Medicines in therapy. Drug therapy: what, to whom, how, when, for what purpose? Drug Therapy - Forms of Drugs

It is customary to distinguish between the following types of drug therapy.

1. Symptomatic therapy - i.e. aimed at eliminating certain

symptom of the disease, for example, the appointment of antitussives for

bronchitis.

2. Etiotropic therapy - elimination of the cause of the disease when medicinal

substances destroy the causative agent of the disease. For example, the treatment of infectious

diseases with chemotherapeutic agents.

3. Pathogenetic therapy -- aimed at eliminating the mechanism of development

diseases. For example, the use of painkillers for an injury when

pain syndrome leads to life-threatening shock.

4. Substitution therapy - restoration of natural deficiency in the body

substances formed in it (hormones, enzymes, vitamins) and taking

participation in the regulation physiological functions. For example, the introduction of hormonal

drug in case of loss of function of the corresponding gland. substitution

therapy, without eliminating the causes of the disease, can provide vital functions in

for many years. So, insulin preparations do not affect the production of this

hormone in the pancreas, but with constant administration of it to the patient

diabetes mellitus provide a normal exchange of carbohydrates in his body.

The body's response to medicinal substances. body cells respond to

The effect of various drugs is very uniform. Basically

change in cell functions under the influence of drugs is reduced either to an increase

(excitation), or to a decrease (inhibition) of their activity. For example, with

With the help of medicines, you can easily increase or decrease the secretion of gastric

glands and thus affect digestion. The action of some drugs

even if their concentration remains constant, it increases over time.

This may depend on their accumulation in the body (for example, strychnine) or on

summation of individual effects of an action (for example, ethyl alcohol),

repeated injections of the drug may increase sensitivity to it

organism - this phenomenon is called sensitization. Or vice versa

weaken - the body becomes accustomed to the repeated introduction of some

drugs (eg morphine, ephedrine).

Pal - differences in sensitivity to medicinal substances in individuals of different

the floor is small. In some cases, it has been experimentally found that women

more sensitive than men to some poisons, such as nicotine, but more

resistant to alcohol. But it must be borne in mind that under special conditions,

characteristic of the female body, its sensitivity to certain substances

may change: during menstruation, pregnancy, lactation.

Body weight - in some cases, for greater accuracy, the dosage of medicinal

substances is calculated per 1 kg of body weight.

Individual susceptibility - sensitivity to drugs

people vary greatly. For some it can be very high.

strong degree. In this case, one speaks of idiosyncrasy, which is based on

modern concepts are congenital enzyme deficiency, manifested

allergic reaction (see below. Complications of drug treatment).

Age - the sensitivity of children to medicinal substances is subject to

some fluctuations. For example, children are more sensitive to morphine, strychnine,

less to atropine, quinine, cardiac glycosides. Depending on age

dosage medicines changes accordingly.

Particular attention should be paid to poisonous and potent agents,

the therapeutic dose of which is calculated for adults (25 years). IN

youthful and childhood it is reduced approximately like this: at 18 years old - 3/4

doses for adults, at 14 years - 1/2, at 7 years - 1/3, at 6 years - 1/4, at 4 years

1/6, at 2 years - 1/8, at 1 year - 1/12, up to 1 year - 1/24 - 1/12 of the dose for

adult. Higher doses are reduced to 3/4 and 1/2 also for persons over 60 years of age.

Importance of nutrition - in many cases when using drugs

a specific diet is needed, for example, in the treatment of diabetes

insulin, attracting some poisonings, etc.

The interaction of drugs with food should also be taken into account. It is forbidden

drink tetracycline with milk or dairy products due to their content

a large amount of calcium, with whose ions it interacts. At the same

time, drugs such as acetylsalicylic acid, butadione, difenin,

indomethacin, metronidazole, iron salts, steroids, furadonin recommended

drink milk to reduce their irritating effect on the mucous membrane

food channel. Calcium chloride, calcium gluconate easily form with acetic,

oxalic, carbonic and fatty acids sparingly soluble complexes,

excreted with feces. Therefore, such drugs are recommended to be taken for 40

minutes before meals, and one tablespoon of 10% calcium chloride solution is necessary

dissolve in 1/3 cup of water to reduce its irritating effect on

mucous membrane of the stomach. Bile forms insoluble complexes with

such antibiotics as: polymyxin, neomycin, nystatin - take them

followed 30 minutes before meals. The same bile promotes absorption

fat-soluble drugs. These are vitamins, hormones - they are taken

vice versa after eating.

Interaction of drugs. Very often with this or that disease

take not one, but two, or even more different drugs.

It is necessary to know the mechanism of their action. Medicinal substances can

act in one direction, and then the effect they exert is, as it were,

summed up. If the drugs you take act in opposite directions

directions, such cases are referred to as antagonism ("struggle" effects). IN

medical practice, the simultaneous administration of several drugs is

increasing use, since such a combined method leads to

strengthening therapeutic treatment or the reduction and prevention of adverse

events and complications. So, in the treatment of hypertension, they are simultaneously used

cardiac vasodilator glycosides and diuretics, thus

complexly influencing various parts of a single circulatory system.

Drugs affect each other at any stage of passage through the body: when

absorption, transport phase, metabolism (intracellular metabolism),

excretion from the body.

It is not rational to use adsorbents (aluminum hydroxide, almagel, magnesium

sulfate) together with alkaloids, glycosides, enzyme preparations,

dyes, antibiotics. Physical and chemical properties are not compatible in

one syringe of bepzylnenicillium with levomycetin, chlorpromazine, genarin,

tetracycline, vitamins of group B.

Routes of administration of drugs into the body.

To achieve a pharmacological effect, medicinal substances must

enter the body or apply to its surface. Medicines are injected into

body in different ways, and each way is different in its own way.

features. The following are of the greatest practical importance.

1. Inside through the mouth (enterally) are introduced medications in the shape of

solutions, powders, tablets, capsules, pills. The introduction through the mouth is

in the simplest and most convenient way, but not without drawbacks, since

absorption of the drug through the intestines into the blood is not amenable to accurate

quantitative accounting, some drugs are destroyed in the intestines, as well as

in the liver, and thus lose their activity. Therefore, it is necessary

or water, etc.).

2. The use of drugs under the tongue (sublingually). Advantages of this method:

medicinal substances, not decomposed by gastric juice, quickly enter the

systemic circulation, thereby ensuring the development of the desired effect.

Disadvantages: irritation of the oral mucosa.

3. Introduction to the rectum (rectal). Avoids annoying

effects on the stomach, as well as use drugs in cases where it is difficult

or fail to take them by mouth (nausea, vomiting, spasm or obstruction

esophagus). Rectal is administered suppositories and liquids using enemas.

4. Parenteral (outside the gastrointestinal tract) use of drugs:

various options for injection, inhalation, electrophoresis and surface application

them on the skin and mucous membranes. a) Intravenous injections, intraarterial,

intramuscular, subcutaneous. Advantages: fast onset of effect, accuracy

therapeutic dose, the possibility of introducing substances that are not absorbed from

gastrointestinal tract. Precautions: Do not administer medication until

there is no belief that the needle is in the vein. Entry of the drug into

perivenous space can cause severe irritation, up to

tissue necrosis. It can be dangerous if the needle accidentally gets into other

blood vessels. Some drugs must be given slowly

avoid severe complications. Injection is not made near the nerve

trunks, damage to which may cause severe pain sometimes muscle paresis.

b) inhalation. Inhalation of medicinal substances in the form of aerosols, gases and

powders are quickly absorbed and have a local and general effect. in)

Superficial (external) application - ointments, lotions, powders, compresses, etc.

used for local effect. d) Electrophoresis. The method is based on

the use of galvanic current for the transfer and implementation of medicinal

substances from the surface of the skin to deep tissues.

Medicinal substances and their decay products are excreted from the body with feces,

urine, excretion with air, sweat, saliva and lacrimal

liquid.

Kidneys. Most drugs are excreted by the kidneys, regardless of

concentration in the blood by filtration in the glomeruli.

Digestive tract. In this way, as a rule, many alkaloids are isolated and

heavy metals.

Leather. Skin glands are able to secrete bromine, iodine, arsenic and some others.

substances.

Airways. Through them, gaseous and volatile compounds are released.

Milk glands. Possibility of excretion of drugs by these glands

must be considered from two points of view. First, this can

use to administer drugs child's body, but on the other hand

side, the noted fact represents a danger of possible poisoning

breastfed child.

The most common and simplest method of treatment for diseases is drug therapy. The doctor will prescribe medications using various routes of administration: it is important to strictly follow the recommendations of a specialist without trying to change the therapy regimen on your own. Medications can be part of complex therapy used according to indications for different options traditional treatment of diseases.

Tablets - plain and effective method treatment

Drug Therapy - Forms of Drugs

The most common dosage forms for traditional therapy are tablets. Habitual and frequently used drugs are always available in the home first aid kit. In addition to tablets, depending on the doctor's prescription, drug therapy involves the use of the following dosage forms:

capsules;
dragee;
syrup;
tincture;
powders (sachets);
candles (suppositories);
solution for injections (injections);
ointment, gel or cream;
patch on the skin;
liquid for oral administration;
solution for douching or injection into the rectum (microclyster);
gaseous substance for inhalation (aerosol).

It all depends on the diagnosis and method of treating the disease: the main goal of the therapeutic effect is the entry of a medicinal substance into the blood or a local effect on the human body. It is necessary to use the atraumatic type of insertion to the maximum dosage form to minimize the risk of complications and side effects.

Routes of drug administration

For each patient, the doctor selects the best way to administer the drug. The main ones are 3 types of therapy:

local;
Enteral (through the intestines);
Parenteral (bypassing the gastrointestinal tract).

Each treatment option has indications and contraindications, advantages and disadvantages: the doctor knows all the nuances, pros and cons of the drug effect, so you must follow the doctor's recommendations without trying to use alternative therapeutic methods.

Local therapy

The impact on the outer integument and nearby mucous membranes refers to local methods of treatment. For skin diseases, the doctor will prescribe creams, ointments, powders, pastes, patches. A variety of local therapy are special preparations:

vaginal suppositories;
eye drops;
nasal spray;
drops in the ears;
aerosols.

In each case, drug therapy is selected individually, depending on the diagnosis and complexity of the disease.

enteral route

The introduction of drugs through the gastrointestinal tract involves the use of the following routes:

oral (by mouth);
rectal (candles in the rectum).

Oral tablets are the simplest, most affordable and effective method of treatment, but the risk must be taken into account possible complications And side effects associated with the negative effect of the drug on the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines.

parenteral administration

The most effective way of introducing a drug into the human body is injection: during an injection, the drug quickly enters the bloodstream, bypassing the aggressive environment of the stomach. Injections can be done:

subcutaneously;
intramuscularly;
intravenously (stream or drip).

The main disadvantage of the technique is that invasive exposure requires certain conditions, experience and knowledge from the person who performs the injection, so it is advisable to do the injections only in a hospital setting.

Injections must be done in a hospital setting

Medical treatment options

Treatment for each disease is selected individually. There are the following methods of pharmacotherapy:

antimicrobial (drugs to get rid of infection);
anti-inflammatory (fighting the inflammatory process);
hormone therapy (correction of endocrine imbalance);
chemotherapy (suppression of metastatic foci);
(targeted impact on certain mechanisms and causes of the formation of the disease);
immunotherapy (correction of immunity);
enzyme therapy (use of special enzyme preparations);
vitamin therapy (replenishment of deficiency of vitamins and minerals important for life);
symptomatic (elimination of unpleasant and dangerous symptoms).

Almost always, drug therapy is combined - the doctor will prescribe various drugs to influence different factors of the disease.

Medication dosage

The medicine can become poison if the dosage is incorrect - exceeding the dose several times, you can harm your own body. If the amount of the drug is insufficient, the effect of the treatment will be low (or there will be no effect). It is important to strictly follow the recommendations of a specialist, carefully taking the medicine at the right dosage.

Side effects of therapy

Each person is individual, so the reaction to the drug will not always be typically positive. There are 3 types of side effects:

allergic;
Toxic;
Medicinal.

An allergy can occur to absolutely any drug form. Poisoning is more common with an overdose. To the conditioned pharmacological action drug typical adverse reactions relate:

vascular reactions with a fall blood pressure (headache, dizziness, weakness, fainting, vomiting, tachycardia);
dyspepsia (nausea, heartburn, belching, vomiting, diarrhea);
shortness of breath, cough.

