Otolaryngologist - who is this, and how is the appointment with the doctor going? Who are ENT doctors? ENT doctor, what does he treat?

Otorhinolaryngology (from Oto ..., Greek rhís, genitive rhinós - nose, lárynx, genitive láryngos - larynx throat and ... logia (See ... Logia))

laryngotorinology (ENT), a medical clinical discipline that studies the causes, treatment and prevention of diseases of the ear, nose and throat (pharynx, larynx, trachea) and areas bordering with them. The combination of otology, rhinology and laryngology into one discipline is due to the anatomical proximity and functional connection of the organs under study, the frequent interdependence of their diseases and some commonality of research methods. From general O. the following specialties have emerged as independent specialties: audiology (from Lat. Audio - I listen), which studies the causes, prevention, treatment, correction and compensation of deafness (See Deafness) and hearing loss (See Hearing loss); phoniatrics (from the Greek. phone - sound, voice), which studies the physiology and pathology of voice formation, as well as the prevention and treatment of Voice a disorders; otiatrics (from the Greek ús, genus otós - ear), which deals with the study and treatment of ear pathology, etc.

O. separated from general surgery and therapy and began to form as an independent discipline in the middle of the 19th century. However, even in ancient India, methods of a special kind of nose and ear plastic surgery were developed; in ancient Judea, specific descriptions of polyps and other diseases of the nose are given. Some information about the anatomy and injuries of the nose, the removal of nasal polyps is in the works of Hippocrates. Description various diseases ear and some methods of their treatment were given by A.K. Celsus, the rudiments of an experimental study of voice formation are reflected in the works of Galen A. In the writings of the Armenian physician Amir-Dovlat (15th century) there are 15 chapters devoted to diseases of the ear, throat and nose. In Russia, in the affairs of the Aptekarskiy Prikaz (see. Aptekarskiy Prikaz), the “guttural work of the master” is mentioned - I. and V. Gubin. Detailed development of the anatomy of the ear, nose and throat began in the 16th century. (A. Vesalius and his students, B. Eustachius, G. Fallopius) and continued in the 17-18 centuries. (Italian scientist A. Valsalva, English N. Highmore, French J. Petit, etc.). In the 17th century. the physiology of the organ of hearing was developed, and the clinic for ear diseases began (the French scientist G. Duverne). In the 18th century. O.'s development was facilitated by the work of G. Boerhaave, who was the first to describe a detailed picture of throat diseases, J. Morgagni, who studied the mechanism of swallowing, voice and speech production, the French surgeon P. Dezo, who introduced laryngotomy into the practice, as well as intubation of the larynx through the nose, and others. In 1800, the English surgeon A. Cooper successfully performed a paracentesis operation (dissection eardrum). Of particular importance was the classic work of the Austrian anatomist I. Hirtl, published in Prague (1845), devoted to the comparative anatomy of the inner ear of humans and animals. An important role in the formation of O. as an independent discipline was played by the Viennese school of otiatrics, founded and led by A. Politser, whose student R. Barani was one of the first to study the vestibular apparatus and proposed a number of devices (Barani chair, gaze fixator) for its study. Great importance In the development of the doctrine of ear diseases, a mirror with a hole in the middle (a prototype of a modern reflector) for illumination of deep cavities and an ear funnel, proposed in 1841 by the German doctor F. Hoffmann, had. Hearing research up to the 19th century. it was done only with the help of speech and watches, then with the help of tuning forks; in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. special devices were proposed (audiometers, sirens, etc.); in modern medical practice, hearing is investigated by the method of audiometry (See Audiometry). The main operations on the ear (trepanation of the mastoid process, radical surgery on the temporal bone) received scientific and practical justification in the last quarter of the 19th century. Inspection of the larynx became practically possible thanks to the laryngoscope proposed (1855) by the Spanish singer and singing teacher M. Garcia and improved by the Czech physiologist I. Cermak. Somewhat later (1859), a technique for examining the nasal cavity was developed. The first editions of O. appeared: "Treatise on diseases of the ear and hearing" by J. Itard (1821, France), "Clinic of diseases of the larynx and upper respiratory tract"L. Türk (1866, Austria)," General diagnostics and treatment of diseases of the nose ... "B. Frenkel (1876, Germany) and others.

In Russia, questions of the anatomy of the ear, throat and nose, as well as their traumatology, began to be developed by P.A. Zagorsky, E.O. Mukhin, N.I. In the 50s. 19th century special monographs-lectures on O. surgeon P.P. Zablotsky-Desyatovsky were published. In the 60s. 19th century The first attempts were made to read privat-docent courses at universities, which included questions from O. The first Russian professor of laryngology (since 1867) was D.I. N. Nikitin, V. N. Okunev, B. V. Verkhovsky, and others) contributed to the development of O. in Russia. In 1893, N.P.Simanovsky, a student of Koshlakov's, founded the first department and clinic of O. at the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, and in 1896 S.F.Stein opened a similar clinic in Moscow. In 1899 Simanovsky organized a special otorhinolaryngological section at the 3rd Pirogov Congress; in 1908 the 1st All-Russian Congress of Otorhinolaryngologists was held. In 1924, on the initiative of L. T. Levin, the 1st All-Union Congress of Otorhinolaryngologists was convened.

In the USSR, since 1922, ophthalmology has become a compulsory subject for teaching to students of medical universities. By 1973 there were 81 departments of O .; scientific research institutes of O. were organized in Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev. In 1940 the All-Union Otorhinolaryngological Society was organized. Several large schools of otorhinolaryngologists were formed: V. I. Voyachek, L. T. Levin (Leningrad); A. F. Ivanov, L. I. Sverzhevsky, B. S. Preobrazhensky, A. G. Likhachev (Moscow); M.F. Tsytovich (Saratov); L. E. Komendantov (Rostov-on-Don); M. Ya.Karshak et al. (Kiev); S. M. Kompaneets (Kharkov), etc. For the development of a method of surgical treatment of otosclerosis A. I. Kolomiichenko, N. A. Preobrazhensky, K. L. Khilov, S. N. Khechinashvili and V. F. Nikitin were awarded the Lenin awards. Modern otorhinolaryngologists are working on the study of occupational diseases of the ear, throat and nose, the fight against the consequences of ear diseases - hearing loss, deafness, deafness. Many works are devoted to physiology and pathophysiology vestibular apparatus, issues of ENT oncology, etc. surgical techniques, "sparing" (the least traumatic for the patient) operations are being developed. The work of foreign otorhinolaryngologists on surgical treatment hearing loss (the Swedish scientist G. Holmgren, the American S. Rosen, and others), the use of tympanoplasty (the Polish scientists H. Levenfish, J. Medonsky, the Czech A. Prschechtel, and some others). O.'s questions are covered in the journals "Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology" (since 1936), "Journal of Ear, Nasal and Throat Diseases" (since 1924); published abroad: Swede. "Acta oto-laryngologica" (Stockh., From 1918), Amer. "Archives of otolaryngology" (Chi., From 1925), "Laryngoscope", Germany - "Archiv für Ohren-Nasen-und Kehlkopfheilkunde" (Würzburg - Lpz. - B. - Hdlb., From 1864), etc.

Lit .: A multivolume guide to otorhinolaryngology, ed. A. G. Likhachev, t. 1-4, M., 1960-63; Preobrazhensky B.S., Tyomkin Ya.S., Likhachev A.G., Diseases of the ear, nose and throat, 7th ed., M., 1968.

N. A. Preobrazhensky.

Big Soviet encyclopedia... - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Synonyms:

See what "Otorhinolaryngology" is in other dictionaries:

Otorhinolaryngology ... Spelling dictionary-reference

Modern encyclopedia

- (from ... Greek rhis, genus rhinos nose, laryngo ... and ... logia), the field of clinical medicine, which studies diseases of the ear, nose, throat (pharynx, larynx, trachea) and borderline anatomical areas and develops methods of recognition, treatment and ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

OTOLARYNGOLOGY, and OTOLARYNGOLOGY, and, wives. The branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the ear, throat, nose and their treatment. | adj. otorhinolaryngological, oh, oh and otolaryngological, oh, oh. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun., Number of synonyms: 4 laryngotorinology (1) medicine (189) otolarin ... Synonym dictionary

Otorhinolaryngology- (from ot ..., Greek rhis, genitive rhinos nose, laryngo ... and ... logia), a field of clinical medicine that studies diseases of the ear, nose, throat (pharynx, larynx, trachea) and borderline anatomical regions and developing methods ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (also often otolaryngology) is a branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the ear, throat, nose, and head and neck pathologies. Practitioners in this specialty are called otorhinolaryngologists. Often ... ... Wikipedia

AND; f. [from the Greek. us (ōtos) ear, rhis (rhinos) nose, larynx (laryngos) larynx and logos doctrine] Medical clinical discipline that studies the causes, treatment and prevention of diseases of the ear, nose and throat (pharynx, larynx, trachea). ◁ ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

A good specialist in the field of otolaryngology must have a higher medical education and experience working with patients in his profile. Moreover, the specialty of ENT is divided into several categories, each of which has specific nuances of patient management. An otolaryngologist is a doctor of a surgical profile, but in order to obtain a full-fledged qualification, he constantly needs to attend special courses.

It is easier to sign up for a consultation with a specialist in private clinics. But you should choose an institution carefully, based on the data provided on the rating of doctors and the reviews of trusted people. In a government agency an appointment with an otolaryngologist is directed by a therapist, who initially examines the patient and determines the need to visit a narrow-profile doctor. The visitor should understand that an otolaryngologist is a specialist who deals with the therapy of only a certain list of pathologies, for example, he does not treat rhinitis with ARVI, since an ordinary doctor can cope with them.

What does an otolaryngologist treat?

The doctor of this profile deals with the management of patients with diseases of the organ of hearing, throat (larynx and pharynx) and nose (together with the sinuses). A person must clearly understand who it is and what the otolaryngologist is treating in order to contact him for an appointment in a timely manner. The doctor's specialization includes the following common diseases:

Otitis. Inflammatory processes in the middle, outer or inner ear. They are dangerous due to the proximity of blood vessels and thin bone structures that prevent penetration into the brain.
Sinusitis. Inflammatory processes in the sinuses, sometimes requiring invasive treatment... The most common form is sinusitis, in which there is also a danger of meningitis.
Tonsillitis. Children's otolaryngologist and ENT for adults most often deal with acute and chronic inflammation of the tonsils. It is these doctors who have to raise the question of deleting these structures.
Adenoids. The growth of specific vegetation, blocking the flow of air in children. The disease requires surgery and occurs only in children under 12 years of age.
Ingestion of foreign bodies in the ears, throat, or nose. Most often, a pediatric otolaryngologist deals with a similar problem. Serious surgery is sometimes required.
Swallowing problems. These include pathologies of the nervous apparatus of the pharynx, muscle structures and obstructive processes.
Allergic reactions. An otolaryngologist treats atopic rhinitis, which is most often caused by seasonal flowering of plants.

In addition, the otolaryngologist deals with problems of a congenital nature and acquired defects of an anatomical nature, that is, he performs some corrective operations on the nose and other organs.

When to see an otolaryngologist?

In order to consult a specialist in time, the patient must understand what symptoms indicate the presence of an ENT profile disease. Even realizing that the otolaryngologist treats this or that pathology, a person cannot independently diagnose himself.

Patients should be guided by the following symptoms:

sore throat;
soreness in the ears;
dryness of the nasal mucosa;
deterioration of nasal breathing;
hoarseness of voice;
severe snoring and attacks of sleep apnea (respiratory arrest);
frequent nosebleeds;
headache(changes when bending, changing the projection of the body in space and is most often localized in the forehead);
purulent discharge from the nose or ears;
hearing impairment (regardless of the reasons);
dysphagia (swallowing disorder);
redness and swelling of the ears, nasal passages, throat;
an increase in temperature (in combination with the above symptoms).

