intraurethral or intravaginal administration of antiseptics (sometimes only surface irrigation is used) - Chlorhexidine, Dioxidine, Miramistin are more often used. Women can use antiseptic preparations in the form of vaginal suppositories.

	Dosage and administration	Side effects	special instructions
Sumamed (Azithromycin)	It is taken orally one hour or 2 hours after a meal, once a day. The average dosage is 4 capsules at a time. The duration of treatment is determined by the doctor.	Headache, visual disturbances, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, a decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood.	In pediatrics, the drug is used to treat children weighing at least 45 kg.
Doxycycline	Taken orally with food, 100 mg twice a day. The course of treatment lasts at least a week.	Allergic reactions, skin rashes, headache, fatigue, tinnitus, dyspepsia.	In pediatrics, it is used to treat children from 12 years of age.
Clarithromycin	Take 250 mg every 12 hours, regardless of the meal. The course of treatment lasts 7-14 days.	Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, change in taste.	For children under 12 years of age, the drug is prescribed as a suspension.
Ciprofloxacin	It is taken orally twice a day for 500-750 mg. The duration of treatment is determined by the doctor.	The development of fungal superinfection, allergic reactions, headache, dyspepsia, tinnitus, decreased visual acuity.	Allowed for use in children's practice.
Chlorhexidine	Apply intravaginally or intraurethral, ​​1-2 times a day for 7-10 days. If necessary, the course can be extended up to 20 days.	Rarely - dry mucous membranes, skin rashes.	Women can use Chlorhexidine suppositories 1 pc. twice a day for 7-10 days.

Should Mycoplasma Hominis be treated?

If there is a positive test result for Mycoplasma hominis, but the patient is not bothered by anything (no complaints), then there is no need to prescribe urgent treatment. It is necessary to pass tests (secret from the urethra and prostate, semen, vaginal secret) for the presence of other sexually transmitted infections.

The carriage of Mycoplasma hominis, as an opportunistic pathogen, is not a reason for prescribing treatment.

vitamins

In order to find out which vitamins need to be additionally introduced into the body with the defeat of Mycoplasma hominis, it is not enough just to decide on the list of their names. You need to understand what role each of the vitamins plays in the process of restoring the body.

• Vitamin A is required component to repair damaged cells and tissues. In any infectious process, a large number of epithelial cells are damaged. Regular intake of retinol allows you to accelerate tissue regeneration.
• B vitamins - for example, riboflavin (B 2), activates the immune system, causing it to produce antibodies to Mycoplasma hominis. Antibodies are a kind of defenders that attack disease antigens. Accordingly, the more such defenders in the body, the more likely it is to defeat the infection. The action of riboflavin is so mild that it is recommended for use even by people suffering from autoimmune pathologies.

Other necessary representatives of these vitamins are thiamine and pyridoxine (B 1 and B 6). These substances contribute to the speedy recovery of the mucosa and improve the functioning of the glandular system.

• Ascorbic acid is a well-known immune booster. In addition, vitamin C strengthens the vascular walls, speeds up recovery - however, for this, the remedy must be taken in a sufficiently large amount - at least 100 mg daily.
• Tocopherol in the amount of 10 mg per day perfectly stimulates the immune defense. In addition, vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cells and tissues from damage.
• A nicotinic acid(PP) is able to dilate blood vessels and improve blood supply to tissues. The patient should receive 20 to 30 mg of vitamin PP per day, which will ensure a faster recovery.

Physiotherapy treatment

Physiotherapy can perfectly complement the basic treatment of diseases caused by Mycoplasma hominis, as well as prevent the development of complications in inflammation of the urogenital system. Physiotherapy reduces the formation of adhesions, accelerates regeneration, eliminates pain, potentiates the action of drugs, stimulates the immune system and metabolism.

When treating a frequently recurring infection, physiotherapy helps to minimize the burden of antibiotic therapy.

For example, laser treatment accelerates the processes of cell renewal, activates self-regulating mechanisms. Thanks to laser therapy, blood vessels are cleansed, tissue trophism improves.

Magnetotherapy stimulates the immune defense in the body, actively supplements drug treatment with prostatitis, urethritis, cystitis, etc.

Modern methods of physiotherapy can be widely used in medical practice. However, it must be remembered that there are contraindications for this type of treatment. First of all, we are talking about malignant tumors and blood diseases.

