Qualitative analysis. Contract manufacturing B

Department of Management and Economics of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmacognosy

FINAL QUALIFICATION WORK

On the topic COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESHLY COLLECTED AND READY MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS CONTAINING TANNING SUBSTANCES

List of abbreviations

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. TANNIES

2. 1. Objects of study

CHAPTER 3

PLANT RAW MATERIALS

Bibliography

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BP - blood pressure

BUV - butanol-acid acetic-water

BEM - unified weight method

GSO - state standard sample

GF - state pharmacopoeia

conc. - concentrated

LS - medicine

LP - drug

MPRS - medicinal plant raw materials

ND - normative documentation

UV rays - ultraviolet rays

INTRODUCTION

Tannins are a group of diverse and complex water-soluble aromatic organic substances containing hydroxyl radicals of a phenolic nature.

Tannins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have a characteristic astringent taste. Medicinal plants containing tannins are also common in the Voronezh region.

Currently, raw materials and preparations containing tannins are used externally and internally as astringent, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal and hemostatic agents. The action is based on the ability of tannins to bind to proteins with the formation of dense albuminates.

The relevance of the topic is explained by the fact that the content of tannins in finished medicines(MP) and finished medicinal plant raw materials (PMR) are often less than in freshly harvested raw materials. Their content is influenced by a large number of factors, such as the conditions of collection and drying, storage of the raw materials themselves and the finished medicinal product.

aim thesis was the study of medicinal plant materials containing tannins growing in the Voronezh region.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

To study the theoretical foundations of the concept of tannins;

To study medicinal plants of the Voronezh region containing tannins;

Conduct an analysis of the content of tannins in freshly harvested and ready-made VP.

As an object of study, freshly harvested and ready-made MMR of two plant species growing on the territory of the Voronezh region were chosen: common oak (Quercus robur) and tripartite string (Bidens tripartita).

To determine the quantitative content of tannins in raw materials, the method of spectrophotometry was used.

The research was carried out on the basis of VSMA, at the Department of Management and Economics of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmacognosy.

CHAPTER 1. TANNIES

1. 1. General concept of tannins and their distribution

Tannins (tannins) are plant polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of 500 to 3000, capable of forming strong bonds with proteins and alkaloids and having tanning properties.

Named for their ability to tan raw animal skin, turning it into a durable skin that is resistant to moisture and microorganisms, enzymes, that is, not susceptible to decay.

This ability of tannins is based on their interaction with collagen (protein skin), leading to the formation of a stable cross-linked structure - skin due to the occurrence of hydrogen bonds between collagen molecules and phenolic hydroxyls of tannins.

But these bonds can form when the molecules are large enough to attach adjacent collagen chains and have enough phenolic groups to form crosslinks.

Polyphenolic compounds with a lower molecular weight (less than 500) are only adsorbed on proteins and are not able to form stable complexes; they are not used as tanning agents.

High molecular weight polyphenols (with a molecular weight of more than 3000) are also not tanning agents, since their molecules are too large and do not penetrate between collagen fibrils.

The degree of tanning depends on the nature of the bridges between the aromatic nuclei, i.e., on the structure of the tannin itself and on the orientation of the tannin molecule with respect to the polypeptide chains of the protein.

With a flat arrangement of the tannide on the protein molecule, stable hydrogen bonds arise:

The strength of the connection of tannins with protein depends on the number of hydrogen bonds and on the molecular weight.

The most reliable indicators of the presence of tannins in plant extracts are the irreversible adsorption of tannins on skin (naked) powder and the precipitation of gelatin from aqueous solutions.

The term "tannins" was first used in 1796 by the French researcher Seguin to refer to the substances present in the extracts of some plants that can carry out the tanning process. The practical issues of the leather industry laid the foundation for the study of the chemistry of tannins.

Another name for tannins - "tannins" - comes from the Latinized form of the Celtic name for oak - "tan", the bark of which has long been used to process skins.

First Scientific research in the field of tannin chemistry belong to the second half of the 18th century.

The first published work is the work of Gledich in 1754 "On the use of blueberries as a raw material for the production of tannins." The first monograph was Dekker's monograph in 1913, which summarized all the accumulated material on tannins.

The names of the largest foreign chemists are associated with studies of the structure of tannins: G. Procter, E. Fischer, K. Freidenberg, P. Carrera.

Tannins are derivatives of pyrogallol, pyrocatechol, phloroglucinum. Simple phenols do not have a tanning effect, but together with phenolcarboxylic acids they accompany tannins.

In nature, many plants (especially dicots) contain tannins. Among lower plants, they are found in lichens, fungi, algae, among spores - in mosses, horsetails, ferns. Representatives of the families of pine, willow, buckwheat, heather, beech, sumac are rich in tannins.

The Rosaceae, Legumes, and Myrtle families include numerous genera and species, in which the content of tannins reaches 20-30% or more. Most of all (up to 50-70%) tannins were found in pathological formations - galls. Tropical plants are richest in tannins.

Oak, cinquefoil, serpentine, burnet, thick-leaved bergenia, tannery, as well as many other plants contain tannins of a mixed group - condensed and hydrolyzable.

Tannins are found in the underground and aboveground parts of plants: they accumulate in cell sap. In the leaves, tannins, or tannins, are found in the cells of the epidermis and parenchyma surrounding the conducting bundles and veins; in rhizomes and roots, they accumulate in the parenchyma of the cortex and medullary rays.

1. 2. Classification of tannins

Tannins are mixtures of various polyphenols, and due to the diversity of their chemical composition, classification is difficult.

According to Procter's classification (1894), tannins, depending on the nature of their decomposition products at a temperature of 180-200 0 C (without air), were divided into two main groups:

1. pyrogallic (given when pyrogallol decomposes);

2. pyrocatechin (pyrocatechin is formed) (Table 1)

As a result of further research into the chemistry of tanides, Freidenberg in 1933 refined Procter's classification and recommended designating the first group (pyrogallic tannins) as hydrolysable tannins, and the second (pyrocatechol tannins) as condensed tannins.

Most plant tannins cannot be unambiguously assigned to the hydrolysable or condensed type, since these groups are in many cases not sharply demarcated.

Plants often contain a mixture of tannins from both groups.

Currently, the Freudenberg classification is most often used, which distinguishes 2 main groups:

1. Hydrolysable tannins:

Gallotannins - esters of gallic acid and sugars;

Non-saccharide esters of phenolcarboxylic acids;

Ellagotannins are esters of ellagic acid and sugars.

2. Condensed tannins:

Derivatives of flavanols - 3;

Derivatives of flavandiols - 3, 4;

Oxystilbene derivatives.

1. 3. Method for determining the qualitative and quantitative content of tannins in medicinal plant materials

Reactions to detect tannins:

A specific reaction to tannins is the gelatin precipitation reaction. Use a 1% gelatin solution in a 10% sodium chloride solution. A flaky precipitate appears, soluble in excess gelatin. A negative reaction with gelatin indicates the absence of tannins.

Reaction with salts of alkaloids. An amorphous precipitate is formed due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups of tannins and the nitrogen atoms of the alkaloid.

These reactions give the same result regardless of the group of tannins.

Reactions to determine the group of tannins:

Stiasny reaction - with 40% formaldehyde solution and conc. HCl - Condensed tannins form a brick-red precipitate

Bromine water (5 g of bromine in 1 liter of water) - bromine water is added dropwise to 2-3 ml of the test solution until the smell of bromine appears in the solution; if condensed tannins are present, an orange or yellow precipitate forms.

Staining with ferric salts, iron ammonium alum - black-blue (tannins of the hydrolyzable group, which are derivatives of pyrogallol) or black-green (tannins of the condensed group, which are derivatives of pyrocatechol).

Catechins give a red color with vanillin (in the presence of conc. HCl or 70% H 2 SO 4 a bright red color develops).

Catechins form in this reaction a colored product of the following structure:

Quantitation.

1) Gravimetric or weight methods - based on the quantitative precipitation of tannins by gelatin, heavy metal ions or adsorption by skin (naked) powder.

The official one in the tanning and extract industry is the unified weight method (BEM):

In aqueous extracts from plant material, the total amount of soluble substances (dry residue) is first determined by drying a certain volume of the extract to constant weight; then tannins are removed from the extract by treating it with fat-free skin powder; after separating the precipitate in the filtrate, the amount of dry residue is again established. The difference in dry matter mass before and after treatment of the extract with skin powder shows the amount of genuine tannins.

2) Titrimetric methods

The gelatin method - the Yakimov and Kurnitskaya method - is based on the ability of tannins to form insoluble complexes with proteins. Aqueous extracts from raw materials are titrated with 1% gelatin solution; at the equivalence point, the gelatin-tannate complexes are dissolved in an excess of the reagent. The titer is determined by pure tannin. The valence point is determined by sampling the smallest volume of titrated solution that causes complete precipitation of tannins.

The method is the most accurate, because it allows you to determine the amount of true tannins.

Disadvantages: duration of determination and difficulty in establishing the equivalence point.

Permanganometric method (Leventhal method in Kursanov's modification). This pharmacopoeial method is based on easy oxidizability with potassium permanganate in an acidic medium in the presence of an indicator and a catalyst of indigo sulfonic acid, which changes from blue to golden yellow at the equivalence point of the solution.

Features of the determination that allow titrating only macromolecules of tannins: titration is carried out in highly diluted solutions (the extraction is diluted 20 times) at room temperature in an acidic medium, permanganate is added slowly, drop by drop, with vigorous stirring.

The method is economical, fast, easy to perform, but not accurate enough, since potassium permanganate partially oxidizes low molecular weight phenolic compounds.

3) Physical and chemical methods

Photoelectrocolorimetric method. It is based on the ability of DI to form colored chemical compounds with iron (III) salts, phosphotungstic acid, Folin-Denis reagent and other substances. One of the reagents is added to the studied extract from MPC, after the appearance of a stable color, the optical density is measured on a photocolorimeter. The percentage of AI is determined from a calibration curve constructed using a series of tannin solutions of known concentration.

Spectrophotometric determination. After obtaining an aqueous extract, part of it is centrifuged for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm. A 2% aqueous solution of ammonium molybdate is added to the centrifuge, after which it is diluted with water and left for 15 minutes. The intensity of the resulting color is measured on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 420 nm in a cuvette with a layer thickness of 10 mm. The calculation of tanides is carried out according to a standard sample. GSO of tannin is used as a standard sample.

Chromatographic determination. To identify condensed tannins, alcohol (95% ethyl alcohol) and water extracts are obtained and paper and thin layer chromatography is carried out. GSO of catechin is used as a standard sample. The separation is carried out in the solvent systems butanol - acetic acid - water (BUW) (40: 12: 28), (4: 1: 2), 5% acetic acid on Filtrak paper and Silufol plates. Detection of zones of substances on the chromatogram is carried out in UV light, followed by treatment with a 1% solution of iron ammonium alum or a 1% solution of vanillin, concentrated hydrochloric acid. In the future, it is possible to carry out a quantitative analysis by elution from the DV plate with ethyl alcohol and conducting a spectophotometric analysis, taking the absorption spectrum in the range of 250-420 nm.

amperometric method. The essence of the method is to measure the electric current that occurs during the oxidation of -OH groups of natural phenolic antioxidants on the surface of the working electrode at a certain potential. Preliminarily, a graphical dependence of the signal of the reference sample (quercetin) on its concentration is built and, using the resulting calibration, the content of phenols in the samples under study is calculated in units of quercetin concentration.

Potentiometric titration. This type of titration of aqueous extracts (in particular, decoctions of oak bark) was carried out with a solution of potassium permanganate (0.02 M), the results were recorded using a pH meter (pH-410). The determination of the end point of the titration was carried out according to the Gran method using the computer program "GRAN v. 0. 5". The potentiometric type of titration gives more accurate results, since the equivalence point is clearly fixed, which eliminates the bias of the results due to the human factor. relevant in comparison with the indicator in the study of colored solutions, such as aqueous extracts containing tannins.

coulometric titration. The method of quantitative determination of the content of tannins in PM in terms of tannin by coulometric titration is that the studied extract from the raw material reacts with the coulometric titrant - hypoiodite ions, which are formed during the disproportionation of electrogenerated iodine in an alkaline medium. Electrogeneration of hypoiodite ions is carried out from a 0.1 M solution of potassium iodide in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 9.8) on a platinum electrode at a constant current strength of 5.0 mA.