Separately, one should highlight such a specialty as an otolaryngologist surgeon. Patients can be brought to this doctor on an urgent basis, for example, with prolonged blockage of the airways at the level of the larynx. The main symptom in such patients is suffocation with severe panic and diffuse cyanosis of the face.

If a foreign body is suspected, the doctor makes a conicotomy, which allows you to free the passage of air and further deal with the causes of the pathological condition.

How is the appointment with a specialist going?

The otolaryngologist conducts an appointment according to the principles of diagnosis generally accepted in medicine. First, the doctor talks with the patient, asking him about the complaints and features of the course of the disease. At an appointment with an otolaryngologist, the patient will have to talk about the function of all three organs that are part of the specifics of the doctor's activities. The problem is that many pathologies affect several structures at once, and sometimes the main symptoms that the patient notes, only mask the underlying disease.

After the conversation, the doctor proceeds directly to the examination:

First, the otolaryngologist checks the functions of all organs using clinical methods research. He examines the nasal passages, tonsils and the throat in general, the outer and middle ear, and the eardrum. Based on the data obtained, a preliminary diagnosis is made and additional examinations are prescribed.
Laboratory diagnostic methods include: clinical analysis blood, clinical analysis of urine, many biochemical indicators (for example, markers of inflammation), bacterial studies of smears and swabs, serological methods.
Among the instrumental techniques, they have proven their informativeness: radiography, CT scan, MRI.

The otolaryngologist examines the research results independently, regardless of the conclusions. Only after a full examination is the final diagnosis established and treatment prescribed, which can be both conservative and surgical.

Otolaryngologist ( full name - otorhinolaryngologist) Is a doctor who treats diseases of the ear, throat, nose and paranasal sinuses.

The full name of the profession "otorhinolaryngologist" consists of the following words:

otos ( otos) - an ear;
rhinos ( rhinos) - nose;
larynx ( laryngs) - throat;
logos ( logos) - the science.

The particle "rino" is often dropped from the name of the specialty, but this does not mean that this is a completely different specialist who deals only with the throat and ear and does not treat nose diseases. A name that is too long is simply not very convenient for pronunciation, so it is often shortened, calling the doctor an otolaryngologist.

There is an even shorter version of the name of the specialty - ENT doctor. Such an abbreviation is obtained from the first letters of the name of the main organs in which this specialist is engaged ( L - laryngs, O - otos, R - rino) and is the most convenient option of all the names of this profession, since not a single word falls out and is pronounced easily. True, in this case too, confusion is created for a person who hears about such a doctor for the first time, because it is not clear what kind of “ENT” organ it is. Deciphering this abbreviation, people gave another name to this specialist - "ear-nose-throat".

Among otolaryngologists, there are the following narrow specialists:

pediatric ENT doctor- treats diseases of the ENT organs in children;
ENT surgeon- deals with problems of the ear, throat and nose that require surgical intervention, and also performs plastic surgery ( ENT plastic surgeon);
ENT allergist- treats allergic diseases of the upper respiratory tract;
ENT oncologist- deals with the treatment of tumors of the nose, ear, throat, larynx and trachea;
otoneurologist- a physician who treats neurological disorders associated with speech, swallowing, smelling and maintaining body balance ( vestibular apparatus inner ear);
vestibulologist- an otolaryngologist who deals with diseases of the vestibular apparatus, that is, balance disorders ( dizziness) or coordination of movements, both associated with the inner ear and with diseases of the central nervous system ( that is, this doctor is also a neurologist);
ENT audiologist- a doctor who specializes in the treatment of hearing problems;
ENT phoniatrist- deals with the treatment of problems with speech and voice.

What does an otorhinolaryngologist do?

Otorhinolaryngologist ( ENT doctor) is engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, throat and nose. It is not by chance that these three organs are united into one specialty. The ear, throat and nose are a single system that ensures a person's contact with the outside world through speech, hearing and smell. Every person who has had a runny nose at least once in his life can be convinced of this, if he remembers that at the same time he not only did not smell, but also did not hear well, temporarily did not distinguish tastes or lost his voice.

Organs treated by an otolaryngologist

Organ	What departments does it include?	What functions does it perform?
*Outer ear*	Auricle- cartilaginous formation covered with skin; external auditory canal- a funnel-shaped canal that ends at the tympanic membrane.	conduction of sound- the sound, passing through the ear canal, is amplified; middle ear protection- carried out due to the production of earwax.
*Middle ear*	eardrum- the border between the outer and middle ear; tympanic cavity- the section between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear; auditory ossicles- are set in motion by vibrations of the tympanic membrane; Eustachian tube- the auditory canal, which connects the nasopharynx and the tympanic cavity; mastoid- part of the temporal bone.	sound conduction - transmission of sound waves to the fluid of the cochlea of the inner ear ( endolymph); ventilation of the tympanic cavity- carried out through the Eustachian tube.
*Inner ear* *(maze)*	snail - bone formation in the form of a spiral; three semicircular tubules - part of the bone labyrinth; *vestibule ( vestibulum)* - located between the cochlea and the semicircular canals.	hearing organ function- transformation of sounds into a nerve impulse in the cochlea; *function of the vestibular apparatus ( organ of balance)* - carried out by the vestibule and semicircular canals, due to the presence of sensitive receptors in them, which capture the movement of the endolymph when the position of the body changes.
*Pharynx* *(pharynx)*	nasopharynx- located behind the nasal cavity; oropharynx- is behind oral cavity; hypopharynx- located between the oropharynx and larynx.	breathing - the pharynx is part of the upper respiratory tract; swallowing - the pharynx is involved in the movement of food from the oral cavity into the esophagus; protective function - in the pharynx are located adenoids and palatine tonsils, which are immune organs.
*Larynx* *(larynx)*	the threshold - the section between the pharynx and the glottis; glottis - located here vocal cords; underlay space - the cavity, which is located below the glottis and gradually passes into the trachea.	breath- the larynx belongs to the middle respiratory tract; voice education- on exhalation, vibrations of the vocal cords form sound waves; protective function- due to the presence of the epiglottis covering the larynx during swallowing, food does not enter the larynx, but passes into the esophagus.
*Trachea*	cervical spine - located below the larynx; thoracic region - located behind the sternum and ends with the left and right bronchus.	respiratory function - the trachea belongs to the middle airways.
*Nasal cavity*	nasal septum - it is a bone-cartilaginous formation that divides the nasal cavity into two halves; the nasal cavity itself - consists of three nasal passages, which are formed between the three turbinates ( bony outgrowths) and end with holes in the nasopharynx ( choanas).	respiratory - the nasal cavity belongs to the upper respiratory tract; olfactory - there is an olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity; protective - carried out by the retention of large particles on the mucous membrane, which are inhaled together with the air, and then removed during exhalation or sneezing.
*Paranasal sinuses* *(paranasal sinuses, sinuses)*	maxillary sinuses - located under the cheekbones on the sides of the nose; frontal sinuses - located above the eyebrows on the sides of the bridge of the nose; ethmoid sinuses - located at the upper inner edge of each eye; sphenoid sinuses - located at the lower inner edge of each eye.	protective - soften the force of impact in case of injury; resonator - participate in the formation of a timbre of a voice that is unique for each person.

The ENT doctor treats the following diseases:

rhinitis ( chronic, allergic, vasomotor);
sinus trauma;
violation of the sense of smell;
adenoids;
adenoiditis;
chronic tonsillitis ;
paratonsillitis;
laryngospasm;
tumors of the pharynx and larynx;
injury to the larynx and trachea;
otitis externa;
otogematoma;
otitis media;
eustachitis ( tubo-otitis);
mastoiditis;
hearing loss, deafness;
otosclerosis;
vestibular neuronitis;
ear tumors;
injuries, foreign bodies and burns to the nose, ear and upper respiratory tract.

Rhinitis

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the lining of the nasal cavity, which is what is commonly referred to as a runny nose.

There are the following forms of rhinitis:

infectious rhinitis- caused by bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms;
allergic rhinitis- develops when allergens get in ( foreign substances) on the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, reactivity ( sensitivity) which is sharply increased in relation to these allergens;
vasomotor ( neurovegetative) rhinitis- arises from an incorrect, too violent reaction of the vessels to the effects of such external stimuli as cold air and a pungent odor;
acute rhinitis- This is rhinitis with a sudden onset and violent course, which lasts from several hours to 1 - 2 weeks;
chronic hypertrophic rhinitis- a form of chronic rhinitis, in which there is a thickening of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity ( especially the turbinates) and / or proliferation of connective tissue in the submucosal layer;
chronic atrophic rhinitis- dystrophic changes in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity due to chronic rhinitis, while nasal discharge is not observed;
ozena ( fetid coryza) - atrophy ( destructive processes) of the mucous membrane, bone-cartilaginous tissues of the nose, while the nasal passages expand, and crusts form in the nasal cavity, from which a fetid odor emanates.

Depending on the cause, chronic rhinitis can be:

non-specific- have different reasons and the same manifestations;
specific- have a specific cause or pathogen and special manifestations ( tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, actinomycosis, syphilis and others).

Curvature of the nasal septum

Curvature of the nasal septum is a deformation of the bony and / or cartilaginous part of the septum, and the deformation is not always visible from the outside.

There are the following reasons for the curvature of the nasal septum:

uneven growth of the bones of the skull;
trauma ( broken nose);
displacement to the side under the influence of a tumor, an enlarged turbinate or a polyp.

Nosebleeds

The otorhinolaryngologist treats those cases of nosebleeds that are associated with diseases of the nose or paranasal sinuses, or if bleeding occurs when the capillaries of the nasal cavity are sensitive to high pressure ( arterial or atmospheric).

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is the general name for inflammatory processes in the paranasal sinuses ( sinuses). It is important to note that sinusitis most often occurs against the background of rhinitis, therefore rhinosinusitis is very often observed. Other causes of sinusitis include the penetration of infection through blood vessels ( observed in acute infectious diseases) or dental problems and dental surgeries.

Sinusitis includes:

sinusitis- inflammation of the maxillary or maxillary sinus;
ethmoiditis- ethmoid sinus inflammation;
frontal- Inflammation of the frontal sinus;
sphenoiditis- inflammation of the sphenoid sinus;
aerosinusitis- sinusitis, resulting from the impact of sharp fluctuations in atmospheric air on the paranasal sinuses.

Chronic inflammation is most often observed in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses.

Injuries to the paranasal sinuses

Injuries to the paranasal sinuses include bruises and wounds. Injuries to the bones in which the sinuses are located can have not only a cosmetic defect, but also be dangerous, due to the proximity to the brain.

Hematoma and abscess of the nasal septum

Hematoma of the nasal septum is an accumulation of blood in a liquid or coagulated form between the cartilage and the perichondrium ( with trauma of the cartilaginous septum) or between the bone and the periosteum ( with trauma to the bone part of the septum).

With suppuration of a hematoma, an abscess is formed - a cavity filled with pus.

Polyps in the nose and paranasal sinuses

Polyps in the nose are caused by overgrowth of the mucous membrane. Usually, several polyps form, which hang down into the nasal cavity. Many researchers believe that they are of inflammatory origin, which is why this condition is often called polyposis rhinitis or sinusitis ( most often polyps form in the maxillary sinus).

Especially dangerous is a bleeding polyp of the septum of the nose ( angiogranuloma), which have a wide leg, is formed in the anterior part of the nasal septum, rapidly increase in size and bleed easily.

Tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses are in second place in terms of prevalence among ENT organs ( the first place is occupied by tumors of the larynx).

Benign tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses include:

papillomas- warts, which are most often observed in people over 50 years old, some papillomas can develop into a malignant tumor;
adenoma- a tumor of glandular cells, which forms where the mucous membrane contains many glands, namely in the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and cells of the ethmoid labyrinth;
fibroma- a tumor of the nasal cavity, consisting of a connective ( cicatricial) fabrics;
vascular tumors- these are periodically bleeding tumors of the nasal cavity, which can grow and grow into the adjacent airways, ( have a tendency to malignant transformation);
osteomas- a bone tumor, which is more often formed in the frontal sinus, ethmoid bone and less often in the maxillary sinus;
chondromas- tumor of the cartilage tissue of the nasal septum;
mucocele Is a swelling of the paranasal sinuses filled with mucus ( mucus - mucus), which is formed when the excretory ducts of the sinuses of the nose are closed ( trauma, inflammation, polyps, swelling), while the cyst, increasing in size ( within 10 - 20 years), gradually stretches the bony walls of the sinuses and squeezes adjacent tissues ( eyeball);
piocele Is an inflamed mucocele.

Malignant tumors ( crayfish) most often affect the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity.

Smell impairment ( dysosmia)

The otorhinolaryngologist deals only with those causes of impaired smell that are associated with impaired nasal breathing.

Sense of smell is impaired:

sharp ( temporary) - occurs after a cold and lasts no more than 1 month;
chronic- lasts more than 6 months.

Adenoids

Adenoids are lymphoid tissue that contains sacs of lymphocytes. Adenoids are located in different parts of the nasopharynx, the largest adenoids are called tonsils. All adenoids together form an organ immune system, which actively works in children before the formation of their immunity, so the adenoids often increase in size, closing the airways.

Adenoiditis

Adenoiditis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil.

Pharyngitis

Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the entire pharynx ( pharyngs - throat).

Depending on the affected pharynx, the department distinguishes:

rhinopharyngitis ( nasopharyngitis) - inflammation of the nasopharynx;
oropharyngitis- inflammation of the oropharynx;
pharyngolaryngitis- inflammation of the laryngopharynx;
tonsillopharyngitis- inflammation of the pharynx and palatine tonsils.

Angina ( tonsillitis)

Angina ( from the Latin word ango - to squeeze, squeeze) Is a lesion of the palatine tonsils, which is of an infectious-allergic nature. That is, the disease is triggered by an infection and then maintained by the allergic process.

Angina is usually called an acute form of inflammation of the palatine tonsils with purulent discharge, and tonsillitis - chronic inflammation with mild symptoms.

Paratonsillitis

Paratonsillitis is an inflammation of the tissues that surround the tonsils, and an abscess is often formed ( paratonsillar abscess).

Laryngitis

Laryngitis is an inflammation of the lining of the larynx.

Laryngitis can take the following forms:

acute laryngitis- occurs against the background of a cold or acute upper respiratory tract infection;
chronic laryngitis- laryngitis lasting more than 3 weeks;
chronic catarrhal laryngitis- limited to inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa without any significant changes;
chronic edematous-polyposis laryngitis ( Reinecke's laryngitis, smokers' laryngitis) - occurs due to edema of Reinecke space ( between the vocal cord and the lining of the larynx);
chronic atrophic laryngitis- characterized by a gradual thinning of the mucous membrane and the formation of connective tissue at the site of the mucus-secreting glands;
chronic hypertrophic laryngitis- characterized by proliferation of the epithelium of the laryngeal mucosa ( hyperplasia);
reflux laryngitis- occurs when the contents of the stomach are frequently thrown through the esophagus into the larynx.

Croup

Groats ( from english word croup - croak) Is an inflammation of the larynx, which is manifested by three characteristic symptoms - a hoarse voice, a "barking" cough and shortness of breath. Croup is observed in children with diphtheria ( true croup) and with laryngitis ( false croup).

Laryngospasm

Laryngospasm is a sudden and pronounced narrowing of the glottis due to convulsive contraction of the muscles in the larynx. Usually occurs in children, due to frequent hypovitaminosis and vitamin deficiency ( especially vitamin D) and lack of trace elements ( especially calcium).

Quincke's edema

Quincke's edema is an allergic reaction in the form of laryngeal edema that occurs in response to allergens such as food, medicine, flowers, wool, or insect bites. It develops very quickly, causing respiratory failure ( suffocation).

Snore

Snoring is a common reason for visiting an otolaryngologist, but not all causes of snoring are treated by an ENT doctor. For example, sleep apnea syndrome ( stopping breathing during sleep) is within the competence of the somnologist ( sleep disorders specialist), and disease lower jaw- in the competence of the dentist.

Tracheitis

Tracheitis is an inflammation of the lining of the trachea. Diseases of the trachea can be treated by both an otolaryngologist and a therapist, depending on what concomitant diseases the patient has. If the upper respiratory tract is more affected ( nose, pharynx) and the larynx, then the ENT doctor deals with tracheitis, and if the bronchi and lungs are affected, the therapist.

Tumors of the pharynx and larynx

Tumors of the pharynx and larynx can be benign or cancerous. Also, tumor-like formations occupy a special place.

Benign tumors of the pharynx and larynx include:

juvenile angiofibroma- This is a formation of the nasopharynx, which grows towards the nasal cavity, usually observed in boys during puberty;
laryngeal papillomatosis- a benign tumor that develops under the influence of the human papillomavirus against a background of reduced immunity;
angioma Is a vascular tumor in the cavity of the nasopharynx or larynx.

Laryngeal tumors include:

singing nodules ( vocal cord nodules) - observed in persons whose profession is associated with a constant load on the vocal cords, this condition is considered a form of chronic laryngitis ( many authors consider any chronic laryngitis as a precancerous disease);
laryngeal polyp- It is also considered a form of chronic laryngitis, although in some cases polyps arise from a genetic predisposition;
laryngeal cysts- occur more often in the epiglottis region due to blockage of the excretory duct of the mucous membrane gland;
laryngocele- protrusion of the larynx, which is called the ventricle, due to chronic increase intralaryngeal pressure ( cough, infection, tumor, injury).

Malignant tumors include laryngeal cancer and carcinoma.

Voice and speech disorders

Voice disorders are dealt with by an ENT doctor, namely a phoniatrist, since the causes of voice changes are usually associated with the larynx apparatus and vocal cords.

If the speech disorder is associated with diseases of the brain, due to which the regulation of the neuromuscular apparatus of the speech organs is impaired, then the otolaryngologist refers the patient to a neurologist.

The speech therapist ( is not a doctor, has a pedagogical education).

Voice disorders treated by an otorhinolaryngologist include:

dysphonia- a change in the timbre of the voice, its height and strength, which is manifested by nasalness, hoarseness or hoarseness;
aphonia- it complete absence voices, a person can only speak in a whisper;
phonasthenia- rapid weakening of the voice with overexertion of the vocal cords ( "Fatigue" of the ligaments);
disorders of the voice during operations- Often, after surgery on the larynx, a person can damage the recurrent nerve, which causes paralysis of the vocal cords on one or both sides.

Larynx and trachea injuries

Laryngeal injuries include bruises, bone and cartilage fractures, burns, and wounds.
With tracheal injuries, subcutaneous emphysema of the neck is observed, that is, the accumulation of air under the skin. Although injuries are classified as surgical diseases, the symptoms of damage to the larynx and trachea can first lead the patient to an otorhinolaryngologist.

Otitis externa

Otitis externa Is an inflammation of the outer ear that occurs on the skin auricle or outdoor ear canal.

Otitis externa can take the following forms:

limited otitis media- a furuncle of the external auditory canal, which is a purulent inflammation hair follicle (follicle) and sebaceous gland;
diffuse otitis externa- inflammation of the skin, bone and subcutaneous layer, often passing to the eardrum.

Simply put, otitis externa is dermatitis ( skin diseases) of the outer ear, which can be complicated by the defeat of its deep parts.

Among the specific lesions of the outer ear, the most common are:

otomycosis ( fungal disease);
syphilis;
tuberculosis.

Chondroperichondritis of the auricle

Chondroperichondritis of the auricle is a limited lesion of the cartilage and perichondrium of the auricle, and the earlobe is not affected.

Otohematoma

Otohematoma is an accumulation of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium, or between the perichondrium and the skin of the auricle, which occurs as a result of trauma to the auricle.

Sulfur plug

Sulfur plug is an accumulation of earwax in the external auditory canal, which occurs with increased production of viscous earwax or with a narrow and winding external auditory canal. Sulfur plug can partially or completely cover the ear canal.

Otitis media

Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear. Most doctors understand otitis media as inflammation of the tympanic cavity, but the middle ear also includes the Eustachian tube, the mastoid cavity and the tympanic membrane.

There are the following forms of otitis media:

acute otitis media- lasts up to 3 weeks;
chronic otitis media- lasts more than 8 weeks;
exudative otitis media ( serous or non-suppurative otitis media) - fluid in the tympanic cavity;
purulent otitis media- pus in the tympanic cavity;
adhesive otitis media- adhesions in the tympanic cavity;
aerotitis- a state of congestion in the ears when flying in airplanes, which occurs when the function of the Eustachian tube is impaired.

Eustachite ( tubo-otitis)

Eustachite ( synonyms - tubo-otitis, eustachian tube dysfunction) Is an inflammation of the auditory or Eustachian tube, the function of which is to ventilate the tympanic cavity. Refers to otitis media.

Mastoiditis

Mastoiditis is an inflammation of the mastoid process that is commonly seen in children. Also applies to otitis media.

Mastoiditis can be:

primary- due to injury of the mastoid process of the temporal bone;
secondary- is a complication of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media.

Labyrinthitis ( internal otitis media)

Labyrinthitis is an inflammation of the inner ear. Because of its complex structure, this part of the ear is called a labyrinth. Most often, labyrinthitis occurs as a complication of otitis media. Less often ( mostly in children) internal otitis media develops due to infection of the meninges ( meningitis).

Hearing loss and deafness

Hearing loss is a hearing impairment that can be expressed in varying degrees.

Deafness is a severe degree of hearing loss, that is, almost complete hearing loss, while a person cannot perceive someone else's speech.

Hearing impairment can be caused by:

violation of the conduction of sounds from the outer ear through the middle ear to the cochlea of the inner ear ( conductive hearing loss);
impaired conversion of sounds into a nerve impulse in the cochlea itself or impaired conduction of impulses along the auditory nerve ( sensorineural or sensorineural hearing loss).

Meniere's disease

Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear in which the function of the vestibular apparatus is impaired due to increased pressure in the ear labyrinth.

Otosclerosis

Otosclerosis is a lesion of the bony part of the ear labyrinth, in which there is an overgrowth bone tissue and the mobility of the auditory ossicles decreases, which leads to a violation of the transmission of sound vibrations to the inner ear.

Motion sickness syndrome ( motion sickness, kinetosis)

The motion sickness syndrome is observed when traveling by water transport, flying an airplane, driving in a car, that is, in those cases when a person moves in an unnatural way for him. In such situations, the movement of fluid in the inner ear does not lend itself well to the law of gravity and the vestibular apparatus “fails”.

Vestibular neuronitis ( neuritis)

Vestibular neuronitis is an inflammation of the vestibular cochlear ( vestibular) a nerve or its branches. The disease is caused by the herpes virus ( herpes simplex virus or shingles), especially against the background of lowered immunity, therefore it is often observed after acute respiratory infections ( ARVI).

Benign positional vertigo

Benign positional vertigo Is a disease of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, which is manifested by short bouts of dizziness that appear only with certain movements of the head.

