Blood test normal values ​​in adults table. Blood test

A general (or clinical) blood test is performed to detect changes in the quantitative and qualitative indicators of its composition. Such laboratory research blood components can be carried out for the purpose of prevention to exclude latent low-level diseases, to confirm or refute a preliminary diagnosis, to track the dynamics of an already confirmed disease. Deciphering the results clinical analysis in adults it looks like a table containing the names of indicators, units of measurement, norms and actually detected deviations in the composition of the blood.

Human blood consists of plasma (liquid part) and formed elements (cells): leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes. Their amount in the blood directly depends on the age and gender of the person, as well as his physical condition. Each type of shaped elements has its own functions:

• leukocytes are responsible for immune defense,
• platelets - for blood clotting,
• erythrocytes provide transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Most of the processes affecting the state of various tissues and organs, one way or another, are reflected in the composition of the blood. This is evidenced by the change in a number of indicators determined during clinical analysis.

A clinical blood test includes counting all types of cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), determining their parameters (size and shape of cells), leukocyte formula, measuring hemoglobin levels, determining the ratio of cell mass to plasma (hematocrit). Also during the study, ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is determined, which is a clear indicator of autoimmune diseases.

V laboratory diagnostics a general clinical blood test is one of the first places among other laboratory diagnostic procedures.

Indications for analysis

Changes in blood composition may be diagnostic value for a wide range of human diseases.

A detailed clinical blood test is a standard study that is used in laboratory diagnostics to identify:

The main function of neutrophils is the formation of immunity. They have detoxifying, antioxidant and bactericidal activity and are involved in the formation of the immune response during infectious diseases caused by pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria.

In deciphering the analysis, neutrophils are designated as NEUT%, are determined as a percentage of the total volume of leukocytes. Normally, neutrophils in the blood of adults should contain 45-70%.

An increase in the number of neutrophils - neutrophilia - evidence of acute bacterial or fungal infections, bleeding, diseases accompanied by tissue necrosis, malignant neoplasms.

Neutropenia is a low level of neutrophils, indicating depression of the immune system. Develops as a result of viral infections, other inflammatory diseases in severe form, with anemia or as side effect some medicines.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are the main cells of the immune system, providing the production of antibodies necessary for the formation of an immune response upon contact with pathogens.

The rate of lymphocytes in women and men does not differ, does not depend on age and is 19-37%.

Exceeding the indicator - lymphocytosis - is characteristic of most viral infections (influenza, SARS, herpes, hepatitis, etc.), exacerbation of allergic diseases.

A low number of lymphocytes is observed with immunodeficiency while taking immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids, as well as with certain types of anemia and leukemia.

Eosinophils

A type of leukocyte that has phagocytic properties and is involved in the formation of allergic reactions when the body comes into contact with external pathogens.

Normal levels of eosinophils in the blood in adults do not depend on gender and age and are in the range of 0-5%.

A decrease in eosinophils indicates acute infectious diseases, inflammatory processes in the abdominal organs, and blood poisoning. A significant deviation from the norm is observed within 16 hours after the onset of myocardial infarction, surgery, burn or traumatic shock.

Monocytes

Monocytes are agranulocytes from the system of phagocytic mononuclear cells (macrophages) - long-lived cells, the properties and functions of which have much in common with neutrophils. They remove old, destroyed and dying cells, antigen complexes and altered native protein molecules from the body.

A decrease in the level of monocytes - a state of monocytopenia - is usually associated with inhibition of the hematopoietic process against the background of iron deficiency, B vitamins, folic acid as a result of chemoradiation and hormonal therapy.

Basophils

Basophilic leukocytes are the first to react to the appearance of allergens, infections or other damaging factors in the body. They activate the mechanisms of an inflammatory-allergic nature, attracting other types of leukocytes, increasing the reactivity of the vascular wall, smooth muscles, changing the function of the cardiovascular and respiratory system, kidney.

Normally, the relative amount of basophils in the blood of an adult does not exceed 1% of total number leukocytes.

An increase in the indicator indicates the presence of food, seasonal or drug allergies, hypothyroidism, chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases.

A decrease in basophils can be the result of chronic stress, long-term use of antibiotics, cytostatics, chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Platelets (PLT)

Platelets are small, colorless, flat-shaped blood cells that form in the red bone marrow. Platelets take part in the process of blood clotting. They protect the walls of blood vessels from mechanical damage and prevent significant blood loss.

At rest, platelets are the smallest blood cells. However, if the vessel is damaged under the influence of biologically active substances, they are capable of a rapid transition to a new state.

When activated, platelets change their shape - many processes form on the surface of the cells, exceeding the size of the platelets themselves. This allows the cells to stick together and attach to the vessel wall, blocking the site of damage to the vessel wall. Thus, if necessary, platelets "close" wounds and stop bleeding.

Platelet counting is recommended for people who suffer from unexplained bruising, bleeding gums, excess blood during menstruation, nosebleeds, and those who do not stop bleeding from a small wound for a long time.

The index of platelet content is determined in the number of billion cells per liter of blood (* 10 9 l).

A decrease in the number of platelets in the blood can lead to bleeding. An increase in their number leads to the formation of blood clots (thrombosis), which can block blood vessels and lead to pathological conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, or blockage of blood vessels in other organs of the body.

The average platelet volume is reduced - what does it mean

People who are at risk for developing diseases need to know what it means if the average platelet volume is low (denoted as MPV). thyroid gland, heart, blood vessels. Such clinical picture can be observed in oncological diseases, iron deficiency anemia, pathologies of the hematopoietic system.

Some kidney diseases (for example, glomerulonephritis, an autoimmune, infectious, or allergic inflammation of the renal glomeruli) are also accompanied by a decrease in the average platelet volume. A physiological decrease in MPV is observed in pregnant women and nursing mothers.

If the average platelet volume is significantly below the physiological norm for several studies in a row, oncological diseases may be the cause, so such patients must be consulted by an oncologist.

The average platelet volume is increased - what does it mean

When a patient hears that he has an increased average platelet volume, you should not panic: first you need to figure out what this means and how dangerous it can be to health.

The following pathologies can lead to an increase in MPV in patients of any age:
• various forms of anemia;
• helminthic invasion;
• infectious- inflammatory diseases;
• cancerous tumors gastrointestinal tract.

In some diseases of the hematopoietic system in the blood, there may also be a significant increase in the average volume of platelets.

A general clinical blood test is the most important element of the primary diagnosis, necessary for the early detection of existing disorders and initial stages inflammatory processes.

Donate blood at least once a year. People who are at risk for any pathologies or who have chronic diseases should check their blood counts 2 to 4 times a year.

The appearance of any problems in the body is a reason to contact a therapist. And usually the first thing the doctor starts the examination with is the referral for a clinical blood test. It is also called general (OAC), because it gives an idea of ​​the state of the organism as a whole.

What will a clinical blood test show?

If somewhere there is an inflammatory process or there are deviations from the basic norms, this will be clear from the results.

A clinical blood test is the most common of all studies. It can be done at any clinic, paid medical center or hospital. It is affordable and very informative, making it possible to reduce the range of further tests and examinations and focus on well-defined diseases.

What is researched during the KLA?

So, what will the clinical test show? This analysis reveals whether the functioning, integrity and number of blood cells are normal, and also gives an idea of ​​​​other basic parameters:

• Red blood cells are responsible for maintaining optimal levels of oxygen in the bloodstream.
• Platelets give blood the ability to clot and prevent bleeding. If they are less than normal, there is a high risk of bleeding, if more, there is a process of formation of blood clots on the venous walls.
• Leukocytes form the human immune system, so an increase in their number indicates a decrease in immunity, the presence of inflammation, or such a disease. circulatory system like leukemia.
• Hematocrit measures the ratio of blood cells to its plasma. That is why blood tests are so important.
• ESR - an indicator directly shows whether there is an inflammatory process in the body. It is investigated with the addition of anticoagulants - substances that prevent blood clotting.
• Leukocyte formula - counting all types of leukocytes and the ratio of each of them to the total number, expressed as a percentage.
• The content of hemoglobin, which determines the density of the blood. A low concentration of this substance is typical for anemia of various etiologies, a large one for blood that tends to thicken, or a tumor caused by too rapid reproduction of red blood cells.
• shows whether there is enough hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Norms of a clinical blood test in adults

It should be taken into account that in childhood normal indicators differ, therefore, when deciphering a children's KLA, one cannot be guided by the data of ordinary tables. For men and women, the rules are also slightly different.

Deviation up or down unequivocally indicates the presence of pathological processes in the body. An experienced doctor, by the nature of complaints and the result of a clinical blood test, can make a primary diagnosis, which, however, must be clarified. Here is such an informative clinical blood test. Let's look at the indicators in more detail.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin has normal values ​​of 135-160 g/l for men and 120-140 g/l for women. If it is above these numbers, we can assume:

• erythremia;
• body dehydration.

The numbers below the norm indicate:

• deficiency of the trace element iron;
• anemia;
• excessive saturation of blood cells with moisture (hyperhydration).

All this is able to reveal clinically it is carried out by specialists.

red blood cells

Erythrocytes should show 4-5x10 12 / l in males and 3.7-4.7x10 12 / l in females. Excess is usually caused by:

• oncological diseases;
• the appointment of corticosteroids and steroid drugs;
• Cushing's syndrome (disease);
• polycystic kidney;
• severe burns, indigestion and liquid stool, or diuretics give a slight increase in red blood cells.

A small number of red blood cells is usually observed with:

• pregnancy;
• bleeding;
• hyperhydration;
• anemia;
• the destruction of these blood cells and the low rate of formation of new ones in the red bone marrow.

Leukocytes

This information is given by a clinical blood test.

Leukocytes and their norm is the same for men and women: 4-9x10 9 / l. Causes of leukocytosis:

• a sharp course of inflammatory and purulent processes,;
• diseases that cause various infectious agents;
• malignant neoplasms;
• condition after a heart attack;
• the final three months of gestation;
• tissue injury;
• lactation period;
• heavy physical activity.

Leukopenia occurs for the following reasons:

• consequences of radiation exposure;
• anaphylactic shock;
• hypoplasia or aplasia of the bone marrow;
• Addison-Birmer disease;
• viral infection;
• typhoid fever;
• changes in connective tissue fibers of various origins.

All this will show the result of a clinical blood test.

platelets

The number of platelets is also the same for both sexes - 180-320x10 9 /l. Since they are responsible for blood clotting and are able to stick together with each other, their increase suggests:

• oncology;
• recent surgery or bleeding;
• diseases of the circulatory system;
• chronic ailments at the stage of exacerbation, in particular diseases of the stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver;
• infectious diseases and viruses;
• consequences of prescribing many drugs.

Thrombocytopenia is characteristic of:

• autoimmune diseases;
• hepatitis;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• lymphogranulomatosis;
• hemolytic diseases.

To identify all these diseases, there is a clinical blood test. It doesn't take long to decrypt it.

ESR

ESR has a wide range of indicators, from 1 to 15 mm / h, for different ages, as well as gender, their own ESR is characteristic. Exceeding the norm occurs when:

• infections and inflammatory processes;
• diseases of the liver and kidneys;
• violations at work endocrine system;
• after fractures and operations;
• menstruation, pregnancy, breastfeeding;
• anemia of various origins;
• collagenosis.

A low ESR can indicate:

• increased production of bile;
• a problem with insufficient blood supply to organs and tissues;
• increased bilirubin in the blood serum;
• delayed coagulation and blood thinning, the formation of defective clots that are unable to completely prevent bleeding.

A hematocrit outside the range of 0.39-0.49 indicates a lack of iron in the body, the development of anemia and diseases of this kind.

The leukocyte formula must contain the correct percentage of all 5 types of leukocytes to their total number:

• eosinophils: 1-5%, destroy allergens that enter the body;
• stab neutrophils - 1-6%, and segmented - 47-72%, clean the blood from a bacterial infection and protect the body from its ingress;
• basophils: 0-1%, help white blood cells recognize foreign particles and neutralize inflammation;
• monocytes: 3-9%, remove dead and destroyed cells, bacteria, pairs of antigens with antibodies;
• support immunity, protect against diseases associated with a drop in immunity, form an immune response.

The norm of the color index is 0.85-1.15. Increases if:

• lack of folic acid and vitamin B12;
• oncology develops;
• have polyps in the stomach.

Decreases if anemia with iron deficiency and anemia of pregnancy is diagnosed.

In addition, if necessary, you can conduct a study on coagulability, that is, a coagulogram, which also includes the duration of bleeding. Now it’s clear what a clinical blood test will show.

How to prepare for the UAC?

Clinical analysis must be taken strictly on an empty stomach, better in the morning before breakfast. In extreme cases, you can eat no later than 2 hours before. On the eve, you can not drink alcohol, spicy, sour and fatty foods, because of which the blood serum becomes chylous, that is, cloudy, the selection of components will be difficult.

Usually blood is taken from the finger, the hand is not important, but the ring finger is needed. However, in some cases, the doctor recommends taking a vein. If you need to take several repeated tests, then it is advisable to carry out them at the same time, since the indicators may change during the day.

Conclusion

CLA can help identify various diseases at an early stage. Therefore, for prevention purposes, it is worth taking it at least once a year. In the elderly and childhood, when it is especially necessary to carefully take care of the state of health, it is better to do this every six months. This is what a clinical blood test will show.

A biochemical blood test is a diagnostic study that is widely used in all areas of medicine and allows you to judge the functioning of organs and systems and the whole organism as a whole. The results of this study can indicate with high accuracy the onset of inflammatory processes in the body, malignant pathologies, hormonal disruptions, and so on. In this material, we will consider the decoding of a biochemical blood test in adults in the table.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

A biochemical blood test shows the presence of pathological processes in the body at the most early stages, that is, when clinical symptoms do not yet appear and the person does not even suspect about the disease.

The correct interpretation of the results of the study allows you to determine the diagnosis and prescribe a timely effective treatment. By and large, blood biochemistry shows how metabolic processes proceed in the body, what is the level of hormones, the presence cancer cells and other pathological foci.

Indications for the study

A biochemical blood test is prescribed to all patients who turn to a therapist or other specialist with any complaints. The indications for this study are:

• diseases of the female reproductive sphere - infertility, failures and disorders menstrual cycle unclear etiology, inflammation of the uterus and appendages, fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis;
• diseases of the liver and organs of the gastrointestinal tract - pancreatitis, gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholecystitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis;
• diseases of the endocrine system - diabetes, hypo and hyperthyroidism, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, obesity, suspected tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels - past heart attacks and stroke, hypercholesterolemia, cerebral ischemia, ischemic disease hearts;
• suspicion of renal or hepatic insufficiency - in order to identify pathology or control ongoing treatment;
• oncological diseases;
• inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system - arthritis, osteoporosis, arthrosis.

In some cases, a biochemical blood test is enough to make a correct diagnosis for the patient, and sometimes this requires an additional methods diagnosis, which depends on the course of the disease and the characteristics of the patient's body.

How is a biochemical blood test done?

A biochemical blood test is a sampling of biological material from the cubital vein (or any other vein, if the cubital is not available for any reason) in the amount of 5 ml. Sometimes, up to 20 ml of blood is collected from a patient to conduct several diagnostic tests. In order for the results of the analysis to be truthful and as accurate as possible, you should properly prepare for the procedure.

Preparation for donating blood from a vein consists of the following steps:

1. 3 days before the study, the patient needs to follow a certain diet - fatty, sweet, spicy, alcohol, strong coffee and strong black tea, spices and smoked meats, pickles and canned food are excluded from the diet;
2. the day before the test and on the day of blood sampling, it is necessary to stop smoking, eating and taking medications - if it is impossible to stop taking medications for vital reasons, then you should definitely inform the doctor about this;
3. on the day of blood sampling, you can’t eat anything - the analysis is taken strictly on an empty stomach!;
4. avoid stress and overexertion the day before and on the day of blood sampling - test results such as blood for hormones may be unreliable if the patient is nervous or physically overloaded.

The results of the analysis are transmitted to the doctor who issued the referral for the examination, and the specialist will inform the patient about the presence of deviations, depending on which he will select the treatment.

Table of norms for a biochemical blood test in adults

The table shows the indicators of a biochemical blood test that doctors pay attention to, as well as the norms for men and women over 18 years of age.

Analysis indicator	Norm for men	Norm for women
total protein
Protein fractions: Albumins Globulins
Hemoglobin
Urea	2.5-8.2 mmol/l	2.4-8.2 mmol/l
Uric acid	0.12-0.42 mmol/l	0.24-0.54 mmol/l
	3.3-5.5 mmol/l	3.2-5.5 mmol/l
Creatinine	61-114 µmol/l	52-96 µmol/l
total cholesterol	3.4-6.4 mmol/l	3.4-6.4 mmol/l
	Up to 3 mmol/l	Up to 3 mmol/l
		0-1.2 mmol/l
Triglycerides	Up to 1.6 mmol/l	Up to 1.7 mmol/l
Bilirubin (total)	5-20 µmol/l	5-20 µmol/l
Bilirubin direct	2.2-5.0 µmol/l	2.2-5.0 µmol/l
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)	Not more than 45 units/l	Not more than 30 units/l
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
Alkaline phosphatase	Up to 260 units/l	Up to 250 units/l
GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase)
Pancreatic amylase
Creatine kinase (CK)	Up to 180 units/l	Up to 180 units/l
	130-150 mmol/l	130-150 mmol/l
	3.3-5.3 mmol/l	3.35-5.3 mmol/l
Alpha amylase

total protein

The term "total protein" means the total amount of proteins that are generally found in the blood. Proteins take an active part in the biochemical processes of the body:

• are catalysts for chemical reactions;
• transport substances to organs and tissues;
• take part in immune protection body from infections.

Normally, in a healthy adult, the level of protein in the blood should not exceed 84 g / l. In case of a significant increase in this norm human body becomes vulnerable to attack by viruses and infections.

Increased protein in the blood: causes

The main reasons for increasing the level of protein in the blood are:

1. rheumatism;
2. inflammation of the joints;
3. oncological neoplasms.

Reduced blood protein levels: causes

The causes of low protein in a blood test from a vein are:

• liver disease;
• intestinal pathology;
• disorders in the work of the kidneys;
• malignant tumors in the body.

When studying indicators of blood biochemistry, attention is also paid to albumin. Albumin is a protein produced by the human liver and is the main protein in blood plasma. An elevated level of albumin in the blood is observed with:

• extensive burns;
• intractable diarrhea;
• dehydration of the body.

A decrease in the level of albumin in the blood is characteristic of:

1. pregnant and lactating women;
2. cirrhosis of the liver or chronic hepatitis;
3. sepsis;
4. heart failure;
5. overdose and poisoning medicines.

Glucose

Normal in biochemical analysis blood in an adult healthy person are detected from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol / l (carry out a glucose tolerance test).

Increased glucose levels, causes

An increase in sugar levels in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of:

• diabetes;
• diseases of the endocrine system;
• tumor of the pancreas;
• hemorrhagic stroke;
• cystic fibrosis.

The short-term tolerable rise in blood sugar levels is due to overeating, stress, and eating too much sweets.

Low blood sugar: causes

A decrease in blood glucose below 3.5 mmol / l often occurs against the background of such conditions:

• liver disease;
• inflammatory diseases of the pancreas;
• hypothyroidism;
• alcohol poisoning;
• drug overdose;
• stomach cancer;
• adrenal cancer.

Uric acid

Uric acid is a breakdown product of nucleic acids (purine formations). Normally, in a healthy adult, uric acid does not accumulate in the body and is excreted by the kidneys with urine. In the blood, uric acid values ​​normally do not exceed 0.43 mmol / l.

Increased uric acid level

The reasons for the increase in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma are:

1. kidney failure;
2. lymphoma;
3. leukemia;
4. alcoholism;
5. exhausting long diets;
6. overdose of diuretics and salicylates.

Decreased uric acid levels

A decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma of less than 0.16 mmol / l is noted under the following conditions:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia;
2. Allopurinol treatment;
3. hepatitis.

Urea

Urea is formed in the body as a breakdown product of proteins. An increase in the level of urea is observed in kidney diseases.

A decrease in the level of urea in the blood is typical for pregnant women, people who play sports or practice therapeutic starvation. A pathological decrease in the level of urea in the blood is associated with celiac disease, heavy metal poisoning, and cirrhosis of the liver.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a protein breakdown product that does not accumulate in the body, but is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. This substance is a product of protein metabolism occurring in skeletal muscles and the brain. The level of this product in the blood plasma directly depends on the condition of the kidneys and muscles.

Increased creatinine: causes

The reasons for the increased content of creatinine in the blood plasma are the following conditions:

• kidney failure;
• muscle injury;
• hyperfunction of the thyroid gland;
• excessive physical activity.

In some cases, an increase in creatinine in the blood can be caused by taking medications.

ALT (ALAT, alanine aminotransferase) and AST (AsAT)

ALT is an enzyme that is synthesized inside the liver cells and takes part in the functioning of the organ. With the development of any liver disease, its cells are destroyed, and part of the alanine aminotransferase enters the blood. Determining the level of ALT makes it possible to judge possible violations of liver function and the presence of diseases of this organ.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is located inside the cells of the heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscles, kidneys, nerve fibers and takes an active part in the anacid metabolism. An increase in the level of ALT above the level of AST is characteristic of liver diseases. In the case when the AST indicators exceed the ALT indicators, the patient in most cases is diagnosed with pathologies such as:

• myocardial infarction;
• angina;
• rheumatic heart disease;
• toxic hepatitis;
• acute pancreatitis;
• liver cancer;
• heart failure.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a constituent component of lipid metabolism, which takes an active part in the formation of cell membranes, the synthesis of hormones of the reproductive system and vitamin D. There are several types of cholesterol:

1. low density cholesterol (LDL);
2. high density cholesterol (HDL);
3. total cholesterol;
4. lipoprotein cholesterol.

Depending on the level of increase in cholesterol levels, there are:

1. mild degree of hypercholesterolemia - up to 6.5 mmol / l, the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases;
2. average degree- up to 8 mmol / l, corrected by a special low-lipid diet;
3. high degree - more than 8 mmol / l, requires the appointment of drugs.

Increased cholesterol: causes

The main reasons for high blood cholesterol levels are:

• atherosclerosis;
• hypothyroidism;
• diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation;
• chronic hepatitis;
• mechanical jaundice.

Cholesterol is lowered: causes

A decrease in blood cholesterol levels below normal is a consequence of the following conditions:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• prolonged fasting;
• malignant tumors in the liver;
• violation metabolic processes;
• hyperthyroidism;
• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a red-yellow pigment that is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Normally, in the blood of an adult, from 5 to 20 µmol / l.

High bilirubin

Causes advanced level bilirubin in the blood are:

1. oncological diseases of the liver;
2. cholelithiasis;
3. acute cholecystitis;
4. cholangitis.

Decreased bilirubin level

A decrease in the level of bilirubin in the blood below the norm is observed in the following conditions:

1. acute hepatitis;
2. liver disease due to bacterial infection;
3. drug poisoning;
4. toxic hepatitis.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of carbohydrates and facilitates the digestion process. Amylase is found in the pancreas and salivary glands, distinguish diastase (alpha-amylase) and pancreatic amylase.

Increase in amylase

An increase in amylase in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of such conditions:

• pancreatitis;
• peritonitis;
• diabetes;
• stones in the pancreas;
• cholecystitis;
• kidney and liver failure.

Decreased amylase levels

A reduced level of amylase in terms of a blood test is characteristic of the following conditions:

• myocardial infarction;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• pancreatic necrosis.

Minerals: potassium and sodium in the blood

Potassium

Normally, the blood of a healthy adult contains from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l of potassium. A decrease in the level of this microelement is observed in such conditions:

• disease of the adrenal cortex;
• debilitating diets;
• insufficient intake of salt with food, prolonged salt-free diets;
• dehydration of the body as a result of vomiting and diarrhea;
• excessive levels of adrenal hormones in the blood, including an overdose of hydrocortisone in the form of injections;
• cystic fibrosis.

An increase in potassium in the blood is characteristic of:

• acute renal failure;
• kidney disease;
• insufficiency of the adrenal cortex;
• convulsions;
• severe injuries.

An increase in the level of potassium in the blood is called hyperkalemia, and a decrease is called hypokalemia.

Sodium

The main purpose of sodium in the blood is to maintain the physiological pH level and osmotic pressure in tissues and cells. The amount of sodium in the blood is controlled by the hormone of the adrenal cortex - aldosterone.

A decrease in sodium in the blood is observed in the following conditions:

• diabetes;
• chronic heart failure;
• swelling;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• abuse of diuretics.

An increase in sodium in the blood is observed with:

• salt abuse;
• diabetes insipidus;
• profuse sweat;
• intractable vomiting and prolonged diarrhea;
• diseases of the hypothalamus;
• coma.

As a conclusion

Biochemical analysis of blood is an integral part in the diagnosis of diseases. internal organs. Norms for men and women may differ slightly depending on the conditions of blood sampling, adherence to the rules of preparation and laboratory.