Thus, for the quantitative determination of tannins in medicinal products, such methods for the quantitative determination of tannins in medicinal products are used as titrimetric (including titration with gelatin, potassium permanganate, complexometric titration with Trilon B, potentiometric and coulometric titration), gravimetric, photoelectrocolorimetric, spectrophotometric, amperometric methods.

1. 4. Use of tannins

Medicinal raw materials containing tannins are used to obtain drugs used as astringents, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial agents. Raw materials containing condensed tannins can be used as an antioxidant. In addition, it was found that hydrolysable and condensed tannins exhibit high P-vitamin activity, antihypoxic and antisclerotic effects. Condensed tannins exhibit an antitumor effect, they are able to quench free radical chain reactions, which explains their certain effectiveness in cancer chemotherapy. Moreover, in large doses, tannins exhibit an antitumor effect, in medium doses - radiosensitizing, and in small doses - anti-radiation.

Raw materials and preparations containing tannins are used externally and internally as astringent, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal and hemostatic agents. The action is based on the ability of tannins to bind to proteins with the formation of dense albuminates.

Upon contact with an inflamed mucous membrane or wound surface, a thin surface film is formed that protects sensitive nerve endings from irritation. There is a sealing of cell membranes, narrowing of blood vessels, the release of exudates decreases, which leads to a decrease in the inflammatory process.

Due to the ability of tannins to form precipitates with alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, salts of heavy metals, they are used as antidotes for poisoning with these substances.

Outwardly, for diseases of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx (stomatitis, gingivitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis), as well as for burns, decoctions of oak bark, bergenia rhizomes, serpentine, cinquefoil, rhizomes and roots of burnet, and the drug "Altan" are used.

Inside, for gastrointestinal diseases (colitis, enterocolitis, diarrhea, dysentery), tannin preparations are used (Tanalbin, Tansal, Altan, decoctions of blueberries, bird cherry (especially in pediatric practice), alder seedlings, bergenia rhizomes, serpentine, cinquefoil, rhizomes and roots of burnet.

As hemostatic agents for uterine, gastric and hemorrhoidal bleeding, decoctions of viburnum bark, rhizomes and roots of burnet, rhizomes of cinquefoil, alder seedlings are used.

Decoctions are prepared in a ratio of 1: 5 or 1: 10. Strongly concentrated decoctions should not be used, since in this case, the albuminate film dries out, cracks appear and a secondary inflammatory process occurs.

The antitumor effect of tannins of the aqueous extract of pomegranate fruit exocarp (for lymphosarcoma, sarcoma and other diseases) and the drug "Hanerol", obtained on the basis of fireweed inflorescences (Ivan-tea) in stomach and lung cancer, was experimentally established.

Tannins can be used as antidotes for poisoning with glycosides, alkaloids and salts of heavy metals.

CHAPTER 2. OBJECTS AND METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

2. 1. Objects of study

On the territory of the Voronezh region, the most common families of plants containing tannins are: Beech - Fagaceae, (pedunculate oak - Quercus robur), Aster - Asteraceae (tripartite series - Bidens tripartita), Pink families - Rosaceae ordinary - Padus avium), Willow - Salicaceae (White willow - Salix alba), geraniums - Geraniaceae (geranium forest - Geranium sylvaticum), etc.

In this work, medicinal plants such as common oak (Quercus robur) and tripartite string (Bidens tripartita) were chosen as objects of study.

1) Pedunculate oak (common) - Quercus robur L. (Fig. 1) The raw material used is oak bark (Cortex Quercus).

Beech family - Fagaceae

Rice. 1. Pedunculate oak

Botanical characteristic. Pedunculate oak is a tree up to 40 m high, with a wide, spreading crown, trunk up to 7 m in diameter, dark brown bark. Leaves obovate, pinnately lobed, with deciduous stipules, leathery, shiny above, light green below, short-petiolate; bloom later than many tree species. Oak flowering begins at the age of 50. Blooms at the same time as the leaves open. Flowers are same-sex: male - in drooping racemes-earrings, female - sessile, 1-2 each, with numerous scaly wrappers. The fruit is a single-seeded acorn, sitting in a cupule on a long stalk. Trees growing freely bear fruit annually, in the forest - after 4-8 years. Blossoms in May, fruits ripen in September.

Spreading. European part of the country. In the north it reaches St. Petersburg and Vologda, the eastern border of distribution is the Urals. Does not grow in Siberia. On the Far East, other species are found in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Pedunculate oak is the main species of deciduous forests.

Habitat. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones in the southeast, it forms forests on watersheds and along gullies. It usually grows on fertilized and moist soil, but is also found on fairly dry soils. Sometimes it forms extensive oak forests.

blank. The bark is harvested in early spring, during the sap flow, when it is easily separated from the wood, at the cutting sites from branches and young trunks before the leaves bloom. Trunks of old trees are usually covered with a thick cork layer with cracks. The bark of such trees is unsuitable for harvesting. In the young bark, there are much more tannins. To remove the bark, make circular cuts with a knife at a distance of 3035 cm from one another, and then connect them with longitudinal cuts. It is advisable to search for analogues of oak.

Security measures. Harvesting is carried out with the permission of the forestry in specially designated places. Oak grows slowly.

Drying. In the shade, under a canopy or in a well-ventilated area. It is necessary to ensure that rainwater does not get into the raw material, since the soaked bark loses a significant amount of tannins. When drying, the bark is turned over; in the evening they bring them into the premises. Before packaging (the bark is tied into bundles), the dried raw materials are examined, the bark is removed with the remains of wood covered with moss.

External signs. Tubular grooved pieces or narrow strips of various lengths, but not less than 3 cm, about 2-3 mm thick, but not more than 6 mm. The outer surface of the bark is light brown or light gray, silvery ("mirror"), rarely matte, smooth or slightly wrinkled, but without cracks. Often, transversely elongated lenticels are visible, the inner surface is yellowish or reddish-brown with numerous longitudinal thin protruding ribs. The fracture of the outer bark is granular, even, the inner one is strongly fibrous, "splintered". Dry bark is odorless, but when wetted with water, a peculiar smell appears. The taste is strongly astringent. When the inner surface of the bark is wetted with a solution of iron-ammonium alum, a black-blue color (tannins) appears. The quality of raw materials is reduced by old bark (thicker than 6 mm), darkened pieces and pieces shorter than 3 cm, organic impurities.

On microscopy - a brown plug, a mechanical belt, stony cells in large groups, bast fibers with a crystal-bearing lining, medullary rays (on a transverse section).

Possible impurities. Ash bark - Fraxinus excelsior L. - dull, gray, easily distinguished by morphological and anatomical features. Under the microscope, a discontinuous mechanical belt with a small number of stony cells is visible. Fibers without crystalline lining.

Chemical composition. The bark contains 10-20% tannins (according to SP XI, at least 8% is required) - derivatives of gallic and ellagic acids; 13-14% pentosans; up to 6% pectin; quercetin and sugar.

Storage. In dry, well-ventilated rooms, packed in bales of 100 kg. Shelf life up to 5 years.

Pharmacological properties. Oak bark decoctions have astringent, protein-denaturing properties, which provide an anti-inflammatory effect for external and internal use.

In experimental studies of the action of oak bark decoctions introduced into the stomach, an increase in gastric motility, a decrease in juice secretion, a decrease in enzymatic activity and acidity of gastric contents, and a slowdown in absorption by the gastric mucosa were found.

All parts of the plant have a disinfecting effect. Gallic acid and its derivatives have a wide pharmacological activity, similar to the action of bioflavonoids: they thicken vascular tissue membranes, increase their strength and reduce permeability, and have anti-radiation and anti-hemorrhagic properties.

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal action is associated with both gallic acid derivatives and the presence of catechins.

An aqueous decoction of peeled oak acorns and a 1:5 and 1:10 tincture of alcohol (with alcohol removed) in rabbits with alloxan diabetes reduce blood sugar, increase the amount of glycogen in the liver and in the heart muscle.

Application. Oak bark decoctions (1:10) are used for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity in the form of rinses, applications on the gums for stomatitis, gingivitis, etc.

As an antidote for poisoning with salts of heavy metals, alkaloids, mushrooms, henbane, dope, for food poisoning and other poisonings, a 20% decoction of oak bark is used for repeated gastric lavages.

For burns and frostbite, a 20% decoction of oak bark is also used in the form of applications of napkins moistened with cold decoction on the affected areas on the first day. For skin diseases accompanied by weeping, for children's diathesis, a decoction of oak bark is used in the form of general or local baths, washings, applications; with sweating feet, local baths are recommended from 10% decoction of oak bark or decoction of oak bark in half with decoction of sage. At gynecological diseases(colpitis, vulvovaginitis, prolapse of the vaginal walls, prolapse of the vagina and uterus, erosion of the cervix and vaginal walls) prescribe douching 10% decoction.

Less commonly, oak bark is used for gastroenterocolitis, dysentery, small gastrointestinal bleeding (inside 10% decoction), for proctitis, paraproctitis, anal fissures, hemorrhoids, rectal prolapse (medical enemas, washings, applications, sitz baths).

A decoction of oak bark (Decoctum corticis Quercus) is prepared in a ratio of 1: 10. The bark is crushed to a particle size of not more than 3 mm, placed in an enamel bowl, poured with hot boiled water, covered with a lid, heated in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring for 30 minutes , cooled for 10 minutes, filtered, squeezed, the volume of the resulting broth is added with boiled water to 200 ml.

In the pharmacy, from drugs containing oak bark, there are "Oak bark" and dental gel "Vitadent".

"Vitadent" is used for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity and periodontium.

"Oak bark" is used for the treatment of stomatitis, gingivitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, elimination and prevention bad smell from mouth; with burns, frostbite, infected wounds, bedsores, calluses.

2) Three-part series - Bidens tripartita

The raw material used is herb succession (Herba Bidentis) (Fig. 2)

Rice. 2. Three-part series

Botanical characteristic. Annual herbaceous plant 15 to 100 cm high. Roots taprooted, branched. The stem is round, oppositely branching. The leaves are short-petiolate, tripartite, with a larger lanceolate and serrated middle lobe along the edge, arranged oppositely. Baskets, often single at the ends of branches, two-row wrap. The flowers are tubular, dirty yellow. The fruit is a wedge-shaped, flattened achene, 6-8 mm long, with two "tenacious" awns at the apex. Flowering from June to September, fruiting in August-September. A possible admixture is other, growing together, types of succession. The healing properties of the series of radiant and drooping have been studied and confirmed, but they are not yet harvested, as well as the briar.

Spreading. Everywhere except the Far North.

Habitat. The plant is moisture-loving. It grows in damp places, in swamps, on the banks of rivers and streams, in vegetable gardens like a weed.

blank. Grass or leaves up to 15 cm long are cut or plucked in the vegetation phase until buds are formed. At a later date, only side shoots are collected. Raw materials are cleaned of coarse flowering stems. On plantations, mechanized collection of leafy stalks is used.

Aster family - Asteraceae

Security measures. The plant is cultivated. When harvesting in meadows, do not trample down the string and grass cover.

Drying. In natural heat dryers. The raw materials are laid out in a layer of 5-7 cm. The end of drying is determined by the fragility of the petioles and stems. The yield of dry raw materials is 25%. At the beginning of drying, the raw materials should be turned over daily. During artificial drying, temperatures up to 35-40 ° C are allowed.

External signs. According to GF XI, the raw material consists of upper leafy stems up to 15 cm long, with or without buds. The color is dark green. The smell is peculiar, aggravated by rubbing. The taste is astringent-bitter. Impurities in the form of stems longer than 15 cm, browned parts and parts of other plants, seeds reduce the quality of raw materials. The authenticity of raw materials is determined by external signs and microscopically. Multicellular hairs of two types are characteristic: caterpillar - consist of 9-12 (up to 18) short, with thin membranes of cells, at the base of the hair lies an elongated large cell covered with a folded cuticle; larger hairs with thick shells - the base of the hair is multicellular, often the cells are arranged in 2-3 rows; terminal cell pointed; surface of hairs with longitudinal cuticle folds.