Ear tumors

Ear tumors are generally benign. In addition to tumors, so-called tumor-like formations are observed, resembling a tumor in appearance, and growths in structure.

Tumor-like formations of the outer ear include:

exostoses- bone growths that form most often in people who like to swim in cold water ( swimmer's ear);
gouty tophus- painful formations in the form of tubercles, which are located along the edges of the auricle;
Darwin's tubercle - a benign nodule located at the apex ( considered atavism);
earlobe keloid - excessive growth of scar tissue in the form of nodules on both sides of the earlobe, arises from microtrauma.

Tumors of the external auditory canal include:

angiomas- these are benign vascular tumors from small capillaries, prone to bleeding;
fibroma of the lobe- a benign tumor usually forms at the puncture sites for earrings;
osteoma- tumor of the bone part of the external auditory canal;
auricular cyst- most often occurs after frostbite of the auricle due to a violation of the blood supply to the cartilage;
malignant tumors- cancer, sarcoma and melanoma.

Among tumors of the middle ear, the most common:

glomus tumor- a benign tumor that forms from paraganglia ( hormonal nerve cells);
cholesteatoma- most often occurs with chronic purulent otitis media when there is a marginal rupture of the tympanic membrane, through which the epithelial cells of the external auditory canal grow into the tympanic cavity;
osteoma- Bone tumor of the mastoid process;
malignant tumors- middle ear cancer.

Tumors of the inner ear include acoustic neuroma - a tumor of the auditory nerve ( vestibular cochlear nerve).

Foreign bodies of the nose, ear, larynx and trachea

Nasal foreign bodies are most often found in children who like to stick various small objects into their nose. Sometimes the foreign body is represented by an ingrown tooth upper jaw, which, gradually becoming covered with calcium salts, turns into a nasal stone.

Children also like to swallow small objects, while they may not get into the esophagus, as "planned", but into the larynx, getting stuck there and causing the child to have a sharp attack of suffocation ( laryngeal stenosis). You can accidentally swallow such a "flying object" as an insect if you do not close your mouth while yawning.

As for the ear, a cotton swab most often appears as a foreign body, which came off the stick during cleaning the ears. At the same time, living creatures - flying or crawling insects - can also enter the external auditory canal.

What are the symptoms of referring to an ENT doctor?

The symptoms of diseases of the ENT organs are usually felt where they occur, that is, in the nose, ear, throat. However, there are times when a person gets used to his symptom, ( for example, difficulty in nasal breathing) or considers it to be a purely external defect ( curvature of the nasal septum). In such cases, due to the constant oxygen starvation of the body, another organ begins to "ache" in a person, and he turns to other specialists ( cardiologists, neurologists, pulmonologists) for dizziness, arrhythmias and other symptoms.

Often, patients turn to an otolaryngologist for a "sore throat", that is, a condition when there is a sore throat when swallowing or during a conversation. However, "sore throat" is not a medical term, such a disease does not exist. The throat is not an organ, but the part of the neck between the hyoid bone and the sternum, where the two organs that the otorhinolaryngologist deals with are the pharynx and larynx.

Symptoms to contact an otolaryngologist

Symptom	Mechanism of occurrence	What research is done to identify the cause?	What diseases does it indicate?
*Difficulty nasal breathing or nasal congestion*	- edema of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, due to which there is a narrowing of the nasal passage; The presence of a foreign body; Overgrowth of the mucous membrane, which prevents the passage of air through the nasal passage; Displacement of the nasal septum to one side closes one of the nasal passages; Long-term or constant use of vasoconstrictor drops, after the cessation of the action of which the opposite effect occurs, that is, nasal congestion.	examination of the external nose; rhinoscopy; diaphanoscopy; study of the respiratory and olfactory functions of the nose; endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx; Ultrasound ( echosinusoscopy); X-ray of the nose and paranasal sinuses; MRI ( ) or CT ( CT scan) ; sinus puncture ( maxillary and frontal); analysis of the microflora of the nose; serological blood test; histological examination; analysis for antibodies; skin allergy tests.	infectious rhinitis; sinusitis; adenoids; adenoiditis; polyps; tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses; mucocele; hematoma or abscess of the nasal septum.
*Sneezing*	- a reflex act that occurs when the nerve endings of the mucous membrane are irritated in order to remove harmful substances from the nasal cavity.		infectious rhinitis; allergic rhinitis.
*Pain or sore nose*	- subjective feeling of inflammation and swelling of the upper respiratory tract.		infectious rhinitis; sinusitis ( ethmoiditis); polyps and tumors of the nasal cavity.
*Facial pain* *(forehead, cheekbones, temple, eye)*	- filling the paranasal sinuses with fluid ( especially purulent) violates their airiness and causes painful sensations.	examination of the external nose; rhinoscopy; diaphanoscopy; X-ray contrast examination of the sinuses; sinus puncture ( maxillary and frontal); Ultrasound ( echosinusoscopy); blood test; analysis for microflora.	sinusitis ( sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, ethmoiditis, sphenoiditis); mucocele ( piocele); trauma to the bones of the skull;
*Headache, feeling of heaviness in the head*	- the edematous mucous membrane of the nose and paranasal sinuses compresses the lymph gaps and disrupts the outflow of lymph from the skull; Lack of nasal breathing disrupts the movement of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain; General intoxication of the body at high temperatures is manifested by a headache.	external examination; rhinoscopy; pharyngoscopy; endoscopy of the nose and throat; active anterior rhinomanometry; X-ray or CT scan of the paranasal sinuses; X-ray contrast examination of the sinuses; sinus puncture ( maxillary and frontal); blood test; analysis for flora from the nose and throat.	rhinitis; sinusitis; curvature of the nasal septum; angina.
*Nasal discharge*	*- slime ( colorless discharge)* observed in case of allergic reactions in the mucous membrane, in violation of the reaction to external stimuli ( contraction and relaxation of blood vessels) or with a viral infection; *- pus ( yellow-green discharge)* excreted in the presence of a bacterial infection; - colorless liquid- with injuries to the skull and dura mater, there may be a release of cerebrospinal fluid from the nose.	rhinoscopy; study of the respiratory and olfactory function of the nose; endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx; diaphanoscopy; X-ray or CT scan of the paranasal sinuses; Ultrasound ( echosinusoscopy); sinus puncture ( maxillary and frontal); blood test; nasal swab for microflora; histological examination.	infectious rhinitis; allergic rhinitis; vasomotor rhinitis; chronic hypertrophic rhinitis; sinusitis; sinus trauma; tumors.
*Dry nose*	- a decrease in the number or complete destruction of the glands of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, which secrete mucus.	rhinoscopy; study of the respiratory and olfactory function of the nose; endoscopy of the nose.	ozena.
*Bleeding from the nose*	- local reasons- damage to the vessels of the nasal cavity or increased permeability of the vascular wall; - common reasons- the disease affects all vessels of the body ( congenital or acquired) or disrupts the process of stopping bleeding; - external physical causes- change in atmospheric pressure, physical stress, overheating.	rhinoscopy; endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx; X-ray, CT and MRI of the nose and paranasal sinuses; histological examination; general blood analysis.	chronic atrophic rhinitis; ozena; curvature of the nasal septum; polyps of the septum of the nose; sinus trauma; tumors and foreign bodies of the nasal cavity or sinuses.
*Decreased sense of smell*	- a violation of the delivery of odorous substances to the olfactory center due to a violation of nasal breathing and blockage of the olfactory gap; Damage to the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity; Congenital maldevelopment of the olfactory bulb ( olfactory analyzer part); Damage to the centers of smell.	rhinoscopy; study of the respiratory and olfactory function of the nose; endoscopy of the nasal cavity; radiography; general blood analysis; X-ray and CT of the nose and paranasal sinuses; Ultrasound ( echosinusoscopy); histological examination; active anterior rhinomanometry; puncture of the paranasal sinuses.	chronic rhinitis ( ); ozena; sinusitis ( ethmoiditis); curvature of the nasal septum; polyps of the nasal cavity; tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
*Feeling unpleasant odor* *(stench)*	- destruction of the nasal mucosa, turbinates, cartilage and bones of the nose, while crusts are formed that emit bad smell (usually felt only by the patient).	rhinoscopy; endoscopy of the nose; study of the respiratory and olfactory function of the nose.	ozena.
*Sore or sore throat* *(especially when swallowing)*	- when passing food or swallowing movements, irritation or compression of the inflamed mucous membrane of the pharynx increases.	external examination; pharyngoscopy; endoscopy of the nasopharynx; laryngoscopy; Larynx ultrasound; CT and MRI; general blood analysis; rapid test for streptococcus; serological blood test; histological analysis.	pharyngitis; laryngitis; angina ( tonsillitis); paratonsillar abscess; swelling and injury of the larynx;
*Cough*	- irritation of the nerve endings of the inflamed mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract; Irritation of the nerve endings of the vagus nerve, the branches of which are in the area of the external auditory canal.	external examination; pharyngoscopy; laryngoscopy; Larynx ultrasound; radiography; CT and MRI of soft tissues of the neck; general blood analysis; otoscopy; smear on microflora from pharynx and larynx ( sputum); histological examination; a blood test for antibodies; skin allergy tests; serological blood test.	laryngitis; croup; adenoiditis; tracheitis; laryngeal tumors; injury to the larynx and trachea; foreign bodies of the larynx, trachea and ear; sulfur plug.
*Difficulty breathing through the mouth / choking*	- a sharp edema of the larynx in the region of the vestibule of the larynx ( above the glottis) in adults or subglottic space ( below the glottis) in children, the lumen of the larynx narrows, disrupting breathing; Mechanical narrowing of the larynx by a foreign body, tumor.	laryngoscopy; endoscopy of the nasopharynx; radiography; Larynx ultrasound; CT and MRI of soft tissues of the neck; skin allergy tests; smear on microflora ( or taking sputum); serological blood test.	laryngitis; croup; Quincke's edema; laryngeal injury; foreign bodies of the larynx and trachea.
*Bad breath*	- the presence of a purulent process and destroyed tissues in the mucous membrane causes bad breath.	pharyngoscopy; endoscopy of the nasopharynx; laryngoscopy; throat swab for microflora.	pharyngitis; laryngitis; tonsillitis; tracheitis.
*Hoarseness / change in tone or loss of voice*	- inflammatory or allergic edema in the larynx, which disrupts the function of the vocal cords; The formation of nodules, papillomas or tumors on the ligaments; Paralysis of the muscles in the larynx or damage or compression of nerves ( recurrent nerve).	laryngoscopy; stroboscopy; Larynx ultrasound; CT and MRI of the soft tissues of the neck.	laryngitis ( acute and chronic); croup; injury to the larynx and trachea; foreign bodies of the larynx and trachea.
*Vileness*	- violation of nasal breathing changes the acoustic features of the timbre of the voice, since the sound does not penetrate into the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.	rhinoscopy; pharyngoscopy; endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx; X-ray of the nose and paranasal sinuses; CT and MRI.	chronic hypertrophic rhinitis; sinusitis; curvature of the nasal septum; adenoids; adenoiditis; polyps; tumors of the nasopharynx and nose.
*Snore*	- noisy breathing during sleep occurs when the muscles of the airways relax or their pronounced narrowing, while the walls of the pharynx vibrate or beat against each other, which causes an intermittent sound when snoring.	rhinoscopy; pharyngoscopy; laryngoscopy; endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx; active anterior rhinomanometry; CT and MRI; general blood analysis.	curvature of the nasal septum; adenoids; chronic hypertrophic rhinitis; polyps in the nose; tumors of the nasal cavity; sinusitis; chronic tonsillitis; laryngitis; adenoids.
*Ear pain or itching*	- irritation of the nerve endings of various parts of the ear; Reflection of pain along the nerves in diseases of neighboring organs.	external examination of the ear; otoscopy; X-ray of the temporal bones; CT and MRI; blowing out the auditory tubes; pharyngoscopy; laryngoscopy; a smear on the microflora from the ear; serological blood test; histological blood test.	otitis externa; chondroperichondritis of the auricle; otogematoma; tumors and tumor-like formations of the outer ear; tumors of the middle ear ( cholesteatoma); acute otitis media; purulent otitis media ( acute or chronic); laryngitis; pharyngitis.
*Hearing impairment / tinnitus*	- with the accumulation of pus or earwax in the external auditory canal, a narrowing or complete closure of its lumen is observed in large quantities; Disruption of the passage of air through the Eustachian tube interferes with the ability of the tympanic membrane to transmit sound waves to the inner ear; The formation of adhesions between the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity and the tympanic membrane disrupt the sound-conducting function of the latter; Violation of the conversion of sound into a nerve impulse in the inner ear.	external examination; otoscopy; study of the patency of the auditory tubes; blowing out the auditory tubes; radiography; CT and MRI; audiometry; tympanometry ( impedance measurement); research with tuning forks; vestibular tests; general blood analysis; rhinoscopy; endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx; analysis for antibodies.	sulfur plug; otitis externa ( ); tumors of the outer, middle and inner ear; foreign body in the external auditory canal; otitis media; eustachitis; labyrinthitis; Meniere's disease; senile hearing loss; injuries to the temporal bone and tympanic membrane; curvature of the nasal septum; adenoids.
*Congestion in the ear*	- violation of "conditioning" ( ventilation) the middle ear through the auditory tube due to partial or complete closure of its lumen leads to retraction or protrusion of the eardrum, which causes a feeling of congestion; Increase or decrease in atmospheric or water pressure ( when flying in an airplane or diving into water) increases the load on the eustachian tube and eardrum.	external examination; otoscopy; study of the patency of the auditory tubes; blowing out the auditory tubes; radiography; CT and MRI; audiometry; tympanometry ( impedance measurement); research with tuning forks; otoneurological examination; vestibular tests; general blood analysis; a smear on the microflora from the ear and throat; rhinoscopy; endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx; analysis for antibodies.	curvature of the nasal septum; chronic rhinitis; chronic sinusitis; adenoids; polyps; pharyngitis; sulfur plug; otitis externa ( otitis media); eustachitis ( tubo-otitis); otitis media; eustachitis; foreign body in the ear.
*Audibility of your own voice in the ear*	- when closing the lumen of the external auditory canal or auditory tube ( eustachian) there is a change in the resonance features of the formation of sound.		sulfur plug; otitis externa ( otitis media); eustachitis ( tubo-otitis); otitis media.
*Discharge of their ear*	*- purulent ( yellow-green) selection* may be the result of inflammation in the external auditory canal or middle ear ( after a ruptured eardrum, pus may flow out); - bloody issues - occur in the event of injury or destruction of tissues by a malignant tumor; - colorless discharge- can occur against the background of injuries and represent cerebrospinal fluid.	external examination; otoscopy; study of the patency of the auditory tubes; blowing out the auditory tubes; radiography; CT and MRI; otoneurological examination; general blood analysis; a smear on the microflora from the ear; serological blood test; a blood test for antibodies; histological analysis.	otitis externa ( ear canal otitis media); tumors of the middle ear ( cholesteatoma); otitis media.
*Dizziness*	- during the movement of the head, movement occurs ( pouring) into the posterior semicircular canal of severed ear stones ( otoliths) the inner ear, to which are attached receptors sensitive to changes in body position; Inflammation of the vestibular nerve leads to the death of nerve fibers and impaired conduction of impulses from the vestibular apparatus; An increase in the amount of endolymph in the labyrinth of the inner ear leads to dropsy and increases the pressure in the labyrinth, disrupting the functions of the vestibular apparatus.	otoneurological examination; otoscopy; vestibular tests; stabilography; electronystagmography; videonystagmography; CT and MRI; general blood analysis; serological blood test; a smear on the microflora from the ear.	labyrinthitis; sulfur plug; otitis media; Meniere's disease; benign positional vertigo; vestibular neuronitis; Meniere's disease; motion sickness syndrome; inner ear tumors ( acoustic neuroma).
*Nausea*	- the vestibular apparatus has a connection with the oculomotor nerves, autonomic nervous system and motor nerves of the limbs, therefore, if its function is impaired, rapid eye movements occur, gait and coordination of movements are impaired, sweating, nausea and vomiting appear.
*Self-voluntary rhythmic movements eyeballs*
*Impaired coordination of movements*