Hematocrit is an indicator that reflects how much blood is occupied by red blood cells. The hematocrit is usually expressed as a percentage: for example, a hematocrit (HCT) of 39% means that 39% of the blood volume is represented by red blood cells. Elevated hematocrit occurs with erythrocytosis (increased number of red blood cells in the blood), as well as with dehydration. A decrease in hematocrit indicates anemia (a decrease in the level of red blood cells in the blood), or an increase in the amount of the liquid part of the blood.

The mean volume of a red blood cell allows the doctor to obtain information about the size of the red blood cell. Mean cell volume (MCV) is expressed in femtoliters (fl) or cubic micrometers (µm3). Red blood cells with a small average volume are found in microcytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, etc. Red blood cells with an increased average volume are found in megaloblastic anemia (anemia that develops when there is a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid in the body).

Platelets are small platelets of blood that are involved in the formation of a blood clot and prevent blood loss when blood vessels are damaged. An increase in the level of platelets in the blood occurs in some blood diseases, as well as after operations, after the removal of the spleen. A decrease in the level of platelets occurs in some congenital blood diseases, aplastic anemia (disruption of the bone marrow that produces blood cells), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (destruction of platelets due to increased activity of the immune system), cirrhosis of the liver, etc.

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is responsible for developing immunity and fighting germs and viruses. The number of lymphocytes in different analyzes can be presented as an absolute number (how many lymphocytes were found), or as a percentage (what percentage of the total number of leukocytes are lymphocytes). The absolute number of lymphocytes is usually denoted LYM# or LYM. The percentage of lymphocytes is referred to as LYM% or LY%. An increase in the number of lymphocytes (lymphocytosis) occurs in some infectious diseases (rubella, influenza, toxoplasmosis, infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, etc.), as well as in blood diseases (chronic lymphocytic leukemia, etc.). A decrease in the number of lymphocytes (lymphopenia) occurs with severe chronic diseases, AIDS, kidney failure, taking certain drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids, etc.).

Granulocytes are white blood cells that contain granules (granular white blood cells). Granulocytes are represented by 3 types of cells: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. These cells are involved in the fight against infections, in inflammatory and allergic reactions. The number of granulocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms (GRA#) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes (GRA%).

Granulocytes are usually elevated when there is inflammation in the body. A decrease in the level of granulocytes occurs with aplastic anemia (loss of the ability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells), after taking certain medications, as well as with systemic lupus erythematosus (connective tissue disease), etc.

Monocytes are leukocytes that, once in the vessels, soon leave them into the surrounding tissues, where they turn into macrophages (macrophages are cells that absorb and digest bacteria and dead cells of the body). The number of monocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms (MON#) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes (MON%). An increased content of monocytes occurs in some infectious diseases (tuberculosis, infectious mononucleosis, syphilis, etc.), rheumatoid arthritis, blood diseases. A decrease in the level of monocytes occurs after major operations, taking drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids, etc.).

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is an indicator that indirectly reflects the content of proteins in the blood plasma. Elevated ESR indicates possible inflammation in the body due to increased levels of inflammatory proteins in the blood. In addition, an increase in ESR occurs with anemia, malignant tumors, etc. A decrease in ESR is rare and indicates an increased content of red blood cells (erythrocytosis), or other blood diseases.

It should be noted that some laboratories indicate other norms in the test results, this is due to the presence of several methods for calculating indicators. In such cases, the interpretation of the results general analysis blood is carried out according to specified norms.

In addition to deciphering a blood test, you can also make transcripts of urine and feces tests.

Quick page navigation

Blood is part of a large system that very clearly reflects the body's response to various pathological processes. A complete or clinical blood test is the basic analysis that is performed with any diagnostic search.

It is called general because the changes that can be detected are not a sign of a particular disease, but combinations of disorders, quantitative indicators of the analyzed parameters give the doctor a large share of information.

It allows you to confirm or refute the preliminary diagnosis established during the survey and examination. Sometimes, for a complete understanding of the process, a single analysis is not sufficient and it is necessary to observe changes in indicators over time.

Deciphering the general blood test in adults

The norms of a general blood test in adults (taking into account age) are given below in and (leukocyte formula). The reasons for the deviations of the analysis results are also indicated.

Now consider the indicators determined by a general blood test.

Hemoglobin

A protein found in red blood cells. Its main function is to ensure gas exchange. As blood passes through the lungs, hemoglobin takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. In the tissues of the organs, a reverse exchange occurs: the return of oxygen to the tissues in exchange for carbon dioxide molecules, which are then released through the respiratory tract.

Oxygen-enriched oxyhemoglobin is found in arterial blood. This is what gives it its bright red color. The erythrocytes of venous blood contain reduced hemoglobin, which gave up oxygen, which makes the venous blood dark cherry.

• The minimum amount of hemoglobin compatible with life is 10 g/l.

Hematocrit

Shows how much erythrocytes occupy in the test blood. Depends on the total number of platelets and their size. It is expressed as a percentage of the total volume taken as 100%.

Serves as a guide for anemia, an increase in the formation of red blood cells, as well as conditions that lead to thickening or dilution of the blood.

RBC count

Red blood cells are the most numerous blood cells that contain hemoglobin. This indicator is one of the most important in a clinical blood test.

Color indicator

Shows the degree of fullness of red blood cells with hemoglobin. In the normal state of the body is a stable indicator. The increase in this indicator is associated with an increase in the size of erythrocytes.

• The decrease in the value of the color index is associated with both a decrease in the volume of erythrocytes and a decrease in their total number.

Platelet count

Platelets are not whole cells, but lamellar fragments of large bone marrow cells - megakaryocytes. Their main function is blood clotting. Platelet counts can be influenced by seasonal and circadian rhythms.

Mean platelet volume (MPV)

As the platelet matures, the size of the platelet plate changes, which leads to a change in the activity of this blood element, a decrease in granules with active substances, and a lesser tendency to adhere (stick together).

• Thus, younger platelets are larger than older cells and therefore more active.

White blood cell count

Leukocytes are produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and are part of the immune system. Their main function is to protect the body. Due to their diversity, leukocytes are important components of immune responses.

Fluctuations in the number of leukocytes within the normal range can be during physical exertion, after eating, during stress, and also at the end of the day, under the influence of cold, sun.

When performing a clinical blood test, both the total number of leukocytes and the percentage of each type to the total number of these blood elements are determined - the leukocyte formula.

Leukocyte formula- percentage composition of leukocytes of each type:

• Neutrophils are divided into stab and segmented. The function of neutrophils is to protect the body from infectious agents by absorbing and digesting foreign particles, that is, phagocytosis. An increase in the level of neutrophils is more often combined with an increase in the total number of leukocytes.
• Eosinophils help limit the severity of an allergic reaction in body tissues by destroying excess histamine. The second important function of eosinophils is the release of substances that contribute to the destruction of worm larvae. Can carry out phagocytosis.
• Basophils contain granules with histamine, which is released during immediate allergic reactions. Also, basophils regulate the amount of heparin and the permeability of the walls of blood vessels, participate in a delayed-type reaction, as well as in inflammatory processes.
• Monocytes form a group of cells with the function of phagocytosis. Monocytic macrophages remove dying cells, antigen-antibody complexes, destroyed proteins, participate in the metabolism of iron and fats, and the immune response.
• Lymphocytes are the main cells of the immune system that carry out two types of protection: with the help of the production of special proteins - antibodies that bind to foreign antigens, as well as T-lymphocytes - killers directly destroy viruses and cells unnecessary to the body.

ESR in the general blood test

This is the rate at which the blood in the test tube separates into two parts: cells and plasma. In this case, erythrocytes stick together and settle in the form of characteristic “coin columns”.

ESR depends on the severity and size of red blood cells, as well as on blood viscosity and plasma protein saturation. All protein molecules weaken the charge on the surface of red blood cells, which allows them to repel each other and not stick together.

An increase in ESR is a reliable sign of an inflammatory process, especially in combination with other changes in the composition of the blood, indicating inflammation. The observation of this indicator in dynamics indicates the subsidence of the infectious process: at first, the ESR is high, and upon recovery it gradually decreases.

• In autoimmune diseases, the ESR value indicates a period of exacerbation or remission.

Features in pregnant women

During pregnancy, especially in the second half, there is an increase in the volume of circulating blood, which leads to a relative decrease in the number of red blood cells, a decrease in hematocrit, and a decrease in platelets.

There is an increase in the number of leukocytes and an increase in ESR, which can be especially pronounced immediately before childbirth.

The norm and interpretation (table) of the general blood test

Table 1.

Thrombocythemia;

erythremia

Chr. myeloid leukemia;

Megakaryocytic leukemia;

Rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis;

Cirrhosis of the liver;

Tuberculosis;

Acute bleeding, hemolysis;

Ulcerative colitis;

Amyloidosis;

Lymphoma, limogranulomatosis;

After operations within 2 weeks;

After removal of the spleen 2 months;

When treated with corticosteroid hormones;

Sepsis.

The indicator and its norm	Above normal	Below normal
Hemoglobin w 112-150 g/l m 126-170 g/l	-primary and secondary erythrocytosis; erythremia; Dehydration; Prolonged stay at altitude; Smoking.	- with all types of anemia: after blood loss, in violation of hematopoiesis and blood destruction; With hyperhydration (an increase in the amount of fluid in the body).
Hematocrit f 33-44% m 38-49%	-erythremia; hypoxia; Kidney diseases (tumors, polycystic, hydronephrosis); Peritonitis; burn disease; Dehydration.	- anemia; 2nd half of pregnancy; Hyperproteinemia (increase in the amount of protein in the blood); Hyperhydration.
RBC count well 3.5 - 5 x10 12 / l m 4.2 - 5.6 x10 12 / l	-erythremia; Hypoxia: lung disease, heart disease, obesity, high altitude, hemoglobin abnormalities, exercise. Kidney cancer, hydronephrosis and polycystic kidney disease; Pheochromocytoma, Cushing's sm., an increase in the amount of aldosterone .; dehydration; emotional stress; Alcohol intake, smoking; Newborns are normal.	- anemia; Pregnancy; Hyperproteinemia; Hyperhydration.
Color indicator 0,86 – 1,05	- anemia with a deficiency of vitamin B12, folic acid; After bleeding; Cirrhosis of the liver; Malignant neoplasms (gastric cancer with metastases); Reduced thyroid function; Worm infestations; Taking certain drugs: cytostatics, anticonvulsants, contraceptives.	-indicator of true iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia; Violation of the absorption of iron by hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow; With lead poisoning.
Platelet count 180-320 x10 9 /l	-pregnancy; During menstrual bleeding; - s-m Fanconi, Viscot-Aldrich; - viral hepatitis, chronic hepatitis; Malignant tumors with metastases to the bone marrow; Acute leukemia; Intoxication with chemicals and drugs; Anemia with a deficiency of B12 and folic acid, iron; DIC; Systemic lupus erythematosus; - taking drugs: chloramphenicol, sulfonamides; In patients on hemodialysis; Diseases of the liver, thyroid gland; Hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Average platelet volume (MPV) 3.6 - 9.4 µm 3	- thrombocytopenic purpura; St. Bernard Soulier; - anemia after bleeding (post-hemorrhagic); May-Hegglin anomaly	- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
White blood cell count 4 - 8.8x10 9 / l	-2 half of pregnancy, childbirth; PMS; Acute infections: viral, fungal, bacterial; Acute inflammatory diseases: abscess, appendicitis, burns; malignant tumors; Leukemia; Injury; kidney failure (uremia); - the use of adrenaline, hormones.	- inhibition of the work of the red brain during aplasia, poisoning with chemicals, drugs, after exposure to radiation; Acute leukemia; Metastases of tumors in the bone marrow; Sepsis; Typhus, paratyphoid; Shock; Medications: NSAIDs, antibiotics, antiepileptic drugs, sulfonamides, thyreostatics.

table 2

Leukocyte formula
Norm	Above normal	Below normal
Neutrophils 45-70%	- acute inflammation of an infectious and bacterial nature (tonsillitis, otitis media, appendicitis, pneumonia, abscesses, meningitis); Sepsis; burns; tissue necrosis: acute infarction, gangrene, tumors with decay; lead poisoning; - with snake bites; After vaccinations; Uremia, diabetic acidosis; Myeloid leukemia, erythremia; Gout; Bleeding	-flu; Measles, rubella; Typhus, paratyphoid; Viral hepatitis; — radiation; Reception of cytostatics, antidepressants; Acute leukemia; Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid; - under the influence of benzene, aniline
Eosinophils 1-5%	- allergic reactions; Bronchial asthma; Worm infestations; Pemphigus; Eczema; Scarlet fever; blood diseases; Rheumatoid arthritis; Malignant tumors, hemoblastoses.	- the beginning of infectious-toxic shock; Purulent infections; Severe postoperative period;
Basophils 0-1%	-food, drug allergies; Chronic ulcerative colitis; Chronic myeloid leukemia, erythremia; With a decrease in thyroid hormones; Lymphogranulomatosis; Reception of hormones - estrogens.	Practically not recorded, can be detected when increased function thyroid, stress.
Monocytes 2-6%	- active tuberculosis; Infectious mononucleosis; Subacute endocarditis; Malaria; Syphilis; Leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis; Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE.	-inhibition of hematopoiesis in case of intoxication
Lymphocytes 25-35%	- viral infection; Whooping cough; Infectious mononucleosis; Viral hepatitis; Cytomegalovirus; Chr. lymphocytic leukemia.	- with a decrease in the production of all blood cells; Taking hormones - glucocorticoids severe viral infections; malignant tumors; immunodeficiency states.
ESR w up to 60 years - 12 mm / h f after 60 years - 20 mm / h m up to 60 years - 8 mm / h m after 60 years - 15 mm / h	-menstruation, pregnancy, postpartum period; Inflammatory diseases; tumors; Connective tissue diseases; Kidney disease: amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, uremia; myocardial infarction; anemia; bleeding; - with an increase in cholesterol; Violation of the thyroid gland; low levels of protein in the blood; Low fibrinogen level; Rheumatoid arthritis.	-erythremia; Severe degree of circulatory failure; Epilepsy; sickle cell anemia; high levels of protein in the blood; Decreased fibrinogen levels; Viral hepatitis, jaundice; Taking aspirin, calcium chloride.

Indications for the appointment of a general blood test

• Primary analysis: any diseases of an inflammatory, infectious nature, bleeding, trauma, examination before surgery, childbirth, during the passage of any medical commission.
• Repeated analysis: the dynamics of the disease, confirmation of recovery.
• The leading role of a general blood test is in violation of the work of the hematopoietic organs: bone marrow tissue, spleen, liver.

How is a general blood test performed?

A general clinical analysis does not have to be taken on an empty stomach - blood can be taken at any time. But most often, blood is taken for analysis in the morning. On an empty stomach, it is necessary to come to the laboratory if blood is taken for biochemistry at the same time as this analysis.

In the treatment room, blood is taken from the finger (more often), or from the cubital vein. The blood is placed in a tube with an anti-clotting preservative and sent to the laboratory.

A modern laboratory is equipped with automatic analyzers that can simultaneously examine both a large number of samples and issue a conclusion on many indicators at once.