Chemical composition. The grass contains essential oil, flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives, tannins with a high content of polyphenol fraction (the largest amount in the budding phase), polysaccharides (2.46%, GF XI at least 3.5%), carotenoids and carotene (accumulate by the time flowering up to 50-60 mg% in the tops), ascorbic acid (during flowering up to 950 mg%), coumarins, chalcones. The plant is able to accumulate manganese.

Storage. In a dry place, packed in bales, bales or bags. Shelf life 3 years.

pharmacological properties. The tincture of the sequence, introduced into the vein of the animal, has sedative properties, lowers arterial pressure (BP), and at the same time slightly increases the amplitude of heart contractions. The experiments revealed anti-allergic properties of preparations of the series, which are explained by the high content of ascorbic acid in the plant, which stimulates the function of the adrenal glands and has a versatile effect on metabolic processes in organism. The anti-allergic effect is manifested by a weakening of the symptoms of experimental anaphylactic shock and a delay in the development of the Arthus phenomenon in animals. When removing the pituitary gland in experimental animals, the antiallergic effect of the series was not observed.

The complex of flavonoids and polysaccharides, a series of tripartite, drooping and radial, has a true choleretic property. The combination of flavonoids and polysaccharides of the drooping series in the experiment surpasses flamin in stimulating effect on the cholate-synthesizing function, increases the content of conjugated bile acids and the index of the cholate-cholesterol coefficient of bile. Flavonoids have hepatoprotective properties, which include choleretic, cholate-stimulating, anti-inflammatory and capillary-strengthening components. The combination of flavonoids and water-soluble polysaccharides in the sequence improves the absorption of the plant complex of the sequence and increases its activity. In the experiment, flavonoids of a series of tripartite and drooping eliminated the effect of hepatotropic poisons, restored bile secretion and the level of cholates to the control figures. The metabolism is also affected by manganese ions found in the plant. They are part of various enzyme systems, affect the processes of hematopoiesis, the function of the liver cell, the tone of the walls of blood vessels, bile ducts, and are able to prevent the formation of intravascular blood clots.

Essential extracts from the series in the experiment have an antimicrobial effect against gram-positive bacteria and some pathogenic fungi. The flavonoid compounds of the string (flavones and chalcones) have bacteriostatic and insecticidal properties.

The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of the preparations of the sequence are also associated with tannins, which are dominated by the simplest polyphenols in structure, which have more pronounced antimicrobial properties than tannins such as tannins.

The pronounced antimicrobial properties of the sequence are also associated with a high content of manganese in its preparations.

Preparations of a series with topical application improve tissue trophism; in case of thermal burns in animals, alcoholic extracts of the sequence have an anti-inflammatory and protective effect.

Application. The sequence belongs to the oldest folk drugs. Inside the series is taken as a diuretic, diaphoretic and antipyretic in the form of infusions and "teas".

For kidney disease and urinary tract the following is recommended drug collection: succession 2 parts, bearberry 3 parts, birch buds 1 part. A decoction is prepared from the collection.

The series is used for psoriasis, microbial eczema, epidermophytosis, alopecia areata. In psoriasis, the series is taken orally as an infusion (20, 0: 200, 0). Take an infusion of 1/4 cup 2-3 times a day.

For urticaria, a medicinal collection is used, which includes string grass, nettle leaves, yarrow grass (or flowers), blackcurrant leaves, burdock roots and strawberry leaves. To prepare the infusion, take 1 tablespoon of each plant and pour 1 liter of cold water, boil over low heat for 10 minutes, filter and take 2 tablespoons every hour until the rash disappears.

A mixture of string, nettle leaves, yarrow flowers, blackcurrant leaves 10 g each, tricolor violet herb (20 g), burdock root (15 g) and strawberry leaves (15 g) is used for skin diseases in the form of a decoction (1 tablespoon of collection per 200 ml of water).

For skin diseases (diathesis) and rickets, the series is also used as an infusion (from 10-30 g of grass) for a bath. The infusion is poured into a bath and 100 g of table or sea salt are added. The temperature of the water in the bath is 37-38°C. With weeping eczema and diathesis, general and local baths with string grass, oak bark and chamomile flowers are prescribed. Take 1 tablespoon of each plant, insist in 1 liter of cold water for 10-12 hours. Then bring to a boil, filter and pour the infusion into the bath (10 liters of water for a baby bath, temperature 37-38 ° C). When bathing a patient with exudative diathesis and skin rashes, the concentration of the series can be increased by 2-3 times. For all types of local itching dermatoses, local baths are used (for example, for limbs; sitz baths for itching of the perineum in patients with diabetes mellitus, with hemorrhoids). With itching in the back, neck, axillary and inguinal regions, applications of steamed herb string or compresses with strong infusions can be recommended. With neurodermatitis, accompanied by severe itching, the infusion of the sequence is used in the form of applications with local anesthetic substances (novocaine, anesthesin). With weeping diathesis in children, the tissue is moistened with a decoction of the string and applied to the skin, changing lotions 5-6 times a day. In case of inflammation, lotions are used cold.

Outwardly, the series is also used in the treatment of purulent wounds, trophic ulcers with signs of inflammation. The series dries the wound surface and promotes faster healing of the affected areas of the skin. The sequence is used to prepare baths, lotions and rubdowns for microbial eczema of the feet, epidermophytosis (the best results were obtained in the treatment of the intertriginous form of epidermophytosis).

The sequence is used as cosmetic product with acne, seborrhea. They wash their hands with a decoction, make cosmetic masks.

Infusion of herb string (Infusum herbae Bidentis): 10 g of the herb is placed in an enamel bowl, poured into 200 ml of water at room temperature, covered with a lid, heated in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring for 15 minutes, cooled at room temperature for 45 minutes, filtered, added water up to 200 ml. Take 1 tablespoon 2-3 times a day.

As a drug, there is "Series of Grass", produced in two forms: crushed and in filter bags. The LP containing the grass of the series include Elekasol, Brusniver.

Brusniver is a herbal preparation that has a diuretic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect, used in diseases of the genitourinary organs and rectum.

Elekasol - combination drug plant origin, has an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect. Active against staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus. Stimulates reparative processes. It is used in the complex therapy of diseases respiratory tract and ENT organs (chronic tonsillitis, acute laryngopharyngitis, acute and chronic pharyngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis); in dentistry (acute and recurrent aphthous stomatitis, lichen planus of the oral mucosa, periodontitis); in gastroenterology (chronic gastroduodenitis, enteritis, colitis, enterocolitis); in dermatology (microbial eczema, neurodermatitis, rosacea, acne vulgaris); in gynecology (non-specific inflammatory diseases of the vagina and cervix, including colpitis, cervicitis, conditions after diathermo- and cryodestruction of cervical erosion); in urology (chronic pyelonephritis, chronic cystitis, urethritis, chronic prostatitis).

2. 2. Technique of microscopic examination of medicinal plant materials

To confirm the authenticity of the raw materials, a microscopic examination of the MPC was carried out.

Microscopic examination of the samples was carried out using a Motic BA 600 biological microscope (Motic, Spain).

The microscope is equipped with a binocular head, wide-field eyepieces WF 10x/18, a 4-slot revolver, a mechanical stage with the ability to move the specimen in the range of 75x35 mm in the X and Y directions, respectively, with an accuracy of 0.1 mm, which allows you to choose the optimal the position of the observed object, has separate coarse and fine focusing. A Motic Pro 285A digital color 12-bit camera is used as standard. A micropreparation is presented as a virtual preparation (graphic file).

Automatic digital scanning of biological micropreparations was carried out using the Motic Educator software.

The plant material selected for microscopic examination is placed in a test tube and treated for clarification: the plant material is poured with 2-3% sodium hydroxide solution (or purified water) and boiled for 1-2 minutes. After that, the liquid is carefully drained, and the material is thoroughly washed with water and placed in a Petri dish.

Pieces of raw materials are removed from the water with a scalpel (or spatula) and a dissecting needle and placed on a glass slide in a drop of a solution of glycerin or water.

On a glass slide, its 4 mm piece is divided into two parts with a scalpel or dissecting needle; one of them is carefully turned over to be able to observe the raw material under a microscope from the top and bottom sides.

Slides used for preparation of micropreparations must be clean and dry. The slide is covered with a coverslip. When a cover slip is carelessly applied, air bubbles often form in the preparation, so the glass should be placed obliquely, first touching the liquid with one edge, and then, holding the glass with a needle, put it completely. Trapped air bubbles can be removed by lightly tapping the coverslip with the blunt end of a dissecting needle or by slightly warming it over a burner flame. After cooling, they are examined under a microscope, first at low magnification, then at high magnification.

If the containing liquid does not fill the entire space between the slide and the cover slip, or if it has evaporated when the preparation is heated, then it is added from the side in small drops. If, on the contrary, the coverslip floats freely due to an excess of liquid, then it should be sucked off with a strip of filter paper brought up from the side.

When preparing a micropreparation from thick leaves, thick veins are preliminarily crushed with a scalpel, and they try to remove the epidermis from the plate or, after stretching the leaf, separate the mesophyll from the epidermis so that the preparation is thinner.

2. 3. Spectrophotometric research method

For a comparative assessment of the content of tannins in LSR, the method of spectrophotometry was used. The determination was carried out on a UNICO-2800 spectrophotometer.

When determining, the absorption maximum of the water-alcohol extract from the raw material was observed at a wavelength of 276±2 nm. This indicator corresponds to the maximum absorption of tannin, which made it possible to use a wavelength of 276 ± 2 nm as an analytical indicator of the presence of tannins in raw materials. In the process of spectrophotometric determination of tannins in the bark of the common oak, the total content of tannins in the MPC was revealed.

About 0.8 g (accurately weighed) of raw material crushed to a particle size of 2 mm was poured into 100 ml of water and heated in a boiling bath for 30 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of settling at room temperature. The resulting extract was filtered through a folded paper filter into a 100 ml flask and made up to the mark with water.

5 ml of the obtained extract was placed in a volumetric flask with a capacity of 50 ml, brought to the mark with 70% ethyl alcohol with water. The optical density of the resulting solution was measured on a spectrophotometer cuvette with a layer thickness of 10 mm at a wavelength of 274.5 to 277.5 nm relative to ethyl alcohol. In parallel, the optical density of the tannin sample was measured.

where M CT is the mass of tannin; M x - mass of raw materials; D CT - optical density of a solution of CO tannin; Dx is the optical density of the test solution.

The spectrophotometric determination of the content of tannins in oak bark was carried out on two types of raw materials: freshly harvested (collection date -05.05.13, the collection was carried out at a distance of 70 km from the city of orenburg) and ready-made LRS 9manufactured by OAO Krasnogorskleksredstva. date of manufacture -01. 04. 2009)

CHAPTER 3

A microscopic analysis of the VP of common oak and tripartite burrow was carried out.

On the transverse section of the oak bark, a brown cork layer of numerous rows of cells is visible. In the outer cortex there are druses of calcium oxalate, groups of stony cells and having diagnostic value the so-called mechanical belt, tangentially located at some distance from the cork and consisting of alternating groups of bast fibers and stony cells. In the outer cortex, groups of fibers and stony cells are scattered inward from the girdle. Some cells of the parenchyma contain flobaphenes in the form of inclusions of red-brown color. Numerous tangentially elongated groups of bast fibers with crystal-bearing sheathing are visible in the inner bark, arranged in parallel concentric belts. Single-row medullary rays pass between groups of fibers; wider rays are less common, which contain groups of stony cells near the cambium, which causes the formation of longitudinal ribs visible on the inner surface of the cortex upon drying (Fig. 3). The powder is characterized by the presence of numerous fragments of groups of fibers with a crystal lining and groups of stony cells; pieces of brown cork are visible; occasionally there are druses of calcium oxalate; the contents of parenchymal cells are stained with a solution of iron-ammonium alum in black-blue color.

Rice. 3. Microscopy of oak bark (a fragment of a cross section):

1 - cork; 2 - collenchyma; 3 - calcium oxalate druse; 4 - mechanical belt;

5 - stony cells; 6 - bast fibers with crystal-bearing lining; 7 - core beam.