What kind of research does an otolaryngologist do?

An appointment with an otolaryngologist begins with clarifying the patient's complaints, after which the doctor begins to look for the cause of the complaints. First of all, the ENT doctor must exclude easily removable causes, for example, toxic effects drugs... Hearing impairment may be associated with the use of certain antibiotics ( gentamicin, amikacin) or diuretics ( furosemide), and nasal congestion - with constant instillation of vasoconstrictor nasal drops.

After clarifying the complaints, the doctor proceeds to an examination, on the basis of which he decides which studies to appoint to find out the cause of the symptoms that have arisen.

Research conducted by an ENT doctor

Study	What diseases does it detect?	How is it done?
Examination of the nose and paranasal sinuses
*Examination of the external nose*	curvature of the nasal septum; adenoids; injuries and tumors of the facial bones;	During the examination of the nose, he touches the skin of the nose, its septum and the facial bones of the skull, and also examines the vestibule of the nose. Sometimes the diagnosis is indicated by the patient's open mouth and the nasal tone that occurs when talking.
*Rhinoscopy*	rhinitis; polyps of the nose; curvature of the nasal septum; adenoids; tumors of the nasal cavity.	Rhinoscopy ( examination of the nasal cavity) is front and back. Anterior rhinoscopy is performed using a nasal speculum that extends the nostril to view the anterior part of the nasal cavity. Posterior rhinoscopy is performed using a nasopharyngeal speculum and a spatula. The tongue is held with a spatula, and the mirror is inserted to the back of the pharynx, after which with the help of a frontal reflector ( mirrors) or other lighting device that the doctor attaches to the forehead, light is applied to the mirror.
*Diaphanoscopy*	sinusitis; paranasal sinus tumors.	Diaphanoscopy ( transillumination) paranasal sinuses are carried out in a dark room. The light source can be brought to the frontal sinus from the outside ( from under the orbit of the eye) or insert it into the mouth or nose using a special instrument.
*Study of the respiratory function of the nose*	deformation of the septum; foreign body; chronic rhinitis; chronic sinusitis; hematoma or abscess of the nasal septum; polyps and other tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx; adenoids.	To check if air passes through the nasal passages, use ordinary cotton wool, a piece of which is supplied to each nasal passage in turn ( while closing the second) and observe the movement of cotton wool ( when inhaling and exhaling air through the nostril, the cotton wool should move). A mirror or metal object is also used, which fogs up if air is freely exhaled through the nostril.
*Active anterior rhinomanometry*	rhinitis ( chronic, vasomotor, allergic); adenoids; snore; tonsillitis; curvature of the nasal septum.	The study is carried out while sitting. The patient closes one nostril with a special tip ( adapter), puts on a mask ( a transparent mask similar to the one used to supply oxygen) and breathes through the second open nostril. The device to which the mask is connected registers the air pressure during breathing. The same is done with the second nostril. Rhinomanometry records in the form of a graph the amount of air that passed through each nostril during the study. The method does not reveal a specific disease, but fixes a violation of nasal breathing.
*Studies of the olfactory function of the nose*	chronic rhinitis; ozena.	The study is carried out using standard solutions with varying degrees of odor intensity. Sensitivity to a weak odor is determined with a 0.5% solution of acetic acid, to a medium odor - with pure wine alcohol, to a strong odor - with valerian tincture, and to a very strong one - with ammonia.
*X-ray*	sinusitis; trauma and foreign bodies; curvature of the nasal septum; adenoiditis; hematoma and abscess of the nasal septum.	X-rays are taken in several projections, for which the patient may be asked to open his mouth or touch the machine with his chin, forehead, or the tip of the nose.
*CT scan* *(CT scan)* *and* *MRI* *(Magnetic resonance imaging)*	curvature of the nasal septum; sinusitis; tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses; hematoma and abscess of the nasal septum; sinus trauma.	During a CT scan, the patient lies on the diagnostic table, and the tomograph rotates around him, making layer-by-layer images. During MRI, the patient is also in a horizontal position, a special coil is put on the area under study and the diagnostic table is moved inside the tomograph.
*Puncture of the paranasal sinuses*	sinusitis; tumors of the paranasal sinuses.	The sinuses are punctured with a special needle. To puncture the maxillary sinus, the needle is inserted through the nasal passage, the frontal sinus is punctured with a special trephine ( bone drilling tool) at the point that is determined using X-ray.
*X-ray contrast examination of the sinuses*	sinusitis; paranasal sinus tumors; trauma to the paranasal sinuses.	Using a puncture or a YAMIK sinus catheter, up to 5 ml of contrast agent is injected into the paranasal sinus. Thereafter, a series of X-rays are taken for 10 minutes.
*Endoscopy of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx*	chronic rhinitis; sinusitis; tumors of the nose and nasopharynx; eustachitis; adenoids; adenoiditis; curvature of the nasal septum; polyps of the nasal cavity; hematoma and abscess of the nasal septum; foreign bodies.	Endoscopy of the nose and nasopharynx ( rhinopharyngoscopy) is carried out in the sitting position of the patient. Under local anesthesia, a thin metal tube ( endoscope) or flexible endoscope ( fiber endoscope) with a video camera and a light source at the end. The image is transferred to the monitor screen. During endoscopy, tissue harvesting instruments ( biopsies) or perform surgical operations. The ENT doctor may use a conventional endoscope ( without camcorder), but with an optical device, while the examination is carried out through the "peephole" on the side of the endoscope facing the doctor.
*Ultrasound* *(echosinusoscopy)*	sinusitis; foreign bodies and tumors of the paranasal sinuses.	An ultrasound probe is placed over the upper jaw and the paranasal sinuses are examined for fluid. Currently, a special echosinuscope is also used, which allows you to scan the frontal and maxillary sinuses and provide data in the form of a graph. The method is safe for children from 2 years of age.
Examination of the larynx, throat and trachea
*Inspection*	croup; disorders of the voice; laryngeal injury; laryngeal tumors ( laryngocele); laryngitis.	The doctor probes the submandibular lymph nodes, cartilage of the larynx and neck, determining the soreness, mobility of the larynx when swallowing. Examination often reveals symptoms characteristic of certain conditions, for example, an open mouth, noisy breathing, and a cough. In addition, the doctor may hear bad breath, which can mean a purulent process in the pharynx or larynx.
*Pharyngoscopy*	pharyngitis; adenoids; adenoiditis; tumors of the pharynx; angina; chronic tonsillitis; paratonsillar abscess.	The patient is asked to open his mouth and a spatula is inserted into the oral cavity, with which the anterior part of the tongue is pressed, and a speculum for examining the nasopharynx and tonsils. If a person has a pronounced pharyngeal reflex ( vomiting or coughing when pressing on the back of the throat) then the doctor conducts the study under local anesthesia.
*Indirect laryngoscopy* *(mirror)*	pharyngitis; laryngitis; croup; Quincke's edema; laryngospasm; injury to the larynx and trachea; tumors and tumor-like formations of the pharynx and larynx; foreign bodies of the larynx and trachea.	Indirect laryngoscopy is an examination of the larynx with a light and a mirror inserted through the mouth. This method is used during preventive examinations, since not much information can be obtained with its help.
*Direct laryngoscopy* *(fibrolaryngoscopy, endoscopic laryngoscopy)*		The study can be carried out using a solid ( rigid) or flexible laryngoscope. A solid laryngoscope is a metal tube with a light source. It is introduced into the larynx through the mouth, with the patient throwing his head back. The procedure is carried out under general anesthesia... The flexible laryngoscope can be inserted through the mouth or nose. To suppress the pharyngeal reflex, the pharyngeal mucosa is irrigated with an anesthetic. The doctor examines the larynx through an optical "peephole". Some laryngoscopes have video cameras at the end that send images to a monitor screen.
*Microlaryngoscopy*		The examination is carried out using a special operating microscope after direct laryngoscopy with a rigid laryngoscope under anesthesia. This method also allows for surgical operations.
*Stroboscopy*	laryngitis; tumor-like formations on the vocal cords; damage to the larynx; laryngeal tumors.	Stroboscopy allows you to observe the movement of the vocal cords. The study resembles fibrolaryngoscopy, with the difference that the vocal cords are illuminated with intermittent light, and the frequency of the light vibrations and the vibrations of the vocal cords should not coincide. It is at different frequencies of oscillations of light and vocal cords that the movement of the latter can be seen, which cannot be seen with conventional laryngoscopy ( the brain perceives fast movements as a still picture).
*Ultrasound*	foreign body of the larynx; laryngeal injury; tumors and tumor-like formations of the larynx; paratonsillitis; laryngitis; tracheitis.	An ultrasound probe is placed over the anterior region of the neck and examines the larynx and cervical trachea. Ultrasound beams are reflected from organs to varying degrees, which makes it possible to identify many pathological conditions.
*CT and MRI* *(with contrast)*	adenoids; tumors of the larynx and pharynx; pharyngitis; laryngitis; injuries and foreign bodies of the pharynx and larynx; laryngeal edema; paratonsillitis.	Since the larynx and pharynx are organs of the neck, MRI and CT of the soft tissues of the neck are used to examine them. Enhancing the contrast of tissues with gadolinium ( on MRI) or solutions based on iodine ( CT scan) is used if it is necessary to establish the presence of a tumor and its extent.
*X-ray*	trauma, foreign bodies of the larynx and pharynx; laryngeal tumors.	X-rays of the larynx and pharynx are performed in lateral projection, that is, the patient stands to the side of the scanner or lies on his side.
Ear examination
*External examination*	otitis externa; otogematoma; chondroperichondritis of the auricle; auricular cyst; fibroma of the lobe; angioma; gouty tophus; Darwin's tubercles; keloids on the earlobe; mastoiditis.	An external examination of the auricle reveals its changes and soreness, as well as an increase in local lymph nodes.
*Otoscopy*	tumors of the external auditory canal; sulfur plug; otosclerosis; otitis media.	To study the middle ear and the external auditory canal, two methods can be used - classical and modern. The classical method involves the use of a funnel, which is inserted into the ear canal and a frontal reflector, with which the doctor directs the beam reflected from the light source into the funnel. To facilitate the doctor's work, otoscopes were created, which are equipped with an optical and lighting system ( a frontal reflector is not needed). Operating microscopes or video endoscopes are also used to look at the tympanic membrane.
*Study of the patency of the auditory tubes* *(functional tests)*	eustachitis ( tubo-otitis); otitis media; otosclerosis.	Tests allow you to find out if the auditory tubes are patent. To do this, the doctor asks the patient to simply swallow, make a swallowing movement, holding his nose ( Toynbee's reception), close your mouth and nose and exhale with effort ( Valsalva test).