Taking a medicine is a strong and pronounced effect on the body: one should not take drugs lightly, taking antibiotics or hormones orally with occasion and without need. Medical therapy- this is the method that the doctor uses in the fight against the disease: you can start pharmacotherapy only after examining and finding out the cause of the disease, be sure to follow the appointment of a specialist in terms of dosage and combination of drugs.

1) Symptomatic therapy is aimed at eliminating a specific symptom of the disease, for example, the appointment of antitussives for bronchitis. Symptomatic therapy is the treatment of manifestations of the disease (symptoms) without a targeted impact on the underlying cause and mechanisms of its development (in the latter cases, they speak of etiotropic or pathogenetic treatment, respectively). Target symptomatic therapy- alleviate the suffering of the patient, for example, the elimination of pain in case of neuralgia, trauma, debilitating cough with pleural lesions, vomiting with myocardial infarction, etc. Often, symptomatic therapy is used in cases of emergency treatment - until an accurate diagnosis is established

It is not used as an independent method, since the elimination of any symptom is not yet an indicator of recovery or a favorable course of the disease, on the contrary, it can cause undesirable consequences after stopping treatment.

Examples of symptomatic therapy can be: the use of antipyretic drugs for very high fever, when the fever can be life-threatening; the use of cough suppressants when it is continuous and can cause oxygen starvation; the use of astringents for profuse diarrhea, when life-threatening dehydration develops; giving irritating the respiratory center and cardiac drugs with a sharp decrease in respiratory movements and heart contractions.

Symptomatic therapy is considered by many researchers as a kind of pathogenetic therapy, in some cases it can become one of the decisive factors in the recovery of animals against the background of complex treatment.

Despite the fact that the use of therapeutic agents and pharmacological preparations, taking into account their prevailing action in directions, is conditional, it justifies itself in clinical veterinary practice when developing a reasonable treatment plan.

2) Etiotropic therapy - elimination of the cause of the disease, when medicinal substances destroy the causative agent of the disease. For example, the treatment of infectious diseases with chemotherapeutic agents.

A large group of etiotropic drugs is used to treat patients with inflammatory processes in the body:

- respiratory diseases (rhinitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, etc.),
- gastrointestinal (stomatitis, pharyngitis, gastroenteritis, etc.),
- cardiovascular (myocarditis, pericarditis),
- diseases of the urinary system (cystitis, nephritis, etc.),
- nervous system (meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, etc.).

As with other diseases (gynecological, surgical, infectious), antimicrobial agents are widely used:

- antibiotics,
-sulfonamides,
-nitrofurans, etc.

Etiotropic agents are used exclusively to suppress the primary or conditionally pathogenic microflora, thereby accelerating recovery.

Etiotropic conditionally include:

- specific immune sera,
- toxoids,
- bacteriophages,
- anthelmintics,
- means against downy-eaters,
- surgical removal methods foreign bodies from the mesh or pharynx.
3) Pathogenetic therapy is aimed at eliminating the mechanism of disease development. For example, the use of painkillers for trauma, when the pain syndrome leads to the development of a life-threatening shock. Pathogenetic therapy is aimed at mobilizing and stimulating the body's defenses to eliminate the pathological process, that is, at the mechanism of the development of the disease.

Eliminating or weakening pathogenetic mechanisms, pathogenetic therapy thereby contributes to the normalization of the process opposite to pathogenesis - sanogenesis (restoration of disturbed self-regulation of the body), which contributes to recovery.

A targeted effect on pathogenesis is accompanied by a weakening or elimination of the impact of the etiological factor. Therefore, pathogenetic therapy is closely related to etiotropic therapy, and in practice it is used for pathology in all body systems.

Pathogenetic therapy includes:

- natural and artificial radiation (solar or ultraviolet radiation),
- water treatments
- warm compresses
- irritants (rubbing skin turpentine, mustard plasters, banks, massage, electropuncture, electrotherapy),
- drugs that stimulate the function of organs and tissues (expectorants, laxatives, enhancing peristalsis, diuretics, increasing the secretion of the glands of the stomach and intestines, cardiac, choleretic).

Pathogenetic therapy also includes some therapeutic methods of complex action (lavage of the proventriculus and stomach, enemas, puncture of the scar and book, catheterization Bladder, bleeding).

The veterinarian uses the listed funds based on his own clinical experience, as well as being guided by textbooks and reference books on pharmacology, recipes, instructions and recommendations.

4) Replacement therapy - restoration in the body of a deficiency of natural substances formed in it (hormones, enzymes, vitamins) and participating in the regulation of physiological functions. For example, the introduction hormonal drug with loss of function of the corresponding gland. Substitution therapy, without eliminating the causes of the disease, can provide life support for many years. So, insulin preparations do not affect the production of this hormone in the pancreas, but with constant administration to a patient with diabetes, they ensure a normal metabolism of carbohydrates in his body.

As replacement therapy vitamin and mineral preparations are widely used, especially for group prevention and therapy in specialized and industrial complexes.

Treatment with vitamins (vitamin therapy) is carried out in case of their deficiency in the body, for which dietary feeds are used that contain a large amount of vitamins in their natural form, and with a lack of vitamins in feed, vitamin preparations are used. From an economic point of view, it is most expedient to use vitamins in the form of premixes or additives to animal feed; at the same time, vitamin stabilizing agents are needed (for example, diludin, a vitamin A stabilizer). Vitamin preparations - both monovitamins and multivitamins - are used taking into account the condition of animals, including for individual treatment. Most widely with preventive purpose vitamins are used in poultry farming and in growing young farm animals.

Mineral components as a group preventive therapy are used taking into account the provision of animals with macro- and microelements. Of particular importance in this respect are biogeochemical provinces with macro- and microelement deficiencies in soil, feed, and drinking water. As a means of replacement therapy for mineral deficiency, premixes or feed additives in the form of mineral salts are most often used: chalk, sodium chloride, calcium phosphoride compounds, iron, iodine, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, etc.

For individual treatment from substitution therapy, homogeneous blood transfusion, parenteral administration of isotonic fluids (physiological saline, Ringer's solution, etc.), oral administration of hydrochloric acid or natural gastric juice with hypoacid gastritis are recommended, hormone therapy(for example, insulin diabetes, hormones thyroid gland for goiter, prednisone or cortisone for adrenal insufficiency, pituitary hormones for ketosis).

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1. Concept and principlesdrug therapy

Pharmacotherapy - (from other Greek. tsmbkpn - medicine and therapy), treatment with drugs, or otherwise, pharmacological agents. Pharmacotherapy is referred to as conservative (non-invasive) methods of treatment. Drug therapy is often combined with other therapies: physiotherapy, medical nutrition and others. For pharmacotherapy, a large number of drugs, substances, often prescribed in various combinations, are used. The choice of a drug is determined by the nature of the disease, the characteristics of its course, the tolerability of the drug and other conditions, and should ensure the greatest effectiveness of treatment and the least side effects.

Treatment of animals with internal non-communicable diseases, as with other diseases, will only be effective when it is purposeful and scientifically substantiated.

The main goal of treatment is to achieve a complete recovery of the animal, restore its productivity and obtain high-grade products.

Basic principles of modern therapy:

Prophylactic

Physiological

Complex

Active

Economic feasibility

The preventive principle of therapy is the main one in the conditions of industrial technology, concentration and specialization of animal husbandry. In contrast to the medical work on small farms and in the individual sector, in addition to individual treatment, group therapy is becoming increasingly important here.

Group therapy - it is carried out more often in relation to a certain technological group of animals, in a specific workshop, when hidden forms of the disease are revealed, for example, therapy of cattle with ketosis, osteodystrophy, protein and carbohydrate deficiency, with gastrointestinal acute disorders in calves, massive respiratory diseases (for example, aerosol therapy); therapy of pigs - with hypovitaminosis, gastric ulcer; therapy of sheep with ketosis, bezoar disease. For group preventive therapy, as a rule, products and preparations produced by industry or locally are used: dietary feed, premixes, vitamin and microelement supplements, chalk, bone meal, vitamin preparations, etc.

For this purpose, physiotherapy methods are also used:

ultraviolet irradiation,

Animal heating,

Bathing,

Dosed movements.

Group therapy, in addition to normalizing functions and restoring health, also aims to prevent the occurrence of concomitant or new diseases. For example, in cows with ketosis - liver pathology, in pigs during the growing period - hypovitaminosis, gastric ulcer.

The physiological principle of therapy - provides for the development of a plan and treatment based on a deep knowledge of the physiological processes in the body. Unlike non-traditional therapies (homeopathy, ethnoscience), in which the choice of drugs is based only on superficial data (mainly accumulated facts, empiricism), modern therapy is based on the use of knowledge of physiological mechanisms. Treatment in each case is carried out taking into account the physiology of each system or organ: in the treatment of patients with inflammation of the stomach or intestines, a diet and drugs are prescribed based on the functions of the mucous membranes (excretion of gastric, pancreatic, intestinal juice), bile separation, peristalsis, digestibility, absorption capabilities. Treatment of patients with inflammation in the organs of the respiratory system is carried out purposefully, achieving the restoration of bronchial patency, the release of the alveoli of the lungs from exudate, and the normalization of gas exchange. The principle is that all prescribed means and methods should stimulate the body's defense mechanisms, contribute to the neutralization of toxic substances, increase resistance to infection (phagocytosis, cellular and humoral immunity, strengthening and normalization of secretory, enzymatic, respiratory, hormonal functions.

The complex principle of therapy is based on the recognition of the materialistic doctrine of the inseparable connection of the body with the external environment and the unity of all systems and organs. The external environment is understood as feeding, use, features of the technology of keeping animals.

It has been established that the occurrence of non-communicable diseases in 70% of cases is caused by these factors. external environment, genetic factors account for about 10% of the causes and about the same for unskilled veterinary care. In addition, due to the functional dependence of all systems, as a rule, when one system is damaged, the functions of other organs are also impaired. For example, when the heart is damaged, the function of the lungs and often the kidneys is always impaired, with the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, the function of the liver and the hematopoietic system. The complex principle of therapy does not provide for the use of any one remedy, but their use in combination in order to eliminate external and internal causes diseases, creating optimal conditions for keeping and feeding animals and the use of special therapeutic and prophylactic drugs.

It has been proven by science and practice that in the vast majority of cases with mass and widespread diseases (gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic pathologies, etc.), high economic efficiency is achieved only simultaneously with the normalization of zoohygienic parameters of the microclimate, the introduction of dietary agents and premixes, the use of a complex of drugs etiotropic, pathogenetic, neurotrophic, substitution and symptomatic action.

In complex therapy, the modern theory of neuroendocrine regulation in the body in normal and pathological conditions is taken into account.

Active therapy is the most important principle of modern veterinary medicine. Unlike passive, expectant, active therapy provides for the earliest possible medical care, when clinical symptoms disease has not yet manifested itself or has just begun to manifest itself.

Active therapy is combined with preventive therapy, especially in group treatment. In the pathogenesis of non-communicable diseases, a period of functional deviations from the normal state has been established to varying degrees and duration, although clinical signs have not yet been detected at this time. This period is conditionally called the preclinical or premorbid state (in infectious pathology, a similar state is called incubation period). Active therapy is carried out in many metabolic diseases. However, before the onset clinical signs determine the blood level of vitamins, minerals or their ratio, enzymes, hormones, reserve alkalinity, the content of ketone bodies, urea, cholesterol.

For example, the preclinical stage of rickets of young animals can be detected by X-ray photometry of the bones or by an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the blood. With a sharp increase in the amount of glucose in the blood, it can be established in carnivores initial forms diabetes. Preclinical stages of myocardial lesions are diagnosed by electrocardiography.

The principle of economic feasibility proceeds from the fact that, ultimately, the treatment of sick farm animals should be economically justified. In contrast to medical therapy, and in some cases in the treatment of dogs, cats and ornamental birds, where the humane principle is fundamental, in the treatment of farm animals, economic calculation always prevails.

The veterinarian decides on the basis of economic calculation in accordance with the developed and approved guidelines and recommendations to determine in each specific case the appropriateness of therapy, that is, to treat the animal or immediately after the diagnosis is established. Practice shows that the treatment of patients with internal non-communicable diseases in initial stage, with an acute course is almost always economically justified. In some cases, for example, with progressive purulent-necrotic pneumonia, traumatic pericarditis, cirrhosis of the liver, pulmonary emphysema and other diseases with pronounced irreversible changes in the organs, the commission decides on the issue of culling: they are sent for slaughter after diagnosis or after a course of treatment.

medicinal pharmacotherapy treatment

2. Types of drug therapy

1) Symptomatic therapy is aimed at eliminating a specific symptom of the disease, for example, the appointment of antitussives for bronchitis. Symptomatic therapy is the treatment of manifestations of the disease (symptoms) without a targeted impact on the underlying cause and mechanisms of its development (in the latter cases, they speak of etiotropic or pathogenetic treatment, respectively). The purpose of symptomatic therapy is to alleviate the suffering of the patient, for example, the elimination of pain in case of neuralgia, trauma, debilitating cough with pleural lesions, vomiting with myocardial infarction, etc. Often, symptomatic therapy is used in cases of emergency treatment - until an accurate diagnosis is established.

A large group of etiotropic drugs is used to treat patients with inflammatory processes in the body:

Respiratory diseases (rhinitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, etc.),

Gastrointestinal (stomatitis, pharyngitis, gastroenteritis, etc.),

Cardiovascular (myocarditis, pericarditis),

Diseases of the urinary system (cystitis, nephritis, etc.),

Nervous system (meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, etc.).

As with other diseases (gynecological, surgical, infectious), antimicrobial agents are widely used:

antibiotics,

Sulfonamides,

Nitrofurans, etc.

Etiotropic agents are used exclusively to suppress the primary or conditionally pathogenic microflora, thereby accelerating recovery.

Etiotropic conditionally include:

specific immune sera,

Anatoxins,

bacteriophages,

Anthelmintics,

Means against downy,

Methods for surgical removal of foreign bodies from the mesh or pharynx.

3) Pathogenetic therapy is aimed at eliminating the mechanism of disease development. For example, the use of painkillers for trauma, when the pain syndrome leads to the development of a life-threatening shock. Pathogenetic therapy is aimed at mobilizing and stimulating the body's defenses to eliminate the pathological process, that is, at the mechanism of the development of the disease.

Pathogenetic therapy includes:

Natural and artificial radiation (solar or ultraviolet radiation),

water treatments,

warm compresses,

Irritants (rubbing the skin with turpentine, mustard plasters, banks, massage, electropuncture, electrotherapy),

Drugs that stimulate the function of organs and tissues (expectorants, laxatives, enhancing peristalsis, diuretics, increasing the secretion of the glands of the stomach and intestines, cardiac, choleretic).

Pathogenetic therapy also includes some therapeutic methods of complex action (lavage of the proventriculus and stomach, enemas, puncture of the scar and book, catheterization of the bladder, bloodletting).

The veterinarian uses the listed funds based on his own clinical experience, as well as being guided by textbooks and reference books on pharmacology, recipes, instructions and recommendations.

4) Replacement therapy - restoration in the body of a deficiency of natural substances formed in it (hormones, enzymes, vitamins) and participating in the regulation of physiological functions. For example, the introduction of a hormonal drug in case of loss of function of the corresponding gland. Substitution therapy, without eliminating the causes of the disease, can provide life support for many years. So, insulin preparations do not affect the production of this hormone in the pancreas, but with constant administration to a patient with diabetes, they ensure a normal metabolism of carbohydrates in his body.

As replacement therapy, vitamin and mineral preparations and preparations are widely used, especially for group prevention and therapy in specialized and industrial complexes.

Treatment with vitamins (vitamin therapy) is carried out in case of their deficiency in the body, for which dietary feeds are used that contain a large amount of vitamins in their natural form, and with a lack of vitamins in feed, vitamin preparations are used. From an economic point of view, it is most expedient to use vitamins in the form of premixes or additives to animal feed; at the same time, vitamin stabilizing agents are needed (for example, diludin, a vitamin A stabilizer). Vitamin preparations - both monovitamins and multivitamins - are used taking into account the condition of animals, including for individual treatment. Vitamins are most widely used for prophylactic purposes in poultry farming and in rearing young farm animals.

For individual treatment of substitution therapy, homogeneous blood transfusion, parenteral administration of isotonic fluids (physiological saline, Ringer's solution, etc.), oral administration of hydrochloric acid or natural gastric juice for hypoacid gastritis, hormonal therapy (for example, insulin for diabetes mellitus, hormones thyroid gland in goitre, prednisone or cortisone in adrenal insufficiency, pituitary hormones in ketosis).

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Medicines in therapy. Drug therapy: what, to whom, how, when, for what purpose? Drug Therapy - Forms of Drugs

Drug Therapy - Forms of Drugs

Routes of drug administration

Local therapy

enteral route

parenteral administration

Medical treatment options

Medication dosage

Side effects of therapy

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