Alternative treatment

Some infections - for example, the defeat of Mycoplasma hominis, can sometimes be cured using folk remedies. But it must be remembered that not in all cases the bacterium is sensitive to this type of treatment. The result of using this or that remedy depends on the state of the body, on the neglect of the disease, on the quality of the main drug treatment.

It is important to understand that often herbal medicine alone is not enough. Therefore, one should treat folk remedies, not as a primary, but as an auxiliary treatment.

• A mixture is prepared from ingredients such as walnut kernels, garlic, dill seeds and honey. 250 g of nuts are crushed and mixed with 100 g of crushed garlic, 3 tbsp. l. ground dill seeds and 1 liter of honey. The mixture is consumed in 1 tbsp. l. per day one hour after each meal.
• One and a half dozen garlic cloves are crushed, 700 ml of hot boiled water is poured, insisted for a day. Then the liquid is filtered and used for washing and douching (daily for 10-14 days).
• Take 1 tbsp. l. black poplar buds, pour 10 tbsp. l. alcohol, kept for 20 days in a dark place. Further, the infusion is filtered and taken with food, 25-30 drops, three times a day.

Herbal treatment

• In the presence of Mycoplasma hominis, douching and washing with an infusion of oak bark, chamomile, nettle leaves, sage and yarrow. Two tablespoons of an equal herbal mixture is poured into 500 ml of water and brought to a boil, then cooled, filtered and used for douching.
• In addition, you can douche and wash the genitals with a decoction of St. John's wort (2 tablespoons of raw materials are poured into 200 ml of boiling water, insisted for 15-20 minutes). The same infusion is recommended to be taken orally - 100 ml three times a day.
• Prepare an equal collection of shepherd's purse, bird mountaineer, white mistletoe, mountain arnica. Pour 1 tbsp. l. mixture with one glass of boiling water, insist 15-20 minutes. Drink an infusion of 100 ml twice a day every day for a couple of weeks.
• Take 1 tbsp. l. chopped burdock rhizome, pour 200 ml of boiling water and boil for 20-30 minutes. Next, the product is cooled and filtered. Drink to get rid of mycoplasma 1 tbsp. l. 4 times a day.

Homeopathy

Homeopathic remedies can be a good addition to the main treatment for Mycoplasma hominis, or an analogue of some drugs if the patient has a drug allergy.

• Berberis - used for infectious lesions of the urinary system, for pain, burning in the groin, with a change in the color of urine.
• Borax - is prescribed for lesions of the mucous membranes, with false urge to urinate, with frequent urination, with difficulties in conceiving a child.
• Cannabis sativa - used for difficult urination, cloudy urine, hypertrophy of the urethral mucosa.
• Cantharis - helps with burning, acute pain pertaining to the genitourinary system. It can be used for urinary retention, for any inflammatory processes of the urogenital tract.
• Causticum - used for frequently recurring diseases, with itchy urethra, with weakness of the bladder.
• Equisetum - prescribed for pain in the kidney, bladder, ureters, in the presence of mucus and protein in the urine.
• Mercurius solubilis - has a wide spectrum of activity, is used in inflammatory processes with a tendency to suppuration.

The above funds can be combined with each other, alternate. A small homeopathic dilution is used (6) - for example, 3 grains of the drug can be used a quarter of an hour before meals, three times a day. With Mycoplasma hominis, a long course of treatment is usually recommended - for several months.

Surgery

Surgery is not a priority treatment for patients with isolated Mycoplasma hominis. The operation can be performed according to the indications - for example, in men with varicocele, purulent processes, abscesses, with chronic epididymitis, etc., and in women - with adhesions, cysts, purulent inflammatory diseases.

Prevention of mycoplasma hominis

Preventive measures are to prevent the entry of Mycoplasma hominis into the body. What does that require?

• Avoid casual sex.
• Use barrier protection (condoms).
• Maintain immune protection at the proper level by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, rational nutrition, hardening, etc.
• Timely treat and detect any carriers and gynecological diseases.
• Be sure to make sure of a complete cure for any infectious diseases, using the necessary diagnostic methods.

It is important to take care of your health, not to ignore the rules of personal hygiene, sexual hygiene. These recommendations will avoid infection not only with mycoplasma, but also with other infections that can be sexually transmitted.

Forecast

The prognosis for the defeat of Mycoplasma hominis depends on the type of pathology. With congenital infection, the prognosis is not always favorable: it is possible to develop a generalized infectious process, inflammation of the meninges, liver diseases, and others. internal organs. In addition, with intrauterine infection, babies in some cases are born prematurely, or with developmental disorders - this happens when during pregnancy there is a pronounced exacerbation of the inflammatory process with the participation of mycoplasmas.

To prevent intrauterine mycoplasmosis, a woman should be examined at the planning stage to exclude infection. It is equally important to avoid casual sexual intercourse, unprotected sex during pregnancy. Future mom must carefully observe the rules of their own hygiene, do not use other people's cleaning supplies, bedding and underwear, since the household transmission of Mycoplasma hominis is unlikely, but it cannot be completely ruled out.

The most unfavorable consequence that Mycoplasma hominis can leave behind is chronic inflammation reproductive organs, urinary system, with periodic relapses and sluggish course.

Description

Attention!The cost of the analysis is indicated for each individual localization.

Mycoplasma hominis (mycoplasma hominis, hominis) is the causative agent of urogenital mycoplasmosis. Mycoplasma hominis enters the human body through the mucous membranes of the genital organs, due to which this disease is classified as an STD. The source of infection is a sick person or a carrier. It is also possible to transmit the pathogen from an infected mother to the fetus in the prenatal period or to the newborn during childbirth. Mycoplasma hominis is an opportunistic pathogen and normally lives in the vagina of a healthy woman. Under the influence of negative factors, Mycoplasma hominis begins to multiply uncontrollably and causes inflammation of the urethra, prostate, kidneys in men, and the development of vaginosis, vaginitis, salpingitis, cervicitis, endometritis in women. PCR is a modern and very accurate diagnostic method. The high sensitivity of the method makes it possible to detect the disease at the very early stage. The specificity of the determination is 100%. The detection sensitivity is 100 copies of Mycoplasma hominis DNA per sample.

Mycoplasma hominis is the causative agent of urogenital mycoplasmosis in men and women. This opportunistic microorganism is transmitted from person to person sexually through the mucous membranes. Also, this disease is transmitted from mother to child in utero or during childbirth.

Normally, mycoplasma lives in the microflora of any healthy person. But only after the influence of factors environment or weakening of the immune system, it begins to multiply intensively, thereby provoking the development of vaginitis, urethritis, endometritis, vaginosis, cervicitis and salpingitis.

How is PCR tested for mycoplasma?

The PCR technique is a high-tech and accurate way to diagnose sexually transmitted diseases. A smear test for mycoplasma allows you to detect a disease in the body even at an early stage.

For a more accurate determination of mycoplasma by PCR, it is necessary to completely refrain from sexual intercourse 2-3 days before the study. It is also not recommended to urinate 2-3 hours before taking a smear.

PCR for mycoplasmosis in our center is not performed during menstrual bleeding in women, and it should not be done 24 hours after:

• colposcopy;
• Ultrasound using a vaginal probe;
• manual research.

Preparation rules

GENERAL RULES OF PREPARATION FOR THE STUDY OF UROGENITAL SMABS IN MEN

It is necessary to refrain from sexual intercourse for 2-3 days before the study. It is recommended not to urinate for 2-3 hours before the examination. Re-examination is possible no earlier than a week later.

GENERAL RULES OF PREPARATION FOR THE STUDY OF UROGENITAL SMARS IN WOMEN

A day before taking the biomaterial, refrain from sexual intercourse. Studies can be carried out before or not earlier than one day after manual examination, colposcopy, ultrasound using a vaginal probe.

It is recommended not to urinate for 2-3 hours before receiving the biomaterial from the urethra. The study of the detachable urogenital tract is not carried out during menstruation. Re-examination is possible no earlier than a week later.

GENERAL RULES FOR PREPARING FOR EJACULATE STUDY

It is recommended to refrain from sexual intercourse for 3-5 days before the study. The day before the study, limit physical activity, nervous strain, night shifts, etc .; exclude the consumption of strong coffee, tea, smoked meats, pepper, any alcoholic beverages. A week before the study, exclude baths and saunas, as well as hot baths. Biomaterial for research is taken before the start of antibiotic therapy or not earlier than two to three weeks after its completion. Before collecting the biomaterial, it is necessary to lead the toilet of the external genital organs.

PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING EJACULATE

The collection of biomaterial for all types of studies (spermogram, molecular diagnostics (PCR), microbiological examination (inoculation), etc.) is carried out by masturbation into a sterile container without a spoon (SC). Semen must be collected without touching the glans penis to the edges of the sterile container.

PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING AND PROCESSING SINGLE URINE SAMPLES

Content

The bacterium enters the body through the mucous membranes of the genital organs upon contact with a carrier of the infection or a person with mycoplasmosis. Normally, mycoplasma hominis (mycoplasma hominis) lives in the vagina of every woman, but can cause a sexually transmitted disease that requires immediate complex treatment. The pathogenic microbe does not have a cell wall and, under the influence of negative factors, begins to develop rapidly, stimulating the manifestation of unpleasant symptoms - itching, burning, pain.

What is mycoplasma hominis

This causative agent of urogenital disease poses a threat to the body of women, men and even children. Mycoplasma hominis is an intracellular microorganism without a nucleus, which has a specific life cycle, resistance and variability to many antibiotics. The peculiarity of a bacterium lies in its ability to develop not only within living cells, but also outside them.

Mycoplasma hominis is a filamentous or spherical body, which is characterized by the absence of a membrane and mobility. These properties are due to polymorphism, cellular plasticity, their osmotic sensitivity and the ability to penetrate through microscopic pores or bacterial filters. Mycoplasma contains a nucleoid, ribosomes, and a cytoplasmic membrane. The bacterium belongs to the category of facultative anaerobes and feeds on arginine and glucose.

What is the difference between Mycoplasma hominis and genitalium? These bacteria are capable of provoking urogenital mycoplasmosis, but the latter type is diagnosed much less frequently, and it often causes the development of the disease. The subspecies of the bacterium hominis is not so pathogenic, but in the presence of infectious and inflammatory diseases, the risk of detecting it increases greatly. It is not uncommon for doctors to diagnose a pathogen in people with pyelonephritis or cystitis.

Mycoplasma is sensitive to direct sunlight, UV radiation, high temperatures, disinfectants such as Chloramine or Sulfochloramine. In addition, the hominis bacterium dies from X-rays. The complexity of the treatment of mycoplasmosis is due to the developed resistance of the infection to most antiseptics, antiviral drugs, antibiotics.

Normal Mycoplasma hominis

Mycoplasma is an opportunistic bacterium that lives in the genitourinary system. The rate of Mycoplasma hominis in men and women is less than 10 thousand units per 1 ml. To determine this indicator, the biological material is sown on a nutrient medium. Insofar as this analysis cannot guarantee the complete reliability of the result, the doctor may prescribe an additional ELISA - a study to detect antibodies.

Mycoplasma hominis symptoms

The bacterium can stimulate the development of an infectious disease or “sleep” in the human body for a long time without making itself felt. Under the influence of negative factors, the patient becomes clear clinical picture diseases. If the infection is not treated in time, it can lead to infertility and other serious consequences. Symptoms of Mycoplasma hominis begin to appear when the number pathogenic bacteria exceeds 104 - 10 6 CFU / ml.

Among women

Mycoplasma hominis in women stimulates the development of vaginitis, vaginosis, endometritis, salpingitis, candidiasis and other diseases. The disease is manifested by itching in the perineum, profuse fetid discharge, burning after urination or sexual intercourse, pain in the lower abdomen. Mycoplasma hominis in women can cause inflammation of the genital organs, ectopic pregnancy (with its termination being the way out), adhesions of the fallopian tubes, and infertility.

In men

• transparent slight discharge in the morning;
• burning in the urethra;
• drawing pains in the groin, radiating to the scrotum and rectum;
• redness of the skin in the genital area;
• puffiness;
• decrease in potency.

If timely therapy is not started, Mycoplasma hominis can cause urethritis, impaired spermatogenesis, etc. Secondary signs of infection that appear during an exacerbation of mycoplasmosis:

• malaise, weakness;
• vomit;
• increase in body temperature;
• nausea.

Causes of Mycoplasma Hominis

Bacteria are called opportunistic pathogens because they can be found in the human body without causing infectious diseases. Often a person does not even know that he is a carrier of mycoplasmosis. The main stimulating factor for the reproduction of microorganisms is a decrease in immunity. The second most common factor due to which the number of bacteria can increase is hormonal imbalance. Other causes of Mycoplasma hominis:

• insufficient hygiene;
• sexual intercourse with a carrier / patient;
• transferred gynecological diseases;
• frequent change of sexual partners;
• the beginning of sexual activity at an early age (when local immunity is still weak).

Causes of mycoplasma hominis in women

The main stimulating factors for mycoplasmosis are those that reduce immunity. So, the main causes of Mycoplasma hominis in women are:

• uncontrolled sexual relations;
• pregnancy, abortion;
• the impact on the body of various medications that reduce protective functions (hormones, immunosuppressants, antibiotics);
• frequent stress;
• radiation therapy.

Mycoplasma hominis during pregnancy

During pregnancy, mycoplasmosis hominis in women can lead to premature labor or miscarriage, uterine bleeding, the development of pathologies in the child. Such consequences are associated with intrauterine inflammation and outpouring of water. If during childbirth an infection occurs in the baby, he develops meningitis or pneumonia of the mycoplasmal type. In extreme cases, the infant dies within the first day of life. Mycoplasma hominis during pregnancy can cause the development of childhood dystrophy, which is caused by impaired blood circulation.

Diagnosis of mycoplasma hominis

If mycoplasmosis is suspected, the gynecologist gives the woman a referral for examination, while simultaneously collecting the patient's history. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis occurs after the exclusion of more dangerous infections - gonococci, chlamydia. The following examination methods can be used to determine the diagnosis:

• initial inspection;
• the study of the DNA of mycoplasma hominis by PCR diagnostics (the method is used paramount);
• bacteriological culture (the most accurate way to determine the presence of bacteria in the vaginal environment);
• immunofluorescent research method (consists in the use of a special dye that stains antibodies to mycoplasma).

Tests for mycoplasma hominis

After a medical examination, the doctor gives an appointment for laboratory tests. Serological and microbiological methods can confirm or refute the diagnosis. Tests for Mycoplasma hominis:

1. Microscopy for biomaterial. Collect the secret of the prostate, fluid from the vagina / urethra. The material is stained and examined under a microscope.
2. PCR diagnostics. The method helps to identify the DNA of the causative agent of the disease. A positive result is its presence in the sample.
3. bacteriological research. Sowing on nutrient media, determining its sensitivity to antibiotics, localization site.
4. enzyme immunoassay. Helps to establish the presence or absence of antibodies in the blood. If none are found, the test result is considered negative.

Mycoplasma hominis treatment

Should Mycoplasma Hominis be treated? The answer to this question is unambiguously positive, since even late therapy can lead to severe, irreversible consequences, including infertility. The treatment of mycoplasma hominis is recommended by the doctor, while the specialist selects the appropriate therapeutic regimen based on the results of the examination.

Treatment of mycoplasma consists in taking antibiotics throughout the entire period of the disease. Choice medicinal product falls on the treating doctor and is determined by the data obtained during the study on the sensitivity of mycoplasmas. In addition to etiotropic therapy, the disease is treated with:

• systemic antibiotics of the tetracycline series (Doxycycline), macrolides (Azithromycin), fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin);
• local antibiotics (Oflokain ointment, suppositories containing metronidazole);
• antifungal drugs for candidiasis (Clotrimazole, Nystatin, Fluconazole, Livarol);
• vaginal antiseptics with chlorhexidine;
• probiotics to restore disturbed microflora (Gynoflor, Vaginorm, Vagilak);
• immune-stimulating agents (Imunorix, Immunal, Interferon);
• vitamins (Undevit, Complivit);
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ortofen, Diclofenac);
• baths and douching with Miramistin, herbal decoctions.

Mycoplasma hominis and genitalia are the causative agents of a disease called mycoplasmosis. This is a sexually transmitted infection.

Let's talk about what kind of infection it is, how it is transmitted and what to do if it is detected. Mycoplasma hominis is less pathogenic than the genitalium. It may not cause an inflammatory process. About 30% of people are carriers of mycoplasmas. Not everyone develops symptoms. Like ureaplasma parvum, mycoplasma hominis provokes inflammation only with excessive growth.

Risk factors for this infection:

• low social status
• young age
• high sexual activity.

Mostly in women, Mycoplasma hominis causes cervicitis or vaginitis. In men, it provokes - urethritis. In children, mycoplasmas can cause not only diseases of the genitourinary system, but bronchitis or pneumonia.

There are only two ways how this infection is transmitted:

• The main path is sexual. Moreover, infection through anal or oral contact is unlikely. Even if the microorganism enters the rectum or throat, it usually does not survive there.
• Another route of infection vertical, during childbirth. These are the consequences on the child that arise as a result of the fact that the woman did not undergo therapy on time.

Three methods are used to detect mycoplasma infection:

• tank seeding

The latter is the least reliable. This is a screening test, not a confirmation test. It involves the determination of antibodies to the infectious agent. It is used only for preventive examination of patients without signs of inflammation of the urogenital tract.

For example, when:

• preparation for pregnancy
• search for causes of infertility
• preparation for IVF (in vitro fertilization) or other ART (assisted reproductive technologies)
• the patient's desire to be tested for sexually transmitted infections.

In the presence of signs of inflammation of the urogenital tract or in the case of inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, PCR is mainly used.

For its implementation, swabs are taken from the urogenital tract. The method is aimed at detecting the DNA of a microorganism. It practically does not give false results. In addition, it is carried out very quickly - the very next day you can get the results and, if necessary, start treatment. PCR gives quantitative results. That is, this method gives an approximate number of copies of DNA in the clinical material. The threshold value is considered to be 10 4 copies per sample. For example, if Mycoplasma hominis is found at a concentration of 10 to the 5th degree, this means that the patient needs treatment. Because such an amount of bacteria is fraught with inflammatory processes. If mycoplasma is found in the amount of 10 to 2 degrees, the disease can not be treated. There are few bacteria, the inflammatory process is unlikely in the near future. But still it is possible when creating favorable conditions for the growth of mycoplasmas.

These may be:

• serious illness
• immunodeficiency
• associated infections
• transferred operations
• pregnancy, etc.

The infection is transmitted through sex. Therefore, they can only be practiced in a condom if the pathogen is detected in only one partner. At the same time, its mandatory treatment for epidemiological indications is not required. Another diagnostic technique is sowing. The material is applied to a nutrient medium and cultivated for several days. After the growth of colonies, the sensitivity of Mycoplasma hominis to antibiotics is checked.

Tank seeding also gives quantitative results. The only difference is that the units of measurement are different - CFU (colony-forming units). Thresholds are the same. Research is used less frequently, as it requires a long time to conduct and is more expensive than PCR. But it is of great importance in case of ineffectiveness of the treatment. Because it allows you to choose the best drugs for drug therapy taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen.

Mycoplasma hominis in women

This bacterium is considered an opportunistic pathogen. Very often it does not cause any symptoms. But during pregnancy, mycoplasma becomes dangerous.

Because it can cause:

• spontaneous abortion
• complications during pregnancy
• the formation of deformities in the fetus
• premature birth.

It is believed that the detected mycoplasma in preparation for pregnancy does not have to be cured. When the concentration of bacteria is low, most doctors do not prescribe antibiotics. They allow a woman to get pregnant. But in fact, this practice is very dangerous. An indication for the treatment of mycoplasmosis in the absence of an inflammatory process and with a low number of bacteria is a burdened obstetric history.

That is, you will be treated only if there is a history of:

• miscarriages
• infertility
• complications during pregnancy
• stillbirth, etc.

From point of view modern medicine you must first wait until the mycoplasma provokes a spontaneous abortion, and only then be treated. We are of a different opinion. In order to prevent complications in pregnant women, it is better to be treated immediately, even at the planning stage. Moreover, the treatment is not particularly difficult. It does not require surgical operations or large material costs. All you need is to drink the drugs for several days. Agree, it is better to take a course of antibiotic therapy in a timely manner than to put your baby at risk. And this risk is quite high. Because during pregnancy in the first trimester, immunodeficiency is observed. It occurs in all women. This is a physiological phenomenon associated with hormonal changes. Immunity is reduced due to increased production of progesterone and glucocorticoids. Therefore, in the first trimester, the risk of infectious diseases increases.

The population of Mycoplasma hominis, if present in the urogenital tract, may increase. As a result, the mother begins inflammatory reactions, there is a threat of infection of the fetus. It is best to carry out therapy before the onset of pregnancy, but this is not always possible. Because women are sometimes examined late - not at the planning stage, but only after the conception of a child. Sometimes there is a need to prescribe medications during the gestation period. Treatment is usually carried out jointly by a venereologist and an obstetrician-gynecologist.

The traditionally used doxycycline, to which Mycoplasma hominis is usually highly sensitive, is prohibited during pregnancy. Moreover, it cannot be applied at all times. Because the negative effect of the drug on the fetus is established. Mostly macrolides are used. For pregnant women, the drug of choice for mycoplasmosis is josamycin.