*Blowing out the auditory tubes with an ear balloon*	eustachitis ( tubo-otitis); otitis media; otosclerosis.	Usually used for negative functional tests. Ear balloon end ( pears) a catheter is inserted into the nostril or connected to the balloon, which is inserted through the nose into the ear canal. After that, the doctor one end of the otoscope ( special rubber hose) is inserted into the patient's ear and the other end into your ear. To check the patency of the Eustachian tube, the doctor begins to pump air into the nostril using an ear balloon ( pears), while the patient pronounces words.
*X-ray of the temporal bones*	mastoiditis; otosclerosis; trauma; tumors.	In an ear x-ray, the patient is asked to press their ear against the cassette while lying or sitting.
*CT and MRI*	acute and chronic otitis media; mastoiditis; otosclerosis; labyrinthitis; tumors of the middle ear ( cholesteatoma, osteoma); inner ear tumors ( glomus tumor, neurinoma of the vestibular cochlear nerve).	Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the ear are no different from conventional CT and MRI scans. Studies are also carried out with the patient lying on the diagnostic table.
*Audiometry* *(speech, tone, computer)*	otitis media; eustachitis; labyrinthitis; otosclerosis; Meniere's disease; senile hearing loss; sensorineural hearing loss.	Audiometry measures the patient's hearing acuity. An otolaryngologist can conduct audiometry, pronouncing the words either loudly or in a whisper, while being at different distances from the patient ( speech audiometry) or use instrumental methods, for example, tone audiometry, during which sounds are given to the patient through headphones, if he hears them, he presses a button. The most objective method is computer audiometry, the principle of which is based on the detection of reflexes that arise in a person when exposed to sound.
*Tympanometry* *(acoustic impedance measurement)*	exudative otitis media; adhesive otitis media; eustachitis; otosclerosis; sensorineural hearing loss; trauma and swelling of the inner ear.	Tympanometry allows you to assess the mobility of the tympanic membrane. For research, a probe with a tip is inserted into the external auditory canal, which must hermetically close the external auditory canal. After that, the device begins to send sound signals through the probe and register those signals that did not pass into the middle ear and returned to the probe. All these data are recorded on the device in the form of a graph. The doctor may ask the patient to conduct tests to determine the patency of the auditory tube.
*Research with tuning forks*		Tuning forks provides information on how well sound travels into the inner ear and how well it is perceived. For research, mainly two tuning forks ( high frequency and low frequency), which are alternately brought to the outer ear, then to the mastoid process and the crown. As a result, a patient's auditory passport is obtained.
*Otoneurological research*	labyrinthitis; purulent otitis media ( acute or chronic); Meniere's disease; benign positional vertigo; vestibular neuronitis; motion sickness syndrome;	Otoneurological research includes standard tests that are carried out in neurology. The main tests used by the otolaryngologist are aimed at assessing the function of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear ( visual tracking tests, gait study, finger-nose test and others). As a result, the so-called vestibular passport is filled in.
*Experimental vestibular tests*	labyrinthitis; purulent otitis media ( acute or chronic); Meniere's disease; vestibular neuronitis; benign positional vertigo; motion sickness syndrome; side effects medicines.	Rotational test carried out in the position of the patient sitting in a chair, which is rotated in the chair for 20 seconds, after which the patient opens his eyes and fixes his gaze on the doctor's finger or tries to straighten up. Caloric test carried out using hot and cold water or air, which are injected into the external auditory canal with a syringe. Pressor test It is performed using an ear balloon, the tube of which is inserted into the outer passage, then the bulb is squeezed and unclenched to compress or discharge air in the middle ear.
*Positional vestibular tests*	labyrinthitis; purulent otitis media ( acute or chronic); Meniere's disease; benign positional vertigo; side effects of drugs.	The purpose of these tests is to provoke dizziness or nystagmus in the patient. The most common test is the Dix-Hallpike test, during which the patient sits on the couch, the doctor turns the patient's head with his hands, then helps him to take a horizontal position, hanging his head from the couch.
*Stabilography* *(stabilometry)*	labyrinthitis; Meniere's disease; benign positional vertigo; purulent otitis media; motion sickness syndrome.	Stabilometry is an objective method for assessing balance. During the examination, the patient stands on a special platform, sensors are attached to different parts of the patient's body, which send signals to the computer. In addition, this method is used to train the vestibular apparatus.
*Electronystagmography, videonystagmography*		Electronystagmography allows you to detect nystagmus - involuntary rotational eye movements ( a sign of a violation of the vestibular apparatus). To do this, several electrodes are attached around the eyes ( sensors), which register eye movements in the form of a graph. Special glasses with built-in video cameras are used for videonystagmography. These cameras record eye movement while a doctor or patient performs provocative tests.

What laboratory tests are prescribed by the otolaryngologist?

The ENT doctor prescribes laboratory tests, mainly if there is a suspicion of infection, inflammation or an allergic reaction in the body. All tests for microflora are taken before starting antibiotics. If a person is already taking antibiotics, then, under the supervision of a doctor, they are canceled for three days, and after taking an analysis, they continue to take.

Laboratory tests prescribed by the ENT doctor

Analysis	How is it given and how is it done?	What does it reveal?	What diseases can it indicate?
*Microbial swab from the nose*	The study is carried out on an empty stomach. Before taking the material, you should not blow your nose, rinse your nose, use antiseptic sprays or nasal drops. The doctor inserts a cotton swab on a long stick into each nostril, while turning the swab so that it touches the side walls of the nasal cavity. A cotton swab is placed in a test tube and sent to the laboratory, where microscopic and bacteriological examination is carried out ( sowing on a nutrient medium) research and analysis for polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) .	fine bacteria of the normal flora of the nasal cavity and pharynx are detected, for example, some types of streptococci and staphylococci, neisseria, enterococci and other microorganisms that are considered opportunistic, that is, they can cause infection only if the balance of microflora is disturbed or immunity decreases; with inflammation an increase in the number of some specific conditionally pathogenic bacteria of the microflora is detected or pathogenic ( disease-causing) bacteria, which should not be in the nasal cavity or mouth;	rhinitis ( infectious and allergic); ozena; sinusitis; papilloma.
*Microbial smear from pharynx or pharynx*	The study is carried out on an empty stomach. Do not rinse your mouth with antiseptics, chew gum, or brush your teeth before submitting. The doctor asks the patient to throw back his head and open his mouth wide. With a spatula, the doctor presses on the tongue so that you can insert a cotton swab and take a swab from the tonsils or pharynx. Sputum is suitable for research. The material is sent to the laboratory, where PCR analysis can be performed ( if you suspect a specific pathogen) or sowing on a nutrient medium ( to find out which microbes caused the inflammation). In addition, they find out the number of eosinophils in a smear ( if you suspect an allergy).		angina ( including infectious mononucleosis); tonsillitis; pharyngitis; laryngitis; true croup ( diphtheria); adenoiditis; eustachitis; papilloma of the vocal cords.
*Ear smear*	An ear swab is taken with a cotton swab during a routine examination or with surgical instruments during ear surgery. After taking the material, it is applied to a glass slide and sent to the laboratory, where the smear is examined under a microscope or applied to a nutrient medium ( seed tank). With the inoculation tank, they also find out to which antibiotic the microbe is sensitive.	fine only saprophytic ( "Harmless") or opportunistic ( representatives of the usual microflora of the skin) microorganisms; with inflammation the external ear, the number of harmful microbes is important, and if the patient has signs of otitis media or internal otitis media, then any number of pathogenic ( disease-causing) and opportunistic ( opportunistic) bacteria is considered important; antibiotic sensitivity - determined in the course of bacteriological research.	otitis externa; papillomas of the auricle; otitis media; internal otitis media; mastoiditis; specific infections ( tuberculosis, syphilis, actinomycosis, herpes and others).
*Rapid test for streptococcus*	The method allows you to quickly find out the nature of the disease ( infectious-allergic) and start treatment without waiting for the culture results. For analysis, a swab is taken from the pharynx with a cotton swab and swirled with a cotton end in a test tube 10 times so that the material falls on the walls of the test tube. Add 4 drops from each bottle, which are included in the kit, to the test tube, then remove the cotton swab, squeeze it and put the dough strip in the test tube with the arrows down.	negative test - one strip, group A streptococcus is absent; positive test - two strips, there is group A hemolytic streptococcus.	angina; chronic tonsillitis.
*Serological analysis*	For analysis, blood is taken from a vein. The method allows you to detect antibodies to infectious agents.	the causative agent of syphilis ( pale treponema); herpes virus ( regular and zoster); tubercle bacillus; whooping cough bacteria ( bordetella pertussis); Epstein-Barr virus ( causative agent of infectious mononucleosis); diphtheria bacillus.	specific rhinitis and sinusitis; pharyngitis; laryngitis; true croup; vestibular neuronitis; external and otitis media; labyrinthitis.
*General blood analysis*	For general analysis blood is taken from a finger by puncturing its pad.	erythrocytes- decrease with frequent bleeding; hemoglobin- may decrease with chronic bleeding; platelets- decrease with bleeding; leukocytes- increase with inflammation; eosinophilic leukocytes- increase with allergies; erythrocyte sedimentation rate- increases with inflammation, allergies and malignant tumors.	rhinitis; sinusitis; pharyngitis; nosebleeds; tumors of the ENT organs; eustachitis; otitis media.
*Histological examination*	Material for histological examination are tissues taken during a biopsy. A biopsy is performed during an endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity, fibrolaryngoscopy, or during an operation to remove a tumor in the nose, larynx, and ear.	type of tumor ( to find out a benign or malignant tumor is possible only according to the data of histological examination); changes in mucous membranes ( precancerous condition).	tumors of the nose, pharynx, larynx, ear; chronic laryngitis ( hypertrophic, atrophic); chronic rhinitis ( hypertrophic, atrophic); chronic otitis media.
*Analysis for specific antibodies*	For analysis, blood is taken from a vein.	immunoglobulins, ( especially class E), which are involved in allergic reactions.	allergic rhinitis; eustachitis; allergic tracheobronchitis; Quincke's edema.
*Skin allergy tests*	Substances with known allergens are applied to the forearm area ( each drop is one allergen), after which the skin is lightly pierced with a needle so that the allergens penetrate the skin ( a puncture is made next to each drop). After 30 - 40 minutes, evaluate the result.	negative reaction- no allergic reaction ( no redness and swelling); positive reaction- redness or blistering at the injection site of the allergen; questionable reaction- slight redness.	allergic rhinitis; allergic eustachitis; Quincke's edema; allergic tracheobronchitis.

What diseases does an ENT doctor treat?

An otorhinolaryngologist treats diseases that impair nasal breathing, smell, impair hearing, or cause voice disorders. These can be diseases of an inflammatory or infectious nature, of an allergic or neoplastic nature. Sometimes injuries and foreign bodies are the cause. The ENT doctor uses both medical and surgical methods of treatment. Physiotherapy is often prescribed. The choice of treatment method always depends on the specific case.

Diseases that the otolaryngologist treats

Disease	The main methods of treatment	Approximate duration of treatment	Forecast
Diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses
*Acute infectious rhinitis*	not drug treatment - hot tea, foot baths; drug treatment- anti-inflammatory drugs ( paracetamol, aspirin), antiviral agents ( interferon, oxolin ointment, acyclovir), nasal drops and sprays ( nasol, snoop, rhinostop).	- usually acute rhinitis lasts 7-10 days, regardless of treatment ( especially viral).	the prognosis is favorable, even in the absence of treatment, acute infectious rhinitis ends in full recovery ( in the absence of complications in the form of bronchitis and pneumonia against a background of weakened immunity).
*Allergic rhinitis*	non-drug treatment – cessation of contact with the allergen; drug treatment –	*Chronic rhinitis*	non-drug treatment- elimination of factors provoking rhinitis, physiotherapy ( UFO, electrophoresis); drug treatment – antibacterial drops and ointments ( sulfanilamide ointment, acetylsalicylic ointment, mupirocin, polydexa), constant moisturizing of the mucous membrane with sprays with sea salt ( atrophic rhinitis); sclerotherapy- carried out using a suspension of hydrocortisone ( injected inside the turbinate) with hypertrophic rhinitis to reduce the volume of the thickened mucous membrane; surgery- is carried out to reduce the volume of hypertrophied turbinates ( laser therapy, cryodestruction, excision of a part of the nasal concha) usually by endoscopy.	- sclerotherapy is performed every 4 days, the course consists of 10 procedures; The duration of the use of drugs depends on the severity of the symptoms.	the prognosis is favorable, with the use of modern methods treatment, the symptoms are easily eliminated.
*Ozena*	irrigation of the nasal mucosa- application of sprays with sea water or saline solution for easy removal of crusts; antibiotics- gentamicin, streptomycin; surgery- the use of various natural and synthetic materials for implantation into the submucous layer of the nasal cavity in order to narrow the dilated nasal passages.	- sometimes treatment is carried out in a hospital, usually the duration of treatment is 20-30 days.	in most cases, the prognosis is favorable ( with timely treatment).
*Curvature of the nasal septum*	surgery- plastic correction of the nasal septum, laser correction, endoscopic submucosal resection of spines.	- the time spent in the hospital during the operation is 5 days.	the prognosis is favorable with surgical correction; drug treatment is ineffective, it only helps in eliminating the symptoms of concomitant rhinitis; with a constant violation of nasal breathing in the body, chronic oxygen starvation occurs.
*Nosebleeds*	tamponade of the nasal cavity- the introduction of tampons into the nose; cauterization of the vessels of the nose- silver solution, laser; supportive care- vikasol, dicinone, calcium chloride solution, blood transfusion.	- the moxibustion procedure lasts about 30 minutes; The duration of maintenance treatment depends on the amount of blood lost.	the prognosis depends on the cause of the bleeding.
*Smell impairment*	surgery- removal of polyps, correction of the deformation of the nasal septum, partial removal of the turbinate ( hypertrophic rhinitis); biological stimulants- aloe, vitreous, vitamins; sedatives - if the sense of smell is disturbed by nerves.	- the course of treatment with biological stimulants is one month, 2 - 3 courses are carried out a year.	the prognosis for impaired sense of smell due to diseases of the nasal cavity is favorable.
*Sinusitis*	removing fluid from the sinus- sinus puncture, washing with YAMIK catheter, operation; inflammation treatment - antibiotics, aspirin; restoration of airway patency- nasal drops ( sanorin, snoop, naftizin), washing the mucous membrane with various solutions ( performed only by an ENT doctor); physiotherapy- Solux, UHF.	- the duration of treatment, depending on the form ( chronic or acute), cause and severity, is 2 - 4 weeks.	the prognosis for uncomplicated sinusitis is favorable; if untreated, complications such as meningitis, otitis media, brain abscess, displacement of the eyeball are possible.
*Polyps*	surgery- removal by endoscopic, laser or surgery; drug therapy - elimination allergic reasons polyps ( suprastin, hydrocortisone), antiviral drugs ( with papillomas), chemotherapy for malignant tumors.	- the rehabilitation course after the operation lasts several months; Drug treatment is effective if the cause of polyps is chronic rhinitis or allergies.	the prognosis is favorable.
*Tumors*		- drug treatment is prescribed individually.	the prognosis depends on the type of tumor.
*Hematoma and abscess of the nasal septum*	surgery- opening a hematoma or abscess ( under local or general anesthesia ), liquid removal and drainage; antibiotics- amoxiclav, vancomycin, cefazolin inside.	- the time spent in the hospital is several days; Antibiotics are used only against the background of surgical treatment.	the prognosis is favorable if the hematoma or abscess is eliminated in time, otherwise the purulent process spreads.
*Injuries and foreign bodies*	surgery- Removal of a foreign object can be carried out endoscopically or during rhinoscopy, in case of injuries, an operation is performed.	- the length of stay in the hospital for injuries depends on their severity; Foreign bodies are usually "taken out" in one go.	the prognosis depends on the severity of the injury; with foreign bodies, the prognosis is favorable.
Diseases of the pharynx, larynx and trachea
*Pharyngitis*	local treatment- irrigation of the mucous membrane with Lugol's solution, miramistin, the use of anti-inflammatory lozenges ( septolet, strepsils), warming compresses on the neck, removal of crusts from the mucous membrane, physiotherapy; general treatment - the use of anti-inflammatory drugs ( aspirin, paracetamol), antibiotics ( in severe cases), antiviral drugs.	- duration of taking antibiotics ( only with laboratory confirmation of a bacterial infection) is 7 - 10 days, the rest of the drugs are used until the symptoms disappear.	the prognosis is favorable; at chronic pharyngitis with mucosal atrophy, constant removal of dried crusts is required.
*Adenoids*	physiotherapy- KUF therapy, UHF; surgery- cryodestruction, laser or ultrasonic destruction; homeopathic remedies- umckalor, lymphomyosot, tonsilgon.	- treatment with homeopathic medicines is 1 - 1.5 months; The course of physiotherapy is set individually.	the prognosis is favorable; adenoids can shrink on their own with age; even with treatment, there is a possibility of their reappearance.
*Adenoiditis*	physiotherapy - tube quartz, diathermy, electrophoresis; drug treatment - aerosol inhalation with antiseptics, local disinfectants, antibiotics inside; surgery - removal of adenoids.	- the inflammatory process usually lasts 7 days.	the prognosis is favorable with proper treatment.
*Angina*	general treatment - antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs; local treatment- rinsing with antiseptic solutions ( boric acid, furacilin) and decoctions of herbs ( chamomile, sage), warming compresses; physiotherapy- UHF, sollux; surgery- opening the abscess and emptying it, after which the tonsils themselves are removed.	- treatment is 1 - 3 weeks, depending on the severity of the course.	the prognosis is favorable with timely and correct treatment; in the absence of treatment, the disease becomes chronic ( chronic tonsillitis).
*Chronic tonsillitis*	drug treatment- antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs ( place or inside), antihistamines, washing the tonsils; physiotherapy- centimeter wave therapy, ultraviolet irradiation ( UFO); surgery- Removal of inflamed palatine tonsils.	- the duration of treatment depends on the severity of the condition and the frequency of exacerbations; With frequent exacerbations, removal of the tonsils is indicated.	the prognosis is favorable in the absence of frequent infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus ( it causes the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatism, glomerulonephritis).
*Paratonsillitis*	antibiotics; opening of the paratonsillar abscess, its emptying and drainage, followed by removal of the tonsils.	- It is desirable to carry out the treatment in a hospital, the duration of treatment is approximately 10 - 12 days.	the prognosis is generally favorable, the abscess can open up on its own.
*Laryngitis*	non-drug treatment- observe the regime of silence, do not take cold or spicy food, physiotherapy; drug treatment- antibiotics ( penicillin, streptomycin), anti-inflammatory drugs ( aspirin); surgery- when an abscess forms, it is opened and emptied.	- laryngitis treatment is carried out within 1 - 2 weeks, however, in some cases, the silence mode must be observed longer.	acute laryngitis has a good prognosis; chronic forms of laryngitis, especially hypertrophic laryngitis, are considered a precancerous condition.
*Croup*	non-drug treatment- air humidification, room ventilation, warm milk, mustard plasters on the neck, foot baths; choking relief- the attack will stop if you touch the back of the pharynx with a spatula, causing a gag reflex; medicinal- the introduction of anti-diphtheria serum, antibiotics, antihistamines, antiviral, expectorant drugs, inhalations; surgery- tracheotomy ( tracheal puncture), laryngoscopy with the treatment of the larynx with vasoconstrictor substances.	- with false croup ( lining laryngitis) treatment is prescribed for 5 - 7 days ( as with a common cold), if the attacks are very severe, then the child is hospitalized; Diphtheria is treated in an infectious diseases hospital, serum is injected within 2 to 4 days.	the prognosis for false croup is usually favorable; with diphtheria, it is important to apply serum in time to prevent severe intoxication of the body.
*Quincke's edema*	with an attack of suffocation- inject adrenaline subcutaneously, intravenous or intramuscular prednisolone, intramuscular antihistamines; out of attack- elimination of contact with the allergen, calcium preparations, vitamins, suprastin, fresh frozen plasma.	- in the allergy department, treatment is carried out within 5 - 7 days.	an attack can be fatal.
*Laryngospasm*	inhalation mineral water and medicines; physiotherapy; warm milk; calcium preparations and vitamin D.	- usually requires a course of drugs.	the prognosis is favorable, in children the disease goes away with age.
*Laryngeal papillomatosis*	drug treatment- antiviral drugs, increased immunity; surgery- Removal of papillomas during laryngoscopy using ultrasound or laser.	- the duration of treatment is set individually.	laryngeal papillomatosis is also considered a precancerous disease; with severe papillomatosis, it is not always possible to restore the voice.
*Tumors of the pharynx and larynx*	removal of the tumor; chemotherapy.	- at benign tumors they are deleted; For malignant tumors, radiation and chemotherapy are also prescribed.	the prognosis depends on the type of tumor.
*Snore*	treatment of inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory tract; correction of the nasal septum; removal of adenoids; weight loss; to give up smoking ; using chin braces; CPAP therapy ( artificial ventilation mode).	- The duration of treatment depends on the cause and the choice of treatment.	the prognosis depends on the specific cause and degree of narrowing of the upper respiratory tract, as well as on the development of complications associated with general oxygen starvation of the body.
*Tracheitis*	antibiotics; antiviral drugs; anti-inflammatory drugs ( inside and in the form of irrigation); expectorant and phlegm-thinning drugs; antiallergic drugs ( antihistamines and hormonal drugs ); foot baths, inhalations.	- tracheitis treatment is carried out for at least 14 days.	the prognosis is generally favorable; in the absence of treatment, the development of bronchitis and pneumonia is possible.
*Voice disorders*	laryngitis treatment; removal of tumors of the vocal cords; surgical recovery after injuries.	- The duration of treatment depends on the cause.	the prognosis depends on the cause of the loss of voice and the ability to restore the vocal cords.
*Larynx and trachea injuries*	non-drug treatment- hospitalization and bed rest, rest for the injured organ ( orthopedic collar, silence mode, nasogastric tube feeding); drug treatment- antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and pain relievers; surgery- restoration of the integrity of the neck organs.	- the length of stay in the hospital, as well as the timing and necessity of the operation is determined on an individual basis.	the prognosis depends on timely hospitalization, airway patency and the condition of the spine.
Ear diseases
*Otitis externa*	local treatment- washing the ear with boric acid or furacilin, lubrication with silver nitrate, prednisolone ointment, physiotherapy; general treatment- antibiotics, antifungal drugs are indicated only for severe infections ( erysipelas, otomycosis); surgery- shown with a boil.	- treatment is carried out within 5 days, with specific processes ( syphilis, tuberculosis) longer treatment is required.	the prognosis is generally favorable, but depends on the causative agent of the infection and adequate treatment.
*Chondroperichondritis of the auricle*	local treatment- lubrication with iodine, silver nitrate, physiotherapy; general treatment- antibiotics ( tetracycline, erythromycin) inside; surgery- with suppuration, an incision is made, dead tissue is removed, the cavity is cleared of pus and a tampon with antibiotics is injected.	- perichondritis is treated within 2 to 3 weeks.	with timely and correct treatment, the prognosis is favorable; in the absence of treatment, a cosmetic defect of the auricle is formed.
*Otohematoma*	surgery- puncture of the otogematoma, suction of its contents, introduction of 2 - 3 drops of iodine into the cavity and the imposition of a dense pressing bandage.	- with suppuration, treatment is carried out in a hospital ( usually a few days).	with timely treatment, the prognosis is favorable; with suppuration, melting of the cartilage and the formation of a cosmetic defect occurs.
*Sulfur plug*	rinsing with warm water; ear washing with a special syringe. softening the cork by instilling a soda solution.	- soda and rinsing are used for 2 - 3 days, if there is no effect, rinsing is carried out by a doctor.	the prognosis is favorable, however, if untreated, hearing impairment and dizziness may occur.
*Otitis media*	local treatment – vasoconstrictor drops in the nose, anesthetic drops in the ear, alcohol compresses, lubrication with oxolinic ointment, physiotherapy; blowing out the auditory tubes - exhalation with a closed mouth and pinched noses, instrumental blowing methods ( insertion of a catheter into the auditory tube through the nose); general treatment- antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral drugs; surgery- puncture of the tympanic membrane and removal of fluid and pus, trepanation of the mastoid process with mastoiditis.	- treatment is carried out from 8 days to 3 weeks, depending on the form and severity of the disease.	the prognosis with timely and correct treatment is favorable, acute otitis media passes without a trace; in the chronic form, adhesions can form in the tympanic cavity, which disrupt the function of the tympanic membrane and lead to hearing loss.
*Eustachite*
*Mastoiditis*			with timely treatment of mastoiditis, the prognosis is favorable; if untreated, brain damage and paresis of the facial nerve may occur.
*Labyrinthitis*	drug treatment- antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic drugs, betahistine; surgery- removal of pus from the middle ear, opening of the labyrinth cavity, removal of pus and drainage.	- the treatment is carried out over several weeks.	the prognosis with timely treatment is generally favorable; vestibular function is restored gradually; complications in the form of inflammation of the meninges are possible.
*Hearing loss, deafness*	treatment of inflammatory ear diseases; cessation of exposure to ototoxic ( harmful to the ear) substances ( some antibiotics, furosemide, industrial and household poisons); removal of ear tumors; physiotherapy; using hearing aids.	- The duration of treatment depends on the cause and severity of hearing loss.	with timely treatment in 50% of patients, the prognosis for hearing restoration is favorable.
*Otosclerosis*	using hearing aids; stapes prosthetics ( auditory bone).	- there are currently no medication methods of treatment.	hearing can only be restored with prosthetics of the stirrup or with the help of hearing aids.
*Meniere's disease*	non-drug treatment- the abolition of drugs that disrupt the function of the vestibular apparatus, exercises for training the vestibular apparatus; drug treatment- atropine, intramuscular platifillin, diuretics, betahistine; surgery- dissection of the nerves that regulate pressure in the labyrinth, creating a gap through which excess lymph is removed to the middle ear, destruction of the labyrinth.		the disease is not life threatening, but seriously impairs its quality.
*Vestibular neuronitis*	non-drug treatment- exercises for training the vestibular apparatus; drug treatment- dramina, betahistine, antibiotics, antiemetic drugs ( cerucal).	- the course of treatment is always individual for each patient.	the prognosis is favorable, in some cases the vestibular function is restored slowly.
*Benign positional vertigo*	non-drug treatment- exercises for training the vestibular apparatus; surgery- filling of the affected semicircular canal, removal of branches of the vestibular nerve, laser destruction of the labyrinth.	- the course of treatment is always individual for each patient.	the prognosis is favorable, it is possible to achieve complete recovery.
*Motion sickness syndrome* *(motion sickness, kinetosis)*	non-drug treatment- do not eat before the trip or travel, take a place closer to the center of transport; drug treatment - dramina, betahistine, cerucal.	- drugs that improve the function of the vestibular apparatus ( dramina, betahistine), and antiemetic drugs are taken before travel.	the prognosis is favorable.
*Tumors and foreign bodies*	foreign bodies are removed by otoscopy; for the treatment of tumors, surgical treatment, radiation, thermal or chemotherapeutic effects are used.	- the course of treatment is always individual for each patient.	forecast for foreign body the external auditory canal in the absence of damage to the tympanic membrane is favorable; the prognosis of tumors depends on their type.