When examining a leaf of a series of tripartite, the epidermis of the upper and lower sides with sinuous walls is visible from the surface. Stomata numerous, surrounded by 3-5 cells of the epidermis (anomocytic type). Throughout the leaf blade, there are simple "caterpillar-like" hairs with thin walls, consisting of 9-12 cells, sometimes filled with brown content; on the lower cell of the hair, the longitudinal folding of the cuticle is well expressed. Along the leaf margin and veins, there are simple hairs with thick walls and longitudinal folding of the cuticle, consisting of 213 cells. At the base of such hairs are several epidermal cells, slightly rising above the surface of the leaf. Secretory passages with reddish-brown contents run along the veins, especially well visible along the leaf margin (Fig. 4).

Rice. Fig. 4. Microscopy of a leaf of a tripartite sequence: A - epidermis of the upper side of the leaf; B - epidermis of the lower side of the leaf; B - leaf edge: 1 - hairs; 2 - thick-walled

hairs; 3 - secretory passages.

The results of spectrophotometric determination of the quantitative content of tannins in raw oak are shown in fig. 5 and tab. 2.

Rice. 5. Absorption spectra of solutions in 70% ethyl alcohol:

1 - water extract from freshly harvested vegetable matter; 2 - water extraction from the finished VP.

Table 2.

The spectrophotometric determination of the content of tannins in the grass of the tripartite succession was carried out on two types of raw materials: freshly harvested (collection date - 21.05.13, the collection was carried out at a distance of 70 km from the city of orenburg) and ready-made LRS (manufacturer Fito-Bot LLC, date of manufacture - 01. 02. 2011)

The results of the spectrophotometric determination of the quantitative content of tannins in the raw materials of the tripartite series are shown in fig. 6 and tab. 3.

Rice. Fig. 6. Absorption spectra of solutions in 70% ethyl alcohol: 1 - aqueous extract from freshly harvested vegetable matter; 2 - water extraction from the finished VP.

Thus, it can be seen that the content of tannins in freshly harvested and finished VP of the same plant species is different. And although both indicators meet the requirements of regulatory documentation (ND), the content of tannins is higher in freshly harvested VP. Differences in values can be explained by the influence of the conditions of harvesting, drying and storage of medicinal products, since under the influence of various factors (light, temperature, humidity, etc.) oxidation and hydrolysis of tannins occur, which affects the quantitative content of tannins in raw materials.

Table 3

CONCLUSIONS

1. Tannins are nitrogen-free, non-poisonous, usually amorphous compounds, many of them are highly soluble in water and alcohol, and have a strongly astringent taste. On the territory of the Orenburg region, the most common families of plants containing tannins are: Beech - Fagaceae, (pedunculate oak - Quercus robur), Aster-Asteraceae (tripartite series - Bidens tripartita), Pink families - Rosaceae ordinary - Padus avium), Willow - Salicaceae (White willow - Salix alba), geraniums - Geraniaceae (geranium forest - Geranium sylvaticum), etc.

Of the above plants, the most attention should be paid to medicinal plants such as common oak (Quercus robur) and tripartite string (Bidens tripartita), as they are most often found both fresh and as ready-made MPRS.

2. Indicators of the content of tannins in raw materials, obtained in the course of the study, meet the requirements of ND.

3. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the content of tannins in freshly harvested plant raw materials is higher than in finished VP.

4. Differences in values can be explained by the influence of the conditions of harvesting, drying and storage of medicinal products, since under the influence of various factors (light, temperature, humidity, etc.) oxidation and hydrolysis of tannins occur, which affects the quantitative content of tannins in raw materials.

5. To improve the quality of treatment and prevention various diseases, in which drugs containing tannins are used, it will be more efficient to use decoctions and infusions from freshly harvested raw materials.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Brezgin N. N. Medicinal plants of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl, 1984, 224 p.

2. GOST 24027. 2-80 Medicinal plant raw materials. methods for determining moisture content, ash content, extractive and tannins, essential oil 06. 03. 1980

3. Danilova N. A., Popova D. M. Quantitative determination of tannins in horse sorrel roots by spectrophotometry in comparison with permanganatometry. Bulletin of VSU. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy. 2004. No. 2. p. 179-182. RU 2127878 C1, 20.03.1999.

4. Wild useful plants of Russia / Ed. ed. A. L. Budantsev, E. E. Lesiovskaya. - St. Petersburg: SPHFA Publishing House, 2001. - 664 p.

5. Kurkin V. A. Pharmacognosy: A textbook for students of pharmaceutical universities. - Samara: LLC "Etching", GOUVPO "SamGMU", 2004. - 1200 p.

6. Kovalev VN Workshop on pharmacognosy. Proc. allowance for students. universities: -M., Publishing House of NFAU; Golden Pages, 2003. - 512 p.

7. Medicinal plant materials. Pharmacognosy: Tutorial/ Ed. G. P. Yakovlev and K. F. Blinova. - St. Petersburg: SpetsLit, 2004. - 765 p.

8. Medicinal raw materials of plant and animal origin. Pharmacognosy: textbook. allowance / Under. ed. G. P. Yakovleva. - St. Petersburg: SpecLit, 2006. - 845 p.

9. Site materials http: //med-tutorial. en

10. Site materials http: //medencped. en

11. Muravyova D. A. Pharmacognosy: Textbook / D. A. Muravyova, I. A. Samylina, G. P. Yakovlev. - M.: Medicine, 2002. - 656s.

12. Nosal M. A., Nosal I. M. Medicinal plants in traditional medicine. Moscow JV "Vneshiberika" 1991. -573 p.

13. Workshop on pharmacognosy: Proc. manual for universities / V. N. Kovalev, N. V. Popova, V. S. Kislichenko and others; Under total ed. V. N. Kovaleva. - Kharkov: Publishing House of NFAU: Golden Pages: MTK - Book, 2004. - 512 p.

14. Guidance on methods of quality control and safety of biologically active food additives. Management. R 4. 1. 1672-03. - M., 2003, p. 120.

15. Sokolov S. Ya., Zamotaev IP Handbook of medicinal plants. -M.: Enlightenment, 1984.

16. Reference manual N. I. Grinkevich. Medicinal plants. -M.: high school, 1991.

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Introduction
In plants, one of the most common groups of biologically active substances (BAS) are tannins (tannins), which have a wide range of pharmacological activity.Tanninshave a hemostatic, astringent, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effect, and also show high P-vitamin activity, anti-sclerotic and antihypoxic effect. Condensed tannins are antioxidants, have an antitumor effect. Tanninsused as an antidote for poisoning with glycosides, alkaloids, salts of heavy metals. In medicine, tannins are used in the treatment of diseases such as stomatitis, gingivitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, colitis, enterocolitis, dysentery, they are also used for burns, uterine, gastric and hemorrhoidal bleeding..
Definition of contenttannins is an important component in establishing the quality of plant materials containing tannins. There are various methods for the determination of tannins, but the most commonly used are titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods.
Objective- validation evaluation of methods for the quantitative determination of tannins in terms of convergence, correctness, linearity.
Materials and methods of research
The raw material used as the object of study was air-dry grass.common cuff (Alchemilla vulgaris L.) fam. Rosaceae (Rosaceae).
For the validation evaluation of methods for the quantitative determination of tannins in air-dry grasscuff vulgaris, two methods were chosen: permanganatometric titration and spectrophotometric determination based on the reaction with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The choice of methods is justified by the frequency of their use in practice.
air dry grasscuff vulgaris harvested in September 2015 in the Primorsky district of the Arkhangelsk region, which was the raw material for the study and quantitative determination of tannins (tannins).
The method of permanganometric determination is a pharmacopoeial one, whichbased on the oxidation reaction of tannins with a solution of potassium permanganate.About 2 g (accurately weighed) of crushed raw material, sifted through a sieve with a hole size of 3 mm, was placed in a 500 ml conical flask, 250 ml of water heated to boiling was added and boiled under reflux on an electric stove with a closed spiral for 30 minutes with occasional stirring. The resulting extract was cooled to room temperature and a 250 ml conical flask was filtered through cotton so that the raw material particles did not enter the flask. 25 ml of the obtained extract was taken with a pipette and transferredinto another conical flask with a capacity of 750 ml, add 500 ml of water, 25 ml of indigo sulfonic acid solution and titrate with constant stirring with a potassium solutionpermanganate (0.02 mol/l) until golden yellow.
In parallel, a control experiment was carried out.
1 ml of potassium permanganate solution (0.02 mol/l) corresponds to 0.004157 g of tannins in terms of tannin.
The content of tannins (X), in percent, in terms of absolute dry raw materials, was calculated by the formula (1):

Where (1)

V is the volume of potassium permanganate solution (0.02 mol/l) used for titration of the extract, ml;
is the volume of potassium permanganate solution (0.02 mol/l) used for titration in the control experiment, ml;
0.004157 - the amount of tannins corresponding to 1 ml of potassium permanganate solution (0.02 mol / l) (in terms of tannin), g;
250 – total volume of extraction, ml;
25 – volume of extract taken for titration, ml.
m– mass of raw materials, g;
W- loss in mass during drying of raw materials, g;
For the quantitative determination of tannins by spectrophotometry, about 1 g (accurately weighed) of the studied plant material, crushed to a particle size passing through sieves with a hole size of 1 mm, was placed in a conical flask with a thin section with a capacity of 50 ml, 25 ml of a mixture of acetone-water was added in a ratio of 7:3 (70% acetone solution). The flask was closed and placed in a laboratory mixer (LAB PU-2, Russia) for 60 minutes. The obtained extract was filtered into a volumetric flask with a capacity of 50 ml and the volume was brought to the mark with 70% acetone solution (solution A).
In a volumetric flask with a capacity of 10 ml, 1 ml of solution A was placed, the volume of the solution in the flask was adjusted with purified water to the mark (solution B).
0.5 ml of solution B was placed in a volumetric flask with a capacity of 10 ml, 2 ml of purified water, 0.25 ml of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 1.25 ml of a 20% sodium carbonate solution were added, and the volume of the solution was brought to the mark with water. The flask was left for 40 minutes in a place protected from light. The optical density of the solution was determined at a wavelength of 750 nm. A mixture of reagents without extract was used as a reference solution.
The content of tannins in the extracts from vegetable raw materials was calculated from the values of the calibration graph for the construction of which, a 0.1 mg/ml solution of the tannin CO standard sample was used. For this purpose, 0.05 g (exact mass) of tannin CO was placed in a 100 ml volumetric flask, dissolved in 30 ml of water, and the volume in the flask was adjusted to the mark with the same solvent (solution A).
1 ml of the resulting solution was transferred into a 10 ml volumetric flask. The volume of the solution in the flask was made up to the mark with water (solution B).
A series of solutions containing 1; 2; 3; 4; Tannin CO (5 μg/mL) was prepared by placing weighed portions of solution B into 10-mL volumetric flasks, the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and 20% aqueous sodium carbonate solution were added, and the volume of the solutions in the flask was made up to the mark with water.
The solutions were mixed, the flasks were sealed and kept at room temperature in a place protected from light for 40 min.
The optical density of the resulting solutions was determined spectrophotometrically in quartz cuvettes with a layer thickness of 1 cm at a wavelength of 725 nm relative to the reference solution.
The reference solution was a mixture of reagents without the addition of CO tannin (solution B).
Based on the results of the studies, a graph of the dependence of optical density on tannin concentration was built (Fig. 1).

Taking into account the obtained values, the amount of tannins was calculated in terms of tannin according to the formula:

, where

results
The results of the quantitative determination of tannins by titration are presented in table. one.

Table 1. Results of the quantitative determination of tannins by permanganatometry

Weight of plant raw materials, g	The volume of potassium permanganate (0.02 mol/l) used for titration of the obtained extract from vegetable raw materials, ml	The amount of tannins, % (X i)
2,10250		15,34892	15,72% 0,154 Δ=0.395 ε = 2.52% S r = 0.024
2,03255		15,21262
2,18345		15,84713
2,24350		16,24333
2,12465		15,85257
2,07055		15,80574

The average content of tannins in raw materials was 15.7%. The calculated value of the relative standard deviation (0.024%), which does not exceed 2%, which characterizes the satisfactory convergence of the results obtained.
The addition method was used to determine the correctness of the method. For this purpose, 1 ml of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15% tannin CO was added to the titration flask and titrated three times for each case. The results of the research are presented in table. 2.

Table 2. Determination of the correctness of the method of permanganometric titration of tannins

The amount of added CO tannin, g	Mass of raw materials, g	Calculated amount of tannins, g	Found amount of tannins, g	Opening rate, %	Metrological characteristics
0,0005	2,2435	0,0357	0,0353	98,87	99,91% 1,198 0,399 t calc. =0.23 t tab. =2.31
	2,1247	0,0339	0,0340	100,29
	2,0706	0,0330	0,0337	102,12
0,001	2,2435	0,0362	0,0357	98,61
	2,1247	0,0344	0,0340	98,84
	2,0706	0,0335	0,0336	100,51
0,0015	2,2435	0,0367	0,0366	99,73
	2,1247	0,0349	0,0353	101,14
	2,0706	0,0340	0,0337	99,12

The results obtained indicate that the calculated Student's coefficient is less than the tabular value andThe technique does not contain a systematic error, which allows us to conclude that it is correct.
To study the linearity, the dependence of the found values of the quantitative content of tannins on the weight of the studied plant material was determined. For this purpose, we carried out a quantitative determination of tannins in six samples of air-dry raw materials of common cuff, differing in weight (Table 3).

Table 3

Weight of raw materials, g	Volume of potassium permanganate used for titration, ml
2,0706		0,3159
3,0013	10,8	0,4490
4,0595	13,0	0,5404
5,1180	15,3	0,6360
6,1385	18,2	0,7566

Based on the data obtained in the course of the studies, a graph of the dependence of a certain content of tannins on the mass of a sample of the studied plant material was plotted (Fig. 2) and the correlation coefficient was calculated.

Rice. Fig. 2. Graph of the dependence of the found amount of tannins on the weight of the sample of air-dry raw materials of the common cuff

The calculated correlation coefficient did not exceed 0.95, which indicates the linearity of the results of determining the content of the studied substances from the weight of the sample of the analyzed plant material in the indicated concentration range.
The results of the quantitative determination of tannins in air-dry raw materials of the herb of the common cuff by spectrophotometry are presented in table. 4.

Table 4. Results of quantitative determination of tannins by spectrophotometry

Sample weight, g	Solution Optical Density		The amount of tannins found, % (X i)	Metrological characteristics
1,02755	0,5957	7,30920	7,87340	7,84% 0,11 Δ=0.28 ε = 3.61% S r =0.034%
0,99745	0,6130	7,52147	8,34656
1,0068	0,5678	6,96687	7,65932
0,99580	0,5742	7,04539	7,83120
1,0060	0,5750	7,05521	7,76261
1,00670	0,5617	6,89202	7,57779

The average content of tannins in vegetable raw materials is 7.8% with a relative standard deviation (0.034%) not exceeding 2%, which characterizes the satisfactory convergence of the results.
The addition method was used to determine the correctness of the method. For this purpose, 1 ml of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15% tannin CO solution was added to the flask with primary acetone extraction, and then the tannins were quantified three times for each concentration. The results of the research are presented in table. five.

Raw materials and preparations containing DV are used externally and internally as astringent, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal and hemostatic agents. The action is based on the ability of DV to bind to proteins with the formation of dense albuminates.

Due to the ability of DV to form precipitates with alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, salts of heavy metals, they are used as antidotes for poisoning with these substances.

As hemostatic agents for uterine, gastric and hemorrhoidal bleeding, decoctions of viburnum bark, rhizomes and roots of burnet, rhizomes of cinquefoil, alder seedlings are used.

Decoctions are prepared in a ratio of 1:5 or 1:10. It is impossible to use highly concentrated decoctions, since in this case, the albuminate film dries out, cracks appear and a secondary inflammatory process occurs.

The antitumor effect of tannins of the aqueous extract of pomegranate fruit exocarp (for lymphosarcoma, sarcoma and other diseases) and the drug "Hanerol", obtained on the basis of ellagitannins and polysaccharides of fireweed inflorescences (willow-herb) inflorescences in stomach and lung cancer, was experimentally established.

12. Medicinal plants and raw materials containing tannins

12.1. SUMACH LEAF - FOLIUM RHUS CORIARIAE

Sumac tannic - Rhus coriaria L. shrub or small low-branched tree of the sumac family - Anacardiaceae, from 1 to 3 m high. The bark of trees and adult bushes is brownish friable. On annual shoots, the bark is brownish, rough and fluffy; on perennial trunks and branches, it is dark brown. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, with 4-8 pairs of sessile opposite leaflets, rough-fluffy, dark green above, almost gray below, 15-20 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, oblong-ovate, with a wide, wedge-shaped base and pointed apex, coarsely beard-serrated along the edges.

The flowers are unisexual, small, greenish-white, inconspicuous, collected in large conical apical and smaller axillary inflorescences in male and female panicles. Male panicles are sprawling, 25 cm long, female panicles are more dense, 15 cm long. Sepals are round-ovate, green, petals are ovate-elongated, whitish. The fruits are small, spherical or kidney-shaped one-seeded red drupes.

Blossoms in June-July, sometimes there is a secondary flowering in the fall. The first fruits ripen in July, their mass ripening - in September-October.

Spreading. It grows in the lower and middle mountain belt up to 1000 m above sea level in the Crimea and the Caucasus and up to 1800 m in the Pamir-Alai. It usually does not form continuous thickets. It grows on dry slopes of southern exposure, which indicates its high drought tolerance.

Macroscopia. The raw material consists of dried whole or split leaves. The color of the dried leaves should be dark green above, gray below, the taste should be astringent. The moisture content of raw materials should not exceed 12%; total ash not more than 6.5%; ash, insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid, not more than 1.2%; tannin content not less than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 2.8 mm, not more than 5%; leaves that have lost their normal color, no more than 2%; stem parts of sumac not more than 4%; organic impurities not more than 1%; mineral - no more than 1%.

Chemical composition. Sumac leaves contain up to 25-33% tannins, of which 15% is tannin. In addition, they contain free gallic acid, essential oil, tetrasaccharide and gallic acid methyl ester, ascorbic acid, myricitrin and other flavonoids (including flavonoid glycosides). The composition of sumac tannin is dominated by a component in which of the 6 galloyl residues 2 are dihalloy and 2 are monohalloy.

pharmacological properties. Tannins obtained from sumac leaves have astringent, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties.

Application. In medicine, tannins are used externally - for burns, weeping ulcers, purulent wounds, chronic eczema, for rinsing with inflammatory processes in the mouth: inside - for bleeding gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, enteritis, colitis, for gastric lavage in case of poisoning with alkaloids and salts of heavy metals.

A tincture of fresh leaves is used in homeopathy for diarrhea, rheumatism, gout, paralysis, exhaustion, diseases of the biliary tract. Crushed fresh leaves are applied to burns, weeping ulcers, festering wounds and parts of the body affected by eczema.

12.2. SCAMPIA LEAF - FOLIA COTINI COGGYGRIAE

Leather mackerel - Cotinus coggygria Scop. (other names: skumpia kogggriya, yellowberry, common skumpia) is a large deciduous shrub of the sumac family - Anacardiaceae, up to 5 m high, with a dense spherical or umbrella-shaped crown. The trunks are branched, with a grayish-brown bark; shoot stems of the current year are green or reddish, with milky juice. The leaves are alternate, ovate, elliptical or almost round, up to 8 cm long and up to 4 cm wide, with petioles, leaf blades are entire, with sharply protruding veins, dark green above, grayish green below, first turning yellow by autumn, then intensely reddening , becoming crimson, sometimes with a violet tint. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, collected in many-flowered sprawling panicle inflorescences. Most of the flowers in the inflorescence are underdeveloped, their stalks, pubescent with long protruding hairs, become very elongated after flowering, as a result of which the panicles become very large (up to 30 cm long) and fluffy, which gives the shrub an elegant appearance (the hairs on the pedicels of different individuals are of different colors : white, reddish, greenish, which further enhances the decorative effect of skumpii).

Normally developed flowers with a five-leaved green calyx remaining with fruit, a five-petalled greenish-white corolla about 3 mm in diameter, 5 short stamens and a pistil with an upper ovary and three columns. Their pedicels after flowering are also greatly elongated, but almost completely devoid of pubescence. In addition to inflorescences with bisexual flowers, panicles develop with male flowers and separately with female ones. Fruits are small ovoid or kidney-shaped drupes up to 5 mm long, with drying pulp, blackening when ripe, located on long stalks. Blossoms in May-July, fruits ripen in August-September.

Spreading. The tannery skumpia is widespread as a wild-growing, feral and bred plant in different regions of Eurasia. Large thickets of it are found in the Caucasus, including on the northern macroslope within Russia: in Dagestan, the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, etc.

blank. It is produced during the period of the highest content of tannins in plants - the leaves are harvested during flowering and fruiting.

Macroscopia. The leaves are round or oval in shape, on long petioles, dark green, glaucous below, entire, brittle, whole or broken into pieces, with peritoneal venation. On the underside of the leaf, the veins protrude strongly. The length of whole leaves is from 3 to 12 cm, width is from 2 to 6 cm. Petioles and main veins are light green or more often with a brownish-purple tint. The smell is fragrant, the taste is astringent.

Humidity not more than 12%, flavonoids not less than 1%, tannin not less than 15%. The raw material should not contain blackened and reddened leaves (indicates a belated collection).

Chemical composition. The leaves contain up to 25% gallotannin, free gallic acid, flavonoids myricitrin and fustin, essential oil (up to 0.2%, the main component is myrcene), camphene (up to 9%), linalool and a-terpineol. The stems contain the flavonoid fisetin.

pharmacological properties. Tannin has astringent, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. Flavonoids have a choleretic effect.

12.3. OAK BARK – CORTEX QUERCUS

Pedunculate oak (common) - Quercus robur L. (syn. Quercus pedunculata Ehrh.) Rock oak - Quercus petraea Uebl. (syn. Quercus sessiliflora Salisb.)

Pedunculate oak is a tree of the beech family - Fagaceae, up to 40 m high, with a wide, spreading crown, trunk up to 7 m in diameter, dark brown bark. Leaves obovate, pinnately lobed, with deciduous stipules, leathery, shiny above, light green below, short-petiolate; bloom later than many tree species. Oak flowering begins at the age of 50. Blooms at the same time as the leaves open. Flowers are same-sex: male - in drooping racemes-earrings, female - sessile, 1-2 each, with numerous scaly wrappers. The fruit is a single-seeded acorn, sitting in a plush on a long stalk. Trees growing freely bear fruit annually, in the forest - after 4-8 years. Blossoms in May, fruits ripen in September.

Spreading. European part of the country. In the north it reaches St. Petersburg and Vologda, the eastern border of distribution is the Urals. Does not grow in Siberia. In the Far East, in the Crimea and the Caucasus, other species are found. Pedunculate oak is the main species of deciduous forests.

blank. The bark is harvested in early spring, during the sap flow, when it is easily separated from the wood, at the cutting sites from branches and young trunks before the leaves bloom.

Macroscopia. Tubular grooved pieces or narrow strips of various lengths, but not less than 3 cm, about 2-3 mm thick, but not more than 6 mm. The outer surface of the bark is light brown or light gray, silvery, rarely matte, smooth or slightly wrinkled, but without cracks. Often, transversely elongated lenticels are visible, the inner surface is yellowish or reddish-brown with numerous longitudinal thin protruding ribs. The fracture of the outer bark is granular, even; the fracture of the inner bark is strongly fibrous, "splintered". Dry bark is odorless, but when wetted with water, a peculiar smell appears. The taste is strongly astringent. When the inner surface of the bark is wetted with a solution of iron-ammonium alum, a black-blue color (tannins) appears. The quality of raw materials is reduced by old bark (thicker than 6 mm), darkened pieces and pieces shorter than 3 cm, organic impurities.

On microscopy - brown plug, mechanical belt, stony cells in large groups, bast fibers with crystal-bearing sheathing, medullary rays (on a transverse section).

Chemical composition. The bark contains 10-20% tannins - derivatives of gallic and ellagic acids; 13-14% pentosans; up to 6% pectin; quercetin and sugar.

pharmacological properties. Oak bark decoctions have astringent, protein-denaturing properties, which provide an anti-inflammatory effect for external and internal use.

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal action is associated with both gallic acid derivatives and the presence of catechins.

Application. Decoctions of oak bark (1:10) are used for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity in the form of rinses, applications on the gums for stomatitis, gingivitis, etc.

For burns and frostbite, a 20% decoction of oak bark is also used in the form of applications of napkins moistened with cold decoction on the affected areas on the first day. For skin diseases accompanied by weeping, for children's diathesis, a decoction of oak bark is used in the form of general or local baths, washings, applications; with sweating feet, local baths are recommended from 10% decoction of oak bark or decoction of oak bark in half with decoction of sage. For gynecological diseases (colpitis, vulvovaginitis, prolapse of the vaginal walls, prolapse of the vagina and uterus, erosion of the cervix and vaginal walls), douching with a 10% decoction is prescribed.

12.4. RHIZOMATA TORMENTILLAE

Potentilla erecta - Potentilla erecta (L.), Hatpe (syn. Potentilla tormentilla Schrank). Other names: wild galangal, dubrovka, uzik, ovary root, umbilical cord, drevlyanka, braid, umbilical grass.

Potentilla erectus is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Rosaceae family, up to 15-40 cm high. Stems thin, ascending, forked-branched above. Leaves trifoliate with two large stipules, alternate: basal - petiolate, upper - sessile; stems and leaves are covered with hairs. Flowers solitary yellow, with orange-red spots at the base, axillary, on long stalks with regular perianth. Double calyx, with subcup. The corolla consists of 4 separate petals, unlike other cinquefoils (diagnostic sign). Upper ovary. Flowers solitary. The fruit is an ovoid, slightly wrinkled achene of dark olive or brown color. The fruit consists of 5-12 seeds. Blooms from May to August. The fruits ripen in August-September.

Spreading. The entire forest zone of the European part of the country, Western Siberia, the Caucasus.

blank. Collect rhizomes in the fall. They dig with a shovel, free from lumps of earth, cut off thin roots and branches of stems, place in baskets and wash. The blanks are laid out in place for drying from external moisture and dried, and then delivered to the place of final drying.

Macroscopia. The rhizome is straight or curved, cylindrical or tuberous, often shapeless, hard and heavy, with numerous pitted marks from cut roots. Length up to 7 cm (average 3-4 cm), thickness 1-2 cm. The color is dark brown on the outside, red or red-brown in the break, the break is even or slightly fibrous. The smell is weak. The taste is strongly astringent. Reduce the quality of rhizomes darkened at the break, the admixture of roots and aerial parts, organic and mineral impurities.

On microscopy, conductive elements in the form of discontinuous radial stripes and concentric belts, sieve tubes, cambium, vessels, fibers. There are large druses of calcium oxalate, small starch grains.

Chemical composition. Potentilla rhizomes contain 15-30% tannins with a predominance of condensed tannins, as well as triterpene saponins (tormentoside) and quinic acid. In addition, both the rhizomes and the aerial part of the plant contain flavonoids, ellagic acid, flobafen, wax, resins, and starch. Ascorbic acid was found in the aerial part of the plant (especially a lot of it during the period of full flowering of the plant). The highest content of tannins in the rhizomes was found during the flowering period, in the aerial part - during the period of full flowering. After flowering, the amount of biologically active substances (especially tannins) decreases.

pharmacological properties. The main substances that determine the pharmacological activity of Potentilla are condensed tannins, triterpene saponins and flavonoids. The rhizomes of the plant have an astringent, bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and hemostatic effect. The local anti-inflammatory effect is associated with tannins that can create a biological film that protects tissues from chemical, bacterial and mechanical effects that accompany inflammation. At the same time, the permeability of capillaries decreases and the vessels narrow. These features of the action are well manifested on inflamed, reddened mucous membranes with pharyngitis, stomatitis, gingivitis, as well as gastritis and enteritis. The general anti-inflammatory effect is associated with the effect of flavonoids.

Application. Potentilla decoctions are prescribed orally for enteritis, enterocolitis, dyspepsia, dysentery, ulcerative colitis with bleeding from the intestines, gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenum as a choleretic agent for cholecystitis, cholecystocholangitis, acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, including in the edematous-ascitic stage.

Decoctions are used for hypermenorrhea and uterine bleeding of various origins as a hemostatic agent inside; with colpitis, vaginitis, erosion of the cervix, a decoction is used for douching.

Potentilla is used for rinsing with inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity (stomatitis, gingivitis), bleeding gums, with tonsillitis and chronic tonsillitis. In the form of an application, a decoction of Potentilla is used for hemorrhoids, burns, eczema, neurodermatitis, cracks in the skin and mucous membranes, and sweating of the feet.

12.5. RHIZOMATA BISTORTAE RHIZOMATA BISTORTAE

Highlander snake - Polygonum bistorta L. or Highlander meat-red - Polygonum carneum C. Koch (other names: serpentine, cancer necks, bistorta, highlander pharmacy, uneven grass, throat, crustaceans, snake root, crooked potion, wild buckwheat) - perennial herbaceous plant of the buckwheat family - Polygonaceae up to 50-80 cm high with a straight fistulose unbranched hollow stem. Stem leaves are small narrow, few in number, emerging from brownish funnels. Basal leaves on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, large, sometimes with a heart-shaped base. The flowers are small, pinkish, fragrant, collected in dense oblong spike inflorescence. The fruit is a trihedral dark brown shiny achene in the form of a nut. Blossoms in May-June, fruits ripen in July.

Spreading. Highlander snake grows almost everywhere, with the exception of the Caucasus and Central Asia.

blank. Harvest rhizomes after flowering or in early spring (they are difficult to find after mowing). Cut the stems and small thin roots. Washed in water, cut off the rotten parts of the rhizomes, dry a little in the air.

Macroscopia. The rhizome is solid, has a serpentine shape, which gave reason to call it a serpentine; on the upper side with transverse folds, on the lower side - with traces of cut roots, outside - dark brown, at the break - brown-pink; length 5-10 cm, thickness 1-2 cm. The taste is strongly astringent, bitter. There is no smell. Reduce the quality of raw materials darkened in the fracture of the rhizome, the presence of roots, organic and mineral impurities. An aqueous decoction of rhizomes with iron ammonium alum gives a black-blue color (tannins of the pyrogallic group). On a transverse section or fracture of the rhizome, under a magnifying glass, conductive bundles are visible, located in a discontinuous ring, core rays pass between them, inside - the core, outside - a layer of brown cork.

Chemical composition. The rhizomes contain tannins (15-25%), free polyphenols (gallic acid and catechin), oxyanthraquinones, starch (up to 26%), calcium oxalate. The herb contains ascorbic acid and flavonoids (hyperoside, rutin, avicularin).

pharmacological properties. Preparations of the snake mountaineer have astringent properties, and also have a resorptive calming effect. Astringent properties when taken orally appear slowly, as the splitting of active substances under the influence of digestive juices. Preparations of the snake mountaineer have low toxicity and do not give side effects.

When applied externally, they have an astringent, anti-inflammatory and hemostatic effect. Based on the active ingredients of the snake mountaineer and other plants, a complex preparation has been developed for the treatment of experimentally induced allergic enterocolitis.

Application. The rhizome of the serpentine was known to the medicine of various peoples. Even in the Chinese Encyclopedia of Medicinal Substances, published in the 11th century BC, it was mentioned about medicinal properties this plant. The ancient Indo-Tibetan medical literature also refers to medicinal use plants. In European medicine, the serpentine became known in the 15th century, and in the 16th century it was widely used by doctors of that time as a good astringent in the form of a decoction or tincture inside for various diseases: stomach ulcers, gastric and pulmonary bleeding, uterine bleeding, acute and chronic dyspepsia, dysentery , hemorrhoids, rectal fissures, urethritis, colpitis, gingivitis, inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

With the same indications, the snake mountaineer is currently used as an astringent and hemostatic agent. It is used in acute and chronic bowel diseases, accompanied by diarrhea.

In dental practice, a decoction of the snake mountaineer is used to gargle or lubricate the gums with stomatitis, gingivitis, chronic tonsillitis and other inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity.

A decoction of the snake mountaineer (Decoctum Bistortae fluidum). Rhizomes are crushed to particles no larger than 3 mm, placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml of water at room temperature (taking into account losses during boiling), cover with a lid and heat in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring for 30 minutes. Strain immediately after removing from the water bath. Take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day before meals.

12.6. RHIZOMATA ET RADICES SANGUISORBAE

Burnet officinalis - Sanguisorba officinalis L. (red-headed, bebrenets, gryzhnik, goroshnik, button, twig, owl grass, black grass) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Rosaceae family, up to 1 m high. The stem is erect, bare, branched upwards. Basal leaves are long-petioled, odd-pinnate, with small stipules (from 7 to 15 leaflets), oblong-ovate, with a sharp-serrated edge, bluish-green below, collected in a rosette. Stem leaves are sparse, sessile, glabrous, dark green above, bluish-green below. The flowers are purple, collected in dense short oval-shaped inflorescences-heads, sessile on long peduncles. The fruit is a nut. Blooms in June-August.

Spreading. It grows in large quantities in Siberia, the Far East and Kazakhstan; it is rare in the European part of the country. Grows in the Caucasus and Crimea.

blank. Underground organs are dug up by the end of flowering or after haymaking, when the above-ground mass has time to grow a little and the plant can be easily recognized. Cleaned from the ground, cut off small thin and old rotten parts, placed in baskets and washed with water. Thick rhizomes are cut lengthwise, dried in the sun.

Macroscopia. The raw material consists of whole rhizomes with roots extending from them; separate large roots are allowed. Rhizomes up to 12 cm long, 2 cm in diameter, cylindrical in shape, woody; roots are smooth, rarely longitudinally wrinkled, up to 20 cm long. Outside, the rhizomes and roots are dark brown, almost black, at the break - yellowish. Odorless, astringent taste. An aqueous decoction of rhizomes and roots with a solution of iron-ammonium alum forms an intense black-blue color. The quality of raw materials is reduced by rhizomes that have turned brown in a fracture, crushedness, other parts of the plant, organic and mineral impurities.

On microscopy, very small cork cells, conductive elements (bast, wood, vessels) in radial triangular sections, small drusen, starch grains (on a cross section).

Chemical composition. All parts of the plant contain tannins with a predominance of hydrolysable substances of the pyrogall group (tannins). At the same time, the rhizomes of the burnet officinalis contain 12-13%, the roots - up to 17%, and the calluses (nodules) - up to 23% of tannins. In addition, free gallic and ellagic acids, starch, triterpene saponins, including arabinose as a sugar residue, were found in the roots. The leaves contain up to 0.9% ascorbic acid.

Application. Raw materials have long been used in Chinese and Tibetan medicine for bleeding and diarrhea. It was widely used in traditional medicine of Siberia. For introduction to scientific medicine, it was proposed by the Irkutsk Pharmaceutical Faculty and the Tomsk Medical Institute. It is used as an astringent for gastrointestinal diseases, as a hemostatic agent for internal bleeding, for gargling, in the treatment of stomatitis and gingivitis. Widely used in veterinary medicine.

12.7. RHIZOMATA BERGENIAE RHIZOMATA BERGENIAE

Badan thick-leaved - Bergenia crashtmlfolia

Sem. saxifrage - Saxifragaceae

Botanical characteristic. Perennial herbaceous plant up to 50 cm high. Rhizome 3.5 cm thick, branched, creeping with root lobes. The stem is leafless, ending in a paniculate corymbose inflorescence. The flowers are regular, five-segmented, lilac-pink, corolla petals with a marigold. Leaves in a rosette, juicy, "cabbage-like", entire, glabrous, leathery, shiny, rounded, blunt-toothed, about 30 cm in diameter. By autumn, the leaves turn red and hibernate. The fruit is an elliptical capsule with small seeds. Blossoms in May-July, seeds ripen in July-August.

Spreading. Siberia (Altai, Sayans, Baikal, Transbaikalia). Plant of limited range. As an ornamental plant, it is used for landscaping settlements.

Spreading. It grows in the mountain forest belt at an altitude of 300 to 2600 m above sea level on stony, rocky soils. Forms dense thickets sometimes on hundreds of hectares. The plant is introduced into industrial culture, it develops slowly.

Habitat. The rhizome is located almost at the surface of the earth. Harvested during the summer growing season. They dig or pull out of the soil, clear the earth and roots, cut into pieces of various lengths.

blank. To ensure seed reproduction in Zardeli, 10-15% of the most developed individuals are left untouched. Re-harvesting should be carried out in the same place after 10 years.

Security measures. First, the rhizome is dried. Dry slowly in dryers. Rapid heat drying reduces the amount of tannins. The raw material dries within 3 weeks. The yield of dry raw materials is 30-35%.

External signs. Pieces of rhizomes are cylindrical in shape, about 3 cm in diameter. Dark brown on the outside, light brown in the fracture with dark dots of conducting bundles in a discontinuous ring around the fleshy core. The smell is not characteristic. The taste is astringent. The quality of raw materials is reduced by pieces of a different color, affected by rot, weeds, roots.

Chemical composition. Rhizomes contain up to 28% tannins of the pyrogallol group, polyphenols, isocoumarin bergenin, and starch. According to GF XI, tannins must be at least 20%. In the leaves of tannins up to 20%, free polyphenols - gallic acid up to 22%, hydroquinone, arbutin. The tannin content ranges from 8 to 10%. The rhizomes contain the isocoumarin derivative bergenin, ascorbic acid, starch and sugars.

Storage. In a dry place, in a well-packed container. Shelf life 4 years.

pharmacological properties. Badan preparations have hemostatic, astringent, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

Application. Badan as a hemostatic agent was found in multi-component prescriptions of Tibetan medicine.

A decoction of bergenia rhizomes is used in gynecological practice for heavy menstruation due to inflammation of the uterine appendages, for hemorrhagic metropathies, uterine fibroids, and for bleeding after abortion. Locally - for the treatment of cervical erosion and colpitis in the form of douching and vaginal baths.

Badan preparations are also used for colitis of non-dysenteric etiology; with their desentery. prescribed in combination with antibiotics and sulfonamides.

In dental practice, bergenia is used as an anti-inflammatory, astringent and hemostatic agent for stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontal disease, for lubricating gums and rinsing.

To prepare the infusion, pour 2 teaspoons of crushed raw materials into 200 ml of hot boiled water, infuse for 30 minutes and rinse your mouth with warm infusion.

As an astringent, anti-inflammatory and hemostatic agent, a decoction of bergenia is used for gastrointestinal diseases.

A decoction of bergenia (Decoctum Bergeniae) is prepared as follows: 10 g (1 tablespoon) of bergenia rhizomes are poured into 200 ml (1 glass) of boiling water, put in a boiling water bath and heated for 30 minutes, cooled, filtered, boiled water is added to the original volume .

12.8. ALDER FRUITS (ALDER CONES) - FRUCTUS ALNI

Gray alder - Alnus incala (L.) Moench.

Black alder (sticky) - Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaerth. Both types are tall shrubs or small trees of the birch family - Betulaceae. They differ in the shape and edge of the leaves, the color of the bark and the shape of the fruit: gray alder has sessile "cones", and black - on the stalks. The bark of gray alder is smooth, silver-gray. The leaves are ovate-elliptical, with a serrated edge, dark green above, lighter below, pubescent, non-sticky, with a pointed apex. The flowers are unisexual: staminate - in long catkins, pistillate - in short oval spikelets, covered with scales, no perianth. Alder sticky bark is dark brown with cracks, young branches are smooth, often sticky, reddish-brown. The leaves are rounded, notched at the top, with a serrated edge. Young leaves are shiny, sticky, and fully developed above - dark green, below - light green. Flowers in drooping earrings. The fruit is a nut with a narrow wing. Alder blooms in early spring before the leaves bloom, in March-April. Green scales covering the staminate and pistillate flowers grow by autumn, become woody, blacken and form seedlings - alder cones that hang on the tree all winter. The fruits ripen in September-October.

Spreading. The sticky alder has a wider range. It grows in the steppe, forest-steppe zones of the European part of the country, Western Siberia and the Caucasus.

blank. Raw materials are harvested in autumn or winter. The lower short branches, along with the cones, are cut with secateurs or shake off the trees; cones are clearly visible in the snow.

Macroscopia. Infructescence ovoid or oblong-oval, with or without nuts; solitary, with remnants of a stem not longer than 1.5 cm or without it, or collected several at a time on a thin stem. Infructescences consist of a rod, on which fan-shaped scales are densely located. Fruit length up to 20 mm, diameter up to 13 mm. The smell of raw materials is weak, the taste is astringent.

Chemical composition. Alder cones contain tannins, which include tannin (about 2.5%) and gallic acid (up to 4%). Flavonoids, caffeic, chlorogenic and protocatechin acids were found in the leaves. Alder bark contains tannins, triterpene compounds, triterpene alcohol taraxerol (alnulin), flavonoids (hyperoside and quercitrin). Triterpene compounds, triterpene ketone glutinone, taraxerol, taraxerone, lupeolin were isolated from the bark of the alder sticky.

pharmacological properties. Alder cones have astringent, anti-inflammatory and disinfectant properties. Volatile fractions of phytoncides of leaves and bark are detrimental to protozoa.

Application. An infusion of seedlings (cones) and a decoction of alder bark are prescribed for acute and chronic enterocolitis, dysentery as an adjuvant in the treatment of antibiotics and sulfonamides. Infusion of alder cones helps to reduce fermentation and putrefactive processes in chronic enterocolitis accompanied by diarrhea. A quick and stable treatment effect is provided by the natural combination of tannin, triterpene compounds and quercetin in alder seedlings. Decoctions of alder cones are prescribed to patients with diseases of the digestive system to prevent exacerbation of chronic intestinal infections. To normalize the intestinal microflora, decoctions of alder cones are used in patients with dysbacteriosis.

12.9. BIRD FRUITS - FRUCTUS PADI

Common bird cherry - Padus avium Mill. (Padus racemosa G.)

Asian bird cherry - Padus asiatica Kom. small tree or shrub of the rosaceae family - Rosaceae, with black-gray bark, pronounced lenticels, alternate, petiolate, elliptical leaves with a serrated edge. The leaves are dark green, short-petiolate. The flowers are white, collected in drooping brushes, have a strong smell. Calyx and corolla five-membered, many stamens. One pestle. The fruit is a black drupe with an abundant grayish coating. Blossoms in May-June, fruits ripen in August-September.

Spreading. It is widely distributed in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of the country, in Western Siberia it reaches the Yenisei, is found in the mountains of the Caucasus and Central Asia, and is often cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant.

blank. Harvested in the phase of fruit ripening, for which the brushes are cut with a knife, put in baskets or buckets. Before drying, they are dried in the sun for 1-2 days. Extraneous impurities, unripe fruits, fallen twigs are selected.

Macroscopia. Raw materials should consist of spherical wrinkled drupes covered with a whitish-grayish coating, with one large hard stone inside, sweetish-astringent taste.

Chemical composition. The fruits contain sugar (4-6% fructose, 5-6% glucose, 0.1-0.6% sucrose), organic acids (0.45-0.72%), pectins (1.0-1.1% ), anthocyanins (6-8%), tannins (up to 15%), ascorbic acid, flavonoids, iodine (2.7-3.4 µg/kg). Leaves, flowers, bark and seeds contain glycosides: amygdalin, prulaurazine, prunazine. Amygdalin is highly soluble in water, insoluble in ether, and upon enzymatic cleavage gives benzaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid and glucose. Free hydrocyanic acid was also found in the bark 0.09%, in the leaves 0.05%. Bird cherry bark contains 2% amygdalin, seeds - 1.8%. The aroma of the plant is due to the presence of prunazine glycoside. The leaves contain up to 200 mg% ascorbic acid.

pharmacological properties. The astringent and anti-inflammatory properties of bird cherry are due to tannins. Anthocyanins with P-vitamin activity have a capillary-strengthening effect. The combination of tannins and anthocyanins provides a stable anti-inflammatory effect.

Application. Due to the presence of tannins, bird cherry fruits are used as an astringent for enteritis, dyspepsia of various etiologies, and also as an adjuvant for infectious colitis, dysentery. With diaper rash, eczema, fungal diseases of the legs, bird cherry leaves in the form of a decoction are used for foot baths. Described are attempts to treat epidermophytosis of the feet with one of the components of bird cherry phytoncides - benzoic aldehyde.

12.10. TEA LEAVES – FOLIA THEAE

Chinese tea bush - Thea sinensis L. (Syn. Camellia) - a small evergreen tree or large shrub of the tea family - Theaceae, up to 10 m high, strongly branched. On industrial plantations, the tea bush is not allowed to grow above 1 m: it is systematically pruned, giving it a hemispherical shape - systematic pruning contributes to the abundance of branches and, consequently, an increase in the number of leaves. The leaves are alternate, oval or oblong-elliptical, 6-8 (up to 30) cm long and up to 4 cm wide, dark green above, light green below, shiny, leathery, with a pointed apex, a serrated edge of the plate and short petioles. The flowers are fragrant, arranged on pedicels singly or in bunches of 2-5 in the axils of the leaves. Each flower has 5-7 sepals that remain with the fruits; corolla of 5-9 white petals with a yellowish-pink tint, 2-5 cm in diameter; numerous stamens with small yellow anthers; pistil with upper ovary and 3 (rarely 5) filiform columns. The fruits are flattened 3-celled woody capsules, opening with three valves, with 3 large spherical gray-brown shiny seeds.

Spreading. The homeland of the tea bush is the mountains of India and Indochina, where it is still found wild. Introduced into culture, apparently, many centuries before our era in China. Currently cultivated in almost all countries with regions with a tropical and subtropical climate. In Russia, it is cultivated in a very limited area in the Krasnodar Territory. The largest tea producers are India, Sri Lanka and China.

Chemical composition. The leaves of the tea bush contain 1.5-3.5% caffeine, traces of theophylline, 20-24% tannins ("tea tannin"), flavonoids, traces of essential oil and vitamins C, B1, B2, nicotinic and pantothenic acids, trace elements.

pharmacological properties. Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system(especially the cerebral cortex) and the activity of the heart, increases blood pressure, speeds up breathing and makes it deeper, increases diuresis, dilates the vessels of the brain, heart and kidneys.

Another alkaloid found in tea leaves, theophylline, has a stimulating effect on the heart and increases urination. Catechins, which are part of the tannins contained in the leaves of the tea bush, have P-vitamin activity: they increase the strength of capillaries, reduce the permeability of the walls of blood vessels, and contribute to better absorption of ascorbic acid. Due to the high content of tannins, tea has an astringent and disinfectant effect, it improves digestion.

Application. Strongly infused tea is a tonic and stimulating heart activity and respiration. In necessary cases, tea (infusion) is the first antidote for poisoning in terms of availability and versatility.

Strongly brewed tea is the first remedy for intestinal disorders. If this disorder is not very serious, it is often enough to "cure" a glass of strong tea. In Turkmenistan, a method for the treatment of acute dysentery with tea decoction has been developed. Eating a tea drink is also useful in that it helps to reduce the amount of water you drink, which is especially important in dry and hot climates.

1.11. POMEGRANATE TREE - PUNICA

Fetus Punica granatum

Pomegranate, or Pomegranate, or Pomegranate tree (lat. Punica) - a genus of shrubs and small trees of the Derbennikov family ( Lythraceae).

The fruits of plants of this genus have the common name "pomegranates"; in botany, fruits of this type have a special name - "pomegranate".

Name. The origin of the generic name lat. Punica from the Latin word lat. punicus- Punic, Carthaginian, according to the wide distribution of the plant in this country (modern Tunisia).

The Russian name pomegranate comes from the Latin granatus(grainy). The history of the origin of the name of this fruit is very interesting in itself. In ancient Rome, this fruit had two Latin names - malum punicum and malum granatum. The first literally meant "Punic apple", the Romans called Punic the Phoenicians who moved from Asia Minor to North Africa in the XII-VII centuries BC. e. and founded a number of colonies there: Carthage, Utica, Leptis Magna and others. At that time, it was believed that the best pomegranates grow in Carthage. The second name, literally meaning "grainy apple" - malum granatum, formed the basis for the names of this fruit in other languages: in German - Granatapfel(German Apfel- apple), Estonian - granaatõun (hun- apple) Italian - melograna(ital. mela- apple), Swedish - Granatapple, Spanish - Granada, French - Grenade and English - pomegranate(from Latin pomum- fruit).

Botanical description. Deciduous, fruit shrub or tree, reaching a height of up to 5-6 m. The branches are thin, prickly, glossy leaves, funnel-shaped orange-red flowers with a diameter of 2.5 cm or more. Pomegranate flowers are mainly of two types: some are bisexual, pitcher-shaped, set fruits, others are bell-shaped, do not set fruits. There are flowers of intermediate forms.

blooming pomegranate

Calyx colored, leathery, with 5-7 fleshy triangular lobes. Petals and stamens are attached in the throat of the calyx; single style with thickened slightly lobed stigma. At home - a shrub or tree about 1.5-2 m high.

It forms spherical fruits, which have the botanical name "pomegranate", - large berries with a leathery colostrum, and a retaining calyx. The color of the peel is from orange-yellow to brown-red. Individual fruits of some varieties reach 15-18 cm in diameter. Seeds are numerous, up to 1000-1200 or more in one fruit, located in 6-12 chambers or nests arranged in two tiers. Each seed is surrounded by a juicy edible coating.

The fruit of the pomegranate tree.

The plant is photophilous, requires bright lighting without shading in summer. With a lack of light, the pomegranate does not bloom.

Geographic distribution and origin. wild pomegranate Punica granatum L. - common pomegranate found in Southern Europe and Western Asia (to the Himalayas), another type of pomegranate Punica protopunica Balf. - Socotra pomegranate, or protopunic pomegranate - is known only on the island of Socotra in the Arabian Sea.

Only common pomegranate is cultivated. At present, the pomegranate culture is distributed throughout the globe in the tropics and subtropics with a wide band from 41 ° S. sh. up to 41° s. sh. It is cultivated in Afghanistan, the countries of the Middle East, Iran, Spain, Italy, Greece, the Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia), the Crimea, Portugal, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, France, the countries of the former Yugoslavia. In Russia, pomegranate is cultivated in the Sochi region.

The emergence of the genus Punica L. refers to very distant geological times - the end of the Cretaceous and the beginning of the Tertiary.

Kinds. There are only two species in the genus Punica granatum L. - common pomegranate and Punica protopunica Balf. - Socotra pomegranate, or protopunica pomegranate - endemic to the Yemeni island of Socotra, characterized by pink rather than red flowers and less sweet and large fruits.

Economic importance

Pomegranate is one of the most popular fruit plants of the population living in areas of the subtropical zone and some countries in the tropical zone of the globe.

The yield is 50-60 kg per tree.

Chemical composition. Pomegranate fruits are rich in sugars, tannins, vitamin C, contain fiber, minerals and trace elements: calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, sodium. Fruits give up to 60% juice with a high content of anthocyanins. The juice of cultivated pomegranate varieties contains from 8 to 20% sugar (glucose and fructose), up to 10% citric, malic, oxalic and other organic acids, phytoncides, nitrogenous substances, tannin, sulfate, chloride and other salts. The pericarp, roots and bark contain up to 32% tannins.

Application in medicine. Pomegranate juice is useful for anemia, a decoction of the peel and membranous partitions - for burns and stomach disorders.

12.13. HAMAMELIS VIRGIN - HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA

Hamamelis virginiana (lat. Hamamelis virginiana) - a plant of the Hamamelis family, a species of the genus Hamamelis, growing wild in the deciduous forests of North America and cultivated in subtropical regions of Europe, Asia and Africa.

Biological description

It is a tall shrub or tree with light gray bark. The leaves are alternate, large-petiolate, falling, pointed, serrated, dark green above, 12 cm long and 9 cm wide. Young leaves below are covered with rusty-brown hairs. Older ones are bare yellowish-green below. Flowers develop in bunches of several. The calyx is four-leaved, covered with brown stellate hairs. The corolla consists of four narrow-linear golden-yellow petals. The fruit is a light brown oval capsule half enclosed in a calyx. Seeds are black oblong.

Chemical composition. The leaves of the plant contain 7-11% of hamamelitanin glycoside, free gallic acid and quercetin. Fresh leaves contain some essential oil.

Application in medicine. A liquid extract from the leaves is used as a hemostatic agent for internal and hemorrhoidal bleeding, as an astringent for intestinal disorders. Sometimes the bark of a plant is used for these purposes.

GBOU VPO SOGMA MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA

1.Stiasny reaction – with 40% formaldehyde solution and conc. HCl-

Condensed tannins form a brick-red precipitate

2.bromine water (5 g of bromine in 1 liter of water) - bromine water is added dropwise to 2-3 ml of the test solution until the smell of bromine appears in the solution; in case of presence condensed tanned ionic substances, an orange or yellow precipitate is formed.

3. Coloring with ferric salts, iron ammonium alum -

black-blue(tannins of the hydrolyzable group, which are derivatives of pyrogallol)

or black-green ( tannins of the condensed group, which are derivatives of catechol).

4.Catechins give red color with vanillin

(in the presence of conc. HCl or 70% H 2 SO 4 a bright red color develops).

Catechins form in this reaction a colored product of the following structure:

The reaction that distinguishes pyrogallic tannins from pyrocatechol tannins is reaction with nitrosomethylurethane.

When solutions of tannins are boiled with nitrosomethylurethane, pyrocatechol tannins are completely precipitated,

and the presence of pyrogallic tannins can be detected in the filtrate by adding ammonium iron alum and sodium acetate - the filtrate turns purple.

Free ellagic acid gives a red-violet color with the addition of a few crystals of sodium nitrite and three or four drops of acetic acid.

7. To be discovered bound ellagic acid (or haxoxydifenic) acetic acid is replaced by 0.1 N. sulfuric or hydrochloric acid (carmine-red color turning into blue).

8. Tannins with proteins create a film impervious to water (tanning). Causing partial coagulation of proteins, they form a protective film on the mucous membranes and wound surfaces.

9. On contact with air (e.g. cutting fresh rhizomes) tannins easily oxidized , turning into flobafen or redness, which cause the dark brown color of many barks and other organs, infusions.

Flobafen insoluble in cold water, dissolve in hot water, coloring decoctions and infusions brown.

10. C 10% solution of medium lead acetate (simultaneously add 10% acetic acid solution):

a white precipitate is formed, insoluble in acetic acid - tannins hydrolyzable group

(the precipitate is filtered off and the content in the filtrate is determined condensed tannins, with 1% solution of iron ammonium alum - black-green color);

white precipitate soluble in acetic acid - tannins of the condensed group.

11. To identify individual compounds, use chromatographic analysis viewed in UV light. Processing of chromatograms is carried out with a solution of iron chloride or vanillin reagent

The structure is established using IR spectra, PMR spectra.

The reaction with a 1% alcoholic solution of iron ammonium alum is a pharmacopoeial , carried out with a decoction of raw materials - oak bark, serpentine rhizome, alder seedlings, blueberries;

And also directly in dry raw materials - oak bark, viburnum bark, bergenia rhizomes.

Quantitation.

1. Gravimetric or weight methods - based on the quantitative precipitation of tannins by gelatin, heavy metal ions or adsorption by skin (naked) powder.

The official in the tanning and extract industry is weighted unified method (BEM):

In aqueous extracts from plant material, the total amount of soluble substances (dry residue) is first determined by drying a certain volume of the extract to constant weight;

then tannins are removed from the extract by treating it with fat-free skin powder; after separating the precipitate in the filtrate, the amount of dry residue is again established.

The difference in the mass of the dry residue before and after the treatment of the extract with skin powder shows the amount of genuine tannins.

2. Titrimetric methods.

These include:

1) Gelatin method - Method Yakimov and Kurnitskaya- based on the ability of tannins to form insoluble complexes with proteins. Aqueous extracts from raw materials are titrated with 1% gelatin solution; at the equivalence point, the gelatin-tannate complexes are dissolved in an excess of the reagent.

The titer is determined by pure tannin. The valence point is determined by sampling the smallest volume of titrated solution that causes complete precipitation of tannins.

Method most accurate, because allows you to determine the amount of true tannins.

Disadvantages: the duration of the determination and the difficulty of establishing the equivalence point.

2) Permanganometric method (Leventhal's method in Kursanov's modification). This is a pharmacopoeial method, based on easy oxidizability potassium permanganate in an acid medium in the presence of an indicator and a catalyst indigo sulfonic acid, which changes from blue to golden yellow at the solution equivalence point.

The method is economical, fast, easy to perform, but not accurate enough, since potassium permanganate partially oxidizes low molecular weight phenolic compounds.

3) For the quantitative determination of tannin in sumac leaves And skumpii the method of precipitation of tannins with zinc sulfate is used, followed by complexometric titration Trilon B in the presence of xylenol orange.

Physical and chemical methods.

1) Photoelectrocolorimetric - are based on the ability of DI to form colored compounds with ferric salts, phosphotungstic acid, Folin-Denis reagent, etc.

2) Chromatospectrophotometric and nephelometric methods are used in scientific research.

To obtain the amount of tannins, vegetable raw materials are extracted hot water in a ratio of 1:30 or 1:10.

Qualitative reactions to tannins can be subdivided

into 2 groups:

Ø General precipitation reactions - for the detection of tannins

Ø Group - to establish the belonging of tannins to a specific group

To detect tannins in plant materials, the following reactions are used:

1. A specific reaction to tannins is the gelatin precipitation reaction. Use 1% gelatin solution in 10% sodium chloride solution. A flaky precipitate appears, soluble in excess gelatin. A negative reaction with gelatin indicates the absence of tannins.

2. Reaction with salts of alkaloids. An amorphous precipitate is formed due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups of tannins and the nitrogen atoms of the alkaloid.

These reactions give the same result regardless of the group of tannins.

Reactions to determine the group of tannins.

1. Stiasny reaction - with 40% formaldehyde solution and conc. HCl-

Condensed tannins form a brick-red precipitate

2. Bromine water (5 g of bromine in 1 liter of water) - bromine water is added dropwise to 2-3 ml of the test solution until the smell of bromine appears in the solution; if condensed tannins are present, an orange or yellow precipitate forms.

3. Staining with ferric salts, iron ammonium alum -

black-blue (tannins of the hydrolyzable group, which are derivatives of pyrogallol)

or black-green (tannins of the condensed group, which are derivatives of catechol).

4. Catechins give red coloration with vanillin

(in the presence of conc. HCl or 70% H 2 SO 4 a bright red color develops).

Catechins form in this reaction a colored product of the following structure:

The reaction that distinguishes pyrogallic tannins from pyrocatechol tannins is the reaction with nitrosomethylurethane.

When solutions of tannins are boiled with nitrosomethylurethane, pyrocatechol tannins are completely precipitated,

and the presence of pyrogallic tannins can be detected in the filtrate by adding ammonium iron alum and sodium acetate - the filtrate turns purple.

Free ellagic acid gives a red-violet color with the addition of a few crystals of sodium nitrite and three to four drops of acetic acid.

7. To detect bound ellagic acid (or hydroxydiphenolic acid), acetic acid is replaced by 0.1 N. sulfuric or hydrochloric acid (carmine-red color turning into blue).

8. Tannins with proteins create a water-impervious film (tanning). Causing partial coagulation of proteins, they form a protective film on the mucous membranes and wound surfaces.

9. Upon contact with air (for example, cutting fresh rhizomes), tannins are easily oxidized, turning into flobaphenes or rednesses, which cause the dark brown color of many barks and other organs, infusions.

Flobafens are insoluble in cold water, but dissolve in hot water, turning decoctions and infusions brown.

10. With a 10% solution of medium lead acetate (simultaneously add a 10% solution of acetic acid):

a white precipitate is formed, insoluble in acetic acid - tannins of the hydrolysable group (the precipitate is filtered off and the content of condensed tannins is determined in the filtrate, with a 1% solution of iron ammonium alum - black-green coloration);

white precipitate, soluble in acetic acid - tannins of the condensed group.