Hyperkeratosis of the skin on the fold of the toes. Keratinization of the skin on the fingers: do not be afraid, but it is necessary to treat

Hyperkeratosis of the feet is an abnormal thickening of the epidermis in the area of the feet, which is often accompanied by keratinization of skin cells. This violation considered a cosmetic defect and is not generally accepted as a signal of danger to health. But although this opinion cannot be called absolutely erroneous, it must be taken into account that the condition of the skin directly depends on the health of the body. Sometimes cosmetic defects are only mild manifestations of hidden complex ailments.

External causes

The reasons why foot hyperkeratosis develops are various excessive loads on the feet. Continuous high blood pressure activates the reproduction of germ cells in the epidermis, since part of the previous upper layers of the skin “wears out” due to the mentioned effect. But due to the pressing effect and the accelerated rate of cell division of the epidermis, the top layer of the skin does not have time to exfoliate. The result of this combination of factors is an abnormal thickening of the dermis, which not only looks unaesthetic, but can also cause some discomfort when wearing shoes.

Incorrectly selected shoes often just become the cause of the development of hyperkeratosis of the feet. Beautiful, but tight shoes, shoes with a narrowed toe, or vice versa, shoes that are too spacious can cause pathological changes in the feet when worn for a long time. Incorrectly selected shoes after a while leads to the fact that a person loses the opportunity to wear them. But “normal” shoes also become inaccessible due to cosmetic and other foot defects.

Hyperkeratosis can be the result of flat feet, clubfoot, foot injury as a result of surgery or an unfortunate set of circumstances, increased body weight. Any of these shortcomings can cause an ailment, because due to violations, the map of the application of forces to different parts of the foot changes. As a result, somewhere the pressure on the skin becomes less, and somewhere more.

After passing through an individual "critical point" during continuous exposure to the skin, accelerated cell regeneration is activated in the dermis. The logical result is a defective change in the upper layer of the epidermis.

Internal causes

Hyperkeratosis of the feet can be provoked not only by external, but also by internal factors. Some of them are very dangerous for the body. Among them, it is worth highlighting diabetes mellitus, since one of the manifestations of the disease is a metabolic disorder. Carbohydrate metabolism, which is critical for the body, is especially affected. As a result, tissue trophism is disrupted, and the risk of developing a whole complex of skin diseases increases. Including hyperkeratosis of the foot, as well as conditions that can provoke it: ulcerative lesions, dry skin, death of dermal cells due to problems with blood microcirculation in the capillaries. Especially if it is multiplied by wearing sick uncomfortable shoes, strongly squeezing the feet, and aggravated by excess weight.

Skin diseases, regardless of the form and severity of their course, often become a catalyst for the development of the disease. Hyperkeratosis can develop after or in parallel with diseases such as:

psoriasis;
ichthyosis;
keratoderma of the palmar-plantar region;
fungal and other skin lesions.

Often there is a combination of several factors at once, which makes the risk of developing hyperkeratosis significant and accelerates degenerative processes in the epidermis.

The reason for the start of degenerative processes can be even an incorrectly conducted pedicure session. But this procedure will not be the culprit of the disease - it will only become a catalyst for the degenerative process, the prerequisites for which have developed in the body for a long time.

Softening and cutting

Foot hyperkeratosis is a profile disease that podologists face in their work. A consultation with this doctor is the first thing to be done when the disease enters the active phase. Depending on its complexity and the reasons that caused the abnormally active division of epidermal cells, an effective treatment method will be chosen. Usually it is selected once and is able to effectively fight the disease for many years.

Effective treatment of foot hyperkeratosis usually includes several mandatory actions aimed at eliminating the cosmetic defect of the disease. The keratinized areas of the skin are consistently exposed to the effect, the purpose of which is to soften the hard dead layers. This will allow them to be painlessly removed up to the “living” layer of the epidermis. Depending on the duration and degree of neglect of the disease, the intensity of the manipulations may vary. But the result is the same - the keratinized areas of the skin are completely cut off on their own or by the hands of a doctor.

The final stage is skin polishing on the treated area of the foot. For this, special attachments for medical manipulators or ordinary cosmetic nail files can be used. It all depends on the degree and intensity of the necessary impact.

An experienced doctor will be able to remove dead tissue, freeing the "live" skin without causing any harm to it. But this largely depends not only on the skill of the doctor, but also on the stage of development of hyperkeratosis, as well as on the “softening” compounds used.

Other treatment options

In the case of an advanced form of the disease, instead of self-treatment, it is imperative to seek help from a specialist. He will choose the best method from those presented below.

The use of keratolic agents. The classic treatment option, including softening and subsequent removal of keratinized tissue. Requires attention to the choice and concentration of the active substance. For example, the use of a 10% urea solution for hyperkeratosis leads to a "useful" softening of hardened tissues. A 40% solution is able to dissolve the nail plate.
Medical pedicure. It is used as a cosmetic manipulation to eliminate defects of hyperkeratosis on initial stage. Without eliminating the causes that cause it, manipulation does not bring any medical effect.
bactericidal treatment.
Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy. An option for the treatment of a form of the disease with complications in the form of cracks in ulcerative lesions and deep cracks in the coarsened layers.
The use of orthopedic devices. They do not eliminate the cosmetic defect of hyperkeratosis, but after the removal of keratinized skin, they can prevent or delay relapse as much as possible.

Softening and removal of keratinized tissues is not the only way to combat hyperkeratosis of the feet, which is used today in medicine. Pathology can be caused by various reasons and aggravated due to a late visit to a podiatrist.

The use of keratolic agents

The means used by the podiatrist to soften rough skin during the procedure, in most cases of hyperkeratosis of the feet, can be prepared and used at home. The classic basis for them is water, to which various salts and flavorings are added. This allows you to carry out a cosmetic procedure not only effectively, but also pleasantly.

The temperature of the water should be sufficient to be able to soften the coarsened top layer of the skin, but at the same time not burn. The use of harsh salts is not recommended if the skin is cracked, as they can corrode the wound, causing severe pain. If the procedure cannot be dispensed with, in this case it is better to use oils to soften.

To remove the "hard layer from the cells" in medicine, special chemical softeners are used. They can be presented in the form of gels, solutions and foamy liquids, but the mechanics of their action remains the same. The dry keratinized layer of the epidermis loses its rigidity and becomes pliable for painless removal without harm to the living layers of the dermis underneath.

The normal condition of the skin of a healthy person is the gradual death of skin cells and their desquamation. With such a violation as hyperkeratosis, accelerated cell division occurs and the process of their exfoliation slows down due to any violations internal state organism. Seals can cover various parts of the body, and reach 4 cm in thickness. It is not worth waiting for the changes to pass by themselves; the disease requires special treatment.

Hyperkeratosis: what is it?

The human body is a system consisting of many cells, organs, bones, each of which has a specific function. Skin cells differ in a certain composition. An organism suffering from internal disorders is not able to exfoliate skin cells normally. Excessive activity of horny cells of the skin and increased production of keratin lead to a thickening of the epidermal layer. The disease is progressive, therefore, from a few mm there is a thickening of the affected part up to 4-5 cm.

Note! Hyperkeratosis is not an independent disease.

Internal factors and conditions affecting the development of the disease:

disturbed process of keratinization of the skin, due to a genetic disorder - ichthyosis;
erythroderma, keratoderma;
lichen, psoriasis, fungal diseases, seborrheic dermatitis;
violations of the digestive tract;
endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus);
lack of vitamins;
obesity, stressful situations.

Externally destructive factors are:

wearing tight, uncomfortable clothes and shoes that squeeze the skin;
contact with chemicals at work;
non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
prolonged exposure to the sun or strong wind;
water of increased hardness in which you have to wash.

Therapeutic measures are carried out only after a complete medical examination and identification of the exact cause of the activation of the disease.

How is the disease classified?

Hyperkeratosis can be hereditary or acquired. In addition to this classification, other forms of the disease are distinguished.

What can be hyperkeratosis of the skin:

follicular - expressed by the appearance of seals and reddish pimples on the body;
seborrheic (lesion of the scalp);
diffuse;
warty - formations are similar to yellowish warts, prone to cracking and crusting;
lenticular - based on not fully understood gene mutations, more common in men over 30 years old, is a chronic form;
disseminated (scattered) - captures huge areas of the skin;
polymorphic.

In turn, the follicular form also varies by type, and depends on the lack of a particular vitamin.

This type of disease bears this name, because due to a violation of the process of exfoliation of dead cells of the epidermis, blockage of the follicles occurs, leading to the accumulation of sebum. On the skin, this process manifests itself in the form of redness, pimples. The disease is also called "goosebumps".

Remember! Dry skin is most susceptible to the manifestations of the disease. This is the area of the buttocks and the outer surface of the thigh, knees. Sometimes rashes are confused with cellulite.

What are the reasons for:

Bad cosmetics, violation of personal hygiene procedures, hard water, uncomfortable clothing.
Lack of vitamin C, which is responsible for the production of collagen, which gives elasticity to blood vessels and skin. If it is not enough, the vessels become fragile, collapse, the skin becomes covered with bruises, bruises, earlier skin aging (wrinkles) begins, the skin peels off.
Deficiency of vitamin D, which nourishes the bones and skin, is responsible for correct work thyroid gland, strengthening the immune system and removing toxins and toxins. Its deficiency affects the increase in the rate of reproduction of epidermal cells, which prevents the old layer from peeling off.
A lack of vitamin A leads to inhibition of the production of new skin cells, as a result of which the skin loses its smoothness, becomes flabby, and inflammation appears.
Reception hormonal drugs. It is noted in young girls taking contraceptives. Hormones can speed up the process of new cell formation, leading to hyperkeratosis.
The state of stress, nervous tension, increased irritability provoke disturbances in the functioning of the body, which leads to an overuse of vitamin B. The consequence of this is skin aging, it becomes dry, gray, and flaky.
Non-compliance with the rules of nutrition. Improper nutrition leads to a deficiency of vitamins necessary for the body, problems with the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal dysbacteriosis and, as a result, follicular hyperkeratosis.

Experts in the field of cosmetology and dermatology argue that the disease remains not completely cured, and the skin must be carefully looked after.

Important! Protect your skin from exposure to the sun, cold, aggressive effects on the skin of various peels and mechanical cleanings of the skin.

The disease is caused by 2 groups of causes. One of them internal causes- these are various kinds of diseases, circulatory disorders, lack of vitamins and hereditary predisposition. Other causes are external, which affect the legs.

External factors:

uncomfortable, tight or oversized shoes;
excess weight;
foot deformity: valgus, flat feet, clubfoot, etc.;
poor level of hygiene.

Hyperkeratosis of the feet manifests itself in the form of a thickening affecting the entire surface of the foot. The thickening on the heel and on the thumbs is most pronounced. The skin becomes dry, flaky, noticeably whitens and thickens. Thickened areas are prone to cracking.

Attention! The resulting cracks can be very deep and bring severe pain, cause bleeding. Walking becomes very difficult because of the pain.

subungual

This type of disease is caused by the activity of a fungal infection, and is a protective reaction of the body to the penetration of foreign microorganisms.

The nail plate can thicken or, conversely, become loose, change color. The disease can be expressed in a moderate form: the nail is not thicker than 1-2 mm, and may have a pronounced form, in which the nail thickens by more than 2 mm.

People visiting public places are most at risk: baths, swimming pools, gyms. To protect yourself from fungus, it is important to maintain foot hygiene. Elderly people are more susceptible to the possibility of infection with fungi, compared with young people, due to the lack of body defenses.

Important! Delaying treatment can lead to complete destruction of the nail plate.

If hyperkeratosis of the feet or body surfaces can be hidden under clothes and shoes, then hyperkeratosis of the skin of the face becomes a tangible problem for its owner.

How it manifests itself:

certain areas of the skin thicken;
dryness, redness, peeling is noted;
crusts form;
the process is accompanied by pain;
the affected area is covered with nodules, small pimples;
active facial expressions lead to bleeding wounds, cracks;
a whitish-gray scaly strip forms above the lip.

Successful treatment lies in the application of a whole range of measures. To begin with, the initial cause of the development of disorders in the body is determined, then the doctor prescribes drug therapy, and various creams, ointments, masks, scrubs for care and moisturizing are prescribed for skin care.

seborrheic

Hyperkeratosis of the scalp is often latent for a long time. A person complains of dandruff, splitting, brittle, dull hair, dry scalp. Sometimes there may be purple pimples and bumps, and the skin becomes like sandpaper. Often this form is combined with hyperkeratosis lesions of other parts of the body.

Attention! Lack of treatment leads to hair loss, i.e. complete or partial baldness. hair follicles die forever.

If you suspect seborrheic hyperkeratosis, you should contact a dermatologist, trichologist, hematologist, neuropathologist, immunologist. They will help to understand the causes of the development of the disease and designate the correct course of treatment. Often the cause cannot be determined exactly, and then the treatment is aimed at stopping the process, which cannot be completely stopped.

The pathological condition of the cervix, in which keratinization of the epithelial layer occurs, is called leukoplakia. This condition is precancerous, needs careful diagnosis and prompt treatment. The group most susceptible to this condition are women over 40 years old, who are in the active phase of hormonal and physiological changes. Every year the disease gets younger.

What causes hyperkeratosis of squamous epithelium:

sexually transmitted diseases in the chronic phase;
early onset of sexual activity, variety of partners, frequent change of sexual partner;
viruses, bacteria, fungus, candidiasis;
unsuccessful operations, abortions;
multiple births;
contraceptive constructions (spirals, etc.), inappropriate contraception, poor personal hygiene;
smoking (even passive).

Careless handling of tampons medicines, other objects inserted into the vagina.

Important! The disease is characterized by the absence of symptoms. No pain, discomfort, etc. Identification is possible only during a gynecological examination.

Hyperkeratosis is a well-defined white patches that may protrude above the surface of the epithelial tissue.

Treatment is selected individually, based on the age of the patient, the number of births (perhaps the woman has not yet given birth). Women can be offered options for radiosurgery, laser intervention, cryodestruction, cauterization.

How to treat the disease

Dermatologist prescribes to the patient necessary treatment. Usually, in the acute phase, treatment is carried out with corticosteroid ointments: Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone, Clobetasol, Sinalar, Sinaflan. Fungal diseases are treated with drugs that destroy the fungus: Clotrimazole, Exoderil.

Remember! Mechanical operations for peeling are prohibited, except for situations with hyperkeratosis of the feet.

It is allowed to use chemical peeling (special creams), which have a gentle effect on the skin. They contain salicylic, citric, lactic and other acids. Additionally, the intake of vitamins, ascorbic acid is prescribed.

With hyperkeratosis of the feet, it is necessary to replace shoes with comfortable ones; in case of deformation of the feet, the orthopedist selects shoes individually. Various baths are made for the feet, which are supplemented with grinding materials (pumice stone, hard washcloth). Then the feet are smeared with a moisturizer.

For patients with hyperkeratotic skin lesions, saline, soda, starch warm baths are indicated, followed by moisturizing the skin.

Treatment lasts a long time, sometimes courses are carried out throughout life with relapses of the disease, when the cause of its development remains unclear. The disease causes a lot of inconvenience in cosmetic terms, and can provoke complications, so treatment should only be carried out in consultation with a doctor.

Hyperkeratosis is called excessive thickening of the skin caused by failures in the process of keratinization. At the heart of its development mechanism is enhanced cell division with a simultaneous deterioration in the exfoliation of the old epidermis. However, hyperkeratosis is still not an independent disease, but only a symptom that can accompany various pathologies. In addition, even healthy people periodically experience this phenomenon.

Protection is one of the main functions of the skin. She is exposed to quite aggressive agents daily. environment- infections, ultraviolet radiation, chemicals, temperature changes. Its cells are constantly being renewed, replacing old or damaged ones, which usually slough off. But if this process is disturbed, hyperkeratosis occurs.

Hyperkeratosis causes

The causes can be divided into two groups: exogenous and endogenous, including hereditary.

Exogenous include all factors that cause excessive pressure on the skin (narrow coarse clothing, tight shoes).
Endogenous causes are systemic diseases with a chronic course (for example, diabetes mellitus), and beriberi. Often the disease accompanies hereditary pathologies - keratoderma, ichthyosis, psoriasis, erythroderma.

Ultraviolet, alcohol and nicotine negatively affect the skin condition. They significantly worsen the situation and lead to various dermatological problems, including hyperkeratosis.

Types and methods of treatment

Follicular hyperkeratosis

It develops as a result of blockage of the mouth of the follicle by keratinized epidermal cells. In this case, there are signs of aseptic inflammation. The main provoking factors for the development of this type of hyperkeratosis are the lack of vitamins A, K, ascorbic acid, as well as errors in personal hygiene.

Most often it occurs in children, adolescents and people prone to allergic reactions. Moreover, if there are already cases of hyperkeratosis in the family history, the risk of its development increases significantly.

There are two types:

Type I occurs due to a lack of vitamin A. When it affects the skin of the buttocks, extensor surfaces of the arms and legs, as well as areas on the elbows and knees. It becomes dry and rough, feels like sandpaper to the touch.
Type II is the result of vitamin C deficiency. Changes affect the skin of the abdomen and thighs. Very often, especially with a lack of vitamin K, the rash becomes hemorrhagic.

The rashes look like small dense pinkish nodules located near the follicle itself. Outwardly, such skin resembles "goose". In addition, patients are constantly worried about mild itching, but they seek help from a doctor most often because of cosmetic discomfort.

The diagnosis is made on the basis of examination data. Special diagnostic methods are not used.

Follicular hyperkeratosis photo

Treatment of follicular hyperkeratosis

Follicular hyperkeratosis is a chronic process. It is impossible to completely cure it. If it occurs against the background of a certain disease, then the primary task is to consult related specialists - a general practitioner, endocrinologist, rheumatologist.

You can temporarily improve the condition of the skin with the help of creams and lotions containing lactic or any fruit acid, which help to moisturize and soften it. Also, cosmetic products containing emollients give a good effect. They are used mainly in winter, when it is necessary to protect the skin from low temperatures and prevent irritation.

Your doctor may prescribe short courses of topical steroids. They relieve itching and inflammation. However, they cannot be used all the time. Also, preparations for internal and external use containing vitamins A and C can correct the processes of regeneration and exfoliation.

In some cases, the rash may regress on its own as the patient reaches adulthood.

Lenticular hyperkeratosis

At the core pathological changes there is a violation of the process of formation of keratin. The etiology of this failure has not yet been elucidated, however, experts believe that the reason lies in some transformations of the human genome.

The disease is chronic, exacerbations often occur after excessive insolation. Clinically, the rash looks like hard papules 1-5 mm in diameter. They may be reddish-brown or yellow-orange in color. The favorite localization is the back surface of the feet, shins and thighs, the skin of the hands, body, palms and ears is less often affected. Isolated cases of rashes on the oral mucosa have been registered. Papules are evenly distributed over the skin, do not tend to merge and do not cause discomfort. When squeezed out of the nodule, a kind of cork comes out, leaving a small, slightly bleeding depression.

Disseminated hyperkeratosis

As with lenticular, the etiology of the process is not clearly defined. Clinical picture- the appearance on the skin of short, stiff hairs on the body and limbs. Sometimes they form small groups of 5-6 hairs, resembling brushes.

For differential diagnosis from other dermatological problems, they resort to taking material, followed by histological examination.

Treatment of disseminated hyperkeratosis

Treatment of lenticular and disseminated hyperkeratosis is the use of drugs in the form of ointments containing corticosteroids and retinoids. Also, regular chemical peels and moisturizing procedures can solve the problem and temporarily eliminate a cosmetic defect. However, they should only be led by specialists - dermatocosmetologists. Scrubbing your own skin is not recommended. This can lead to its damage and the appearance of pyoderma as a result of secondary infection of microtraumas.

Foot hyperkeratosis

Provoking factors are overweight, flat feet, wearing uncomfortable shoes, which increase the load on the foot. The situation is aggravated by irregular foot care.

Localization of areas of hyperkeratosis may indicate specific causes.

Rough heel skin indicates a fungal disease or problems with endocrine system.

For example, hyperkeratosis of the feet often develops against the background of diabetes.

If the skin thickens along the outer edge of the heel, this indicates an injury to the musculoskeletal system or clubfoot, both congenital and acquired. And coarsening of the middle part of the foot occurs with longitudinal flat feet.

Excessive keratinization of the inner edge of the foot indicates weakness of the ligamentous apparatus ankle joint and calf muscles. The formation of areas of hyperkeratosis in this case is facilitated by overweight, flat feet and any other factors that put excessive stress on the ankle joint.

Whatever the etiology plantar hyperkeratosis, the stratum corneum gradually reaches a considerable thickness. Dry skin often cracks. Deep and painful cracks can bleed and often become infected.

Hyperkeratosis of the feet treatment

Hyperkeratosis of the palms and feet photo

Treatment of pathology is complex. It is necessary not only to put the feet in order, but also to eliminate the very cause of the violations. Symptomatic therapy performed by a podiatrist. It removes the keratinized epidermis using hardware methods.

If the cause is orthopedic problems, an orthopedic consultation is necessary. And when the appearance of hyperkeratosis is caused by shoes, in this case it will be enough just to choose a comfortable pair for daily wear in order to evenly distribute the load on the foot.

A dermatologist will help get rid of fungal diseases by prescribing the necessary drugs. And with endocrine disorders, you should definitely visit a specialist in this profile.

For the treatment of painful cracks, the doctor prescribes applications with synthomycin ointment and treatment of dry areas of the skin with retinol. After healing, it is necessary to completely remove the stratum corneum. At home, for this it is enough to steam the skin of the legs, after which, using a pumice stone, carefully remove the rough crust. The treatment of cracks also includes the use of keratolytic (regenerating) drugs and emollient cosmetics.

In a beauty parlor, you can get rid of the disease faster than with home procedures. However, in any case, then you should regularly take care of your feet, prevent fungal diseases and wear comfortable shoes.

Warty hyperkeratosis

Nodules of a grayish or yellowish tint form on the skin.

Subungual hyperkeratosis

One of the symptoms of onychomycosis is fungal infection nail plate. Such hyperkeratosis is manifested by its thickening and change in shape. It rises somewhat, and grayish-yellowish growths become visible from under its edge.

Seborrheic hyrekeratosis

In terms of symptoms, it is somewhat similar to follicular. Only the favorite localization of the rash is the face, neck and hairy part heads. Keratomas are small formations of yellow or pink color.

In the initial stage, dandruff appears, the hair becomes dry and brittle. Gradually, they begin to fall out, and in the follicle clogged with epithelial cells, a new hair no longer grows. With untimely diagnosis or irregular therapy, the patient may experience partial or complete baldness.

The scalp is constantly itchy. It is very dry and thinned, so it is easily injured even when combed. Moreover, these scratches can easily become infected, which will require additional treatment.

Hyperkeratosis of the squamous epithelium of the cervix

Another name for this pathological process is leukoplakia. The mechanism of development is based on thickening of the epithelium as a result of chronic inflammation. The cause of the phenomenon can be:

cervical cancer;
the presence of papillomavirus;
gynecological examinations and manipulations (abortions, installation of an intrauterine device);
frequent stress and overwork;
endocrine pathologies;
inflammatory diseases genitals.

Also, hyperkeratosis of the squamous epithelium of the vagina and vulva - the external genitalia, accompanies some sexually transmitted infections.

Suspicion of pathology arises already at the reception during a gynecological examination. The final diagnosis is made on the basis of colposcopy data in combination with cytological and histological examination.

Cervical hyperkeratosis treatment

Light treatment degree is to take probiotics and vitamins, but first of all it is necessary to eliminate the cause of the phenomenon. In more serious cases use chemical coagulation.

Particularly severe forms are treated with surgical intervention (electroconization, cryotherapy, laser therapy).

Hyperkeratosis in children

Disease in children

In children, follicular hyperkeratosis often occurs against the background of atopic dermatitis. Unlike adults, a child has its own characteristics:

symmetry of the rashes;
aggravation of manifestations in adolescence;
independent regression of the process at the end of puberty.

Over time, hyperkeratosis can still become chronic. Periods of exacerbation occur in the cold season, and in summer, under the influence of insolation, unpleasant symptoms almost completely disappear.

Patients should remember that whatever the form and local treatment, without completely eliminating the cause that caused the pathological process, hyperkeratosis will still periodically return.

Hyperkeratosis is a disease skin, which manifests itself in a thickening of the surface layer of the skin due to keratinized scales that accumulate instead of leaving (peeling off) in time. Hyperkeratosis of the skin (other names: keratoma, keratodermatosis, keratoderma) can affect any area of the body, however, most often occurs on the heels, knees, elbows and forearms. The disease is accompanied by dry skin and is the cause of itching, discoloration of the skin, as well as the occurrence of foci of chronic inflammation and hair loss. You should not expect that the disease will go away on its own - it will be possible to restore skin elasticity and a healthy appearance only if treatment of hyperkeratosis is started in a timely manner.

Reference. The word Hyperkeratosis means: Hyper - a lot and Keratosis - keratin. Keratin is a “strong” protein (only chitin is stronger among biological materials), which makes up nails and hair in humans. The appearance of keratin on the skin is an absolutely normal phenomenon, it is from it that the stratum corneum of the epidermis consists, which is several rows (usually 5-6, but can reach up to 15, for example, on the soles of the feet) of keratinized (dead) cells, gradually turning into scales, which peel off regularly. In general, keratinized scales are not terrible and even useful, because they protect the skin from injuries and adverse external conditions, but as soon as the exfoliation process slows down, they immediately turn into a problem that leads to skin hyperkeratosis requiring treatment.

Causes of skin hyperkeratosis

Slowdown or complete cessation of the exfoliation of keratinized cells and the excessive development of the stratum corneum caused by them are common and occur for the following reasons:

non-compliance with the rules of hygiene, neglect of cosmetic procedures that help exfoliate dead cells, for example, peeling;
intensive evaporation of moisture from the skin under the influence of detergents and external factors, especially the sun and wind;
metabolic disorders leading to accelerated death of skin cells;
hereditary pathologies associated with the production of keratin;
friction, pressure, irritation of the skin with tight shoes and clothing;
some infectious and viral diseases;
vitamin A deficiency;
hormonal failure, including estrogen deficiency in menopausal women;
age-related skin changes;
ichthyosis, lichen, eczema, erythroderma and other dermatological diseases;
diabetes;
phlebeurysm;
diseases of the digestive system;
chronic intoxication;
beriberi or hypovitaminosis (especially with a deficiency of vitamins A and B2).

Attention! Skin hyperkeratosis treatment implies a complex one - this means that along with external manifestations, the causes that gave rise to them should also be fought.

Features of different types of skin hyperkeratosis

Follicular hyperkeratosis (goose bumps) manifests itself in the form of small red tubercles that occur at the site of mouths clogged with keratinized scales hair follicle- the hair root and the root sheath surrounding it. The disease is accompanied by dry skin and itching, most often affects the forearms, thighs, buttocks, shins, as well as the skin in the elbow and knee joints. For patients suffering, treatment is prescribed after examination by several specialists at once, at least a dermatologist and an endocrinologist.

Warty hyperkeratosis may be hereditary or acquired. The disease is characterized by yellow, wart-like rashes that crack and crust. It can degenerate into a malignant form.

Lenticular hyperkeratosis differs in large yellow-brown formations up to 5 mm in diameter. This type of skin hyperkeratosis often affects the ears and oral mucosa.

Seborrheic hyperkeratosis of the head characterized by small spots of yellow, and sometimes pink, dense to the touch and covered with an easily detachable greasy crust. As the disease progresses, the spots begin to rise above the skin and increase in size.

Diffuse hyperkeratosis skin characterized by the ability to completely capture the skin, causing dryness and flaking of the skin.

Disseminated hyperkeratosis- characterized by formations resembling short thickened hairs, located singly or in "tassels" of 3-6 elements.

Actinic (senile hyperkeratosis) appears in older people who have spent a lot of time in the sun, provoking the appearance of small, rough and at the same time very sensitive brown spots.

Attention! Sometimes some areas of the body, for example, the thighs and buttocks, are affected by follicular hyperkeratosis, and the arms and lower legs are affected by diffuse hyperkeratosis. In such cases, they speak of a multiform pathology, which, unfortunately, is currently not sufficiently studied and experts find it difficult to name the reasons for its appearance.

Areas of localization of skin hyperkeratosis

Hyperkeratosis of the skin: treatment and prevention

For the treatment of hyperkeratosis (we are talking about external manifestations), medicines and cosmetic procedures, the choice of methods is determined by the cause that caused the disease, localization on the patient's body, as well as the severity of the course.

Cosmetic procedures used to soften the skin and free its surface from keratinized scales. The treatment program for hyperkeratosis includes vitamin cocktails, as well as various ones. To combat hyperkeratosis, those containing salicylic, glycolic, citric, lactic, tartaric and malic acids are best suited. In addition, seborrheic keratosis is actively used (cold treatment).

Medical treatment. Any type of hyperkeratosis is accompanied by dry skin, so experts consider it appropriate to use drugs containing retinoids (natural and synthetic analogues of vitamin A), as well as ointments containing vitamin D. Temporarily, but quickly relieve irritation and normalize the exfoliation of keratinized scales ointments containing corticosteroids.

Ointments and creams for external use. If hyperkeratosis affects small areas of the skin and the disease proceeds relatively easily, a good result is the use of fat-rich creams and ointments that soften the skin and help retain moisture in it. When choosing cosmetic preparations, one should give preference to products with Shea butter (Karite), since the fatty acids that make it up are close to those found in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. In addition, for skin affected by hyperkeratosis, components such as panthenol (relieves irritation and softens the integument), salicylic acid (2%, facilitates the release of scales), urea (20%, restores the elasticity of the stratum corneum and moisturizes the skin), and also lactic and glycolic acids.

Stop hyperkeratosis: video

Prevention of hyperkeratosis

Treatment will give the best result or may not be needed at all if you include in the diet foods containing vitamins A and C: carrots, cauliflower, lemons and spinach. In addition, to strengthen and improve the skin, tanning is used as a means of stimulating the production of vitamin D in the body. In addition to ultraviolet rays in a strictly dosed amount, baths with the addition of baking soda, starch and 1-3% sodium chloride solution are used to prevent hyperkeratosis.

Hyperkeratosis of the feet is a pathological condition characterized by excessive thickening and keratinization of the epidermal layer of the skin of the plantar region. The skin becomes dry and rough. Large calluses and painful bleeding cracks appear on them. Diagnosis and treatment of pathology is carried out by a dermatologist or a podologist; In many cases, consultation with an orthopedic surgeon is required. Complex therapy of hyperkeratosis includes hardware pedicure, the use of special local preparations and foot baths.

How and why does foot hyperkeratosis develop?

With pathological growth, the stratum corneum of the epidermis can reach a thickness of 2-3 mm to 1 cm and even more. The lesions on the plantar region, in the projection of the metatarsophalangeal joints and in the interdigital spaces usually have the form of narrow ribbons or resemble rice grains.

External reasons:

increased pressure on the feet due to excess weight;
improperly selected shoes (mismatch of size or uncomfortable model);
(congenital or acquired).

Internal factors:

endocrine diseases (and associated metabolic disorders).

Important:one of the probable causes of hyperkeratosis is considered to be a hereditary factor - a genetically determined violation of the process of keratin biosynthesis. In some cases, hyperkeratosis is a direct consequence.

The probability of pathological keratinization of the skin increases significantly with a combination of two or more predisposing factors.

With increased and (or) excessively prolonged pressure on the soles, the growth cells of the epidermis begin to actively divide. Normally, the dead elements of the outer layer are exfoliated, and new ones take their place. But under external influence, cell reproduction proceeds so intensively that the upper ones do not have time to fall off. As a result, the keratinized epithelium thickens many times over.

Important:hyperkeratosis affects people with significant body weight, due to constitutional features (tall stature, dense build) or metabolic disorders (overweight,.

Excessive pressure on certain parts of the soles is noted with congenital deformities of the foot (or), as well as with acquired changes in anatomical structures (after serious traumatic injuries lower extremities and surgical procedures). With such biomechanical disorders, the load on individual (supporting) areas of the foot can exceed the usual several times. A thick keratinized layer of the outer edge of the sole is formed when the foot is tucked inwards while walking. Hyperkeratosis of the inside of the sole is characteristic of the weakening of the muscles and ligaments of the ankle joint and the incorrect position of the heel.

Poorly chosen shoes also threaten the appearance of foot problems. Dangerous is not only a close pair that exerts direct pressure, but vice versa - too spacious or worn out, since the leg is not fixed in it and additional friction occurs. The initial signs of hyperkeratosis are often detected in women who prefer high-heeled shoes, since when they are worn, the pressure is not evenly distributed over the entire sole, but mainly on the heel and base of the fingers.

Metabolic disorders lead to a deterioration in the condition of the skin. Such a common and very dangerous disease as is characterized by severe violations carbohydrate metabolism. Against their background, the nutrition of the tissues of the lower extremities is disrupted, resulting in not only dry skin and hyperkeratosis, but also.

Pathological keratinization of the epidermal layer is quite typical for skin diseases such as ichthyosis, and keratoderma of the plantar and palmar areas.

Hyperkeratosis may be indirect evidence of liver problems or thyroid gland . Pathological thickening of the epidermis often develops with hypovitaminosis in vitamin A and.

Complications of foot hyperkeratosis include:

soft and hard (root);
point hemorrhages (hemorrhages);
cracks;
ulcers (appear relatively rarely).

Corns and pinpoint hemorrhages do not pose a particular threat to health; most often they are regarded as a cosmetic defect.

Cracks can cause significant discomfort; when walking often there is pain. Their appearance is not always due to hyperkeratosis. The reason is often improper skin care of the feet. With cracks, not only bleeding is possible, but also infection, which threatens with serious consequences.

Ulcers are more common in diabetic patients.

All factors contributing to the development of plantar hyperkeratosis can be divided into two groups - external (exogenous) and internal (endogenous).

How to treat hyperkeratosis of the feet?

Salon and home procedures are used to reduce the thickness and soften the stratum corneum.

Podologists recommend treating the feet on their own with rosemary, lavender and mountain pine preparations. Comprehensive care allows you to quickly achieve a positive effect. It involves the local application of a special tonic in the morning, the main medicinal product- at night, and therapeutic foot baths at least twice a week.

To remove the hard stratum corneum at home, you can use the well-known hygienic device - pumice stone. If you apply it daily, after steaming your feet, you can get rid of the overgrown layer of coarsened epidermis in a timely manner. To prevent hyperkeratosis, just a few strokes with a pumice stone once a day are enough. Do not forget to thoroughly rinse the hygiene item after each use!

The standard scheme for professional treatment of foot hyperkeratosis includes 3 stages:

softening of the coarsened stratum corneum;
removal of dead cells of the epidermis;
skin resurfacing.

Softening is carried out using conventional foot baths. Can be added to water essential oils plants or sea salt. In addition, cosmetology has an extensive arsenal of modern softening solutions and special softening gels. Many drugs in this category include antibacterial and antifungal components.

Hardened fragments are removed with a disposable cutting tool. In the interdigital spaces, areas of hyperkeratosis are removed with special hollow blades. The procedure is carried out very carefully, keeping only the thinnest layer over the pink skin. With a qualified procedure under constant visual control, soft tissue injuries are excluded.

Grinding is carried out manually using conventional files of varying degrees of graininess or a special apparatus with disposable ceramic abrasive nozzles. The second option is more preferable, since the use of a grinding device provides greater efficiency. This method is much more hygienic; in addition, the procedure takes much less time.

For the prevention of pathology for people leading an active lifestyle, it is strongly recommended to give increased attention selection of optimally suitable shoes, and use orthopedic insoles to evenly distribute the load on the sole. If you follow all the recommendations, you can get rid of hyperkeratosis once and for all.