Everyone is familiar with ENT since childhood, since this doctor is on the mandatory list of specialists for a scheduled medical examination. But already at a conscious age, most people do not go to the polyclinic without the need, and not everyone knows what ENT treats and what problems to contact him with.

ENT, the full name of the specialty - specializes in pathologies of the ear, throat and nose. In addition to the main three organs, ENT deals with additional ones adjacent to them:,.

The doctor of this specialty diagnoses the nasopharynx, ears, lymph nodes, diagnoses and prescribes treatment. He also treats hearing pathologies associated with injuries or complications after other diseases. Solves problems with respiratory arrest during sleep, inflammation of the sinuses and larynx.

When determining the cause of the disease, the specialist prescribes treatment, which may include both medical intervention and surgery. For children, procedures are more often prescribed that are aimed at disinfecting and warming up the ears, throat or nose. Elementary operations, for example, removal of tonsils, or puncture of the maxillary sinuses are also performed by a doctor of this specialty.

A feature of doctors of this specialty is that they practice both conservative and surgical methods of treatment.

At the same time, they possess knowledge of the pathologies of the neck, head, are familiar with neurology, physiology and anatomy. Thanks to this, they can identify any disease that is associated with the organs in which they specialize.

More information about what the ENT doctor treats can be found in the video:

An otolaryngologist is a profession in demand, because a doctor solves the problems of many diseases and deviations:

decrease or associated with physiological features or trauma
infectious diseases that provoke inflammation of the nasopharynx or ear
manifestation of an allergic reaction
tonsillitis
snoring or apnea
dizziness
other.

That is, with symptoms of weakness, dizziness, bleeding of the nose, pain in the head, ears, nose, with inflammation of the tonsils or lymph nodes, you should consult an otolaryngologist. As a rule, such deviations serve as a signal of the onset of an inflammatory process or the development of a serious disease.

How is the examination by the doctor

Throat examination

To recognize the disease and make an accurate diagnosis, the ENT conducts an examination in several ways:

a survey in which the doctor finds out information about the patient's well-being, familiarize himself with the anamnesis, asks about the symptoms that bother him
palpation is a method of probing pathology, examination of the skin,
endoscopy is an examination using special equipment that makes it possible to view organs from the inside. An endoscope is a tube with a lens that is inserted into the ear, nose or throat and transmits video to the monitor.
laryngoscopy also allows a detailed examination from the inside, but the device is not inserted too deeply. The laryngoscope has a mirror and the doctor examines in detail the laryngeal cavity with its help
oropharyngoscopy is a method of examining the oral cavity, the condition of the throat, tongue, and the inside of the cheeks
otoscopy makes it possible to assess the condition of the ear. An otoscope is a funnel-shaped instrument, which makes it possible to carry out a high-quality examination.
rhinoscopy is performed manually or using a dilator. This technique allows you to examine the nose, the condition of the mucous membrane and septum
microlaryngoscopy and microotoscopy are laboratory research swab material from the ear, pharynx, or nose

If these methods are not enough for diagnosis, the otolaryngologist prescribes an additional examination, which includes examination on specialized equipment. This could be:

ultrasound examination

Such a detailed examination will help establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe correct treatment to avoid complications.

Before going to the doctor, you need to prepare a little.

Since the doctor examines the nose, ears and throat, it is necessary to clear them of sulfur, mucus. Refrain from drinking alcohol, smoking, onions or garlic. In addition, if a urine or blood test is provided, food that is too sweet, spicy or fatty should not be taken 24 hours before. At the same time, you cannot eat before passing a general blood test (from a finger).If you need an inspection for additional equipment, the doctor will appoint the day of the examination and tell you how to prepare and what to take with you.

What does an ENT surgeon treat

ENT surgeon - specialist in the surgical treatment of diseases of the ENT organs

An ENT surgeon is a specialty that covers a wider spectrum than a conventional otolaryngologist. He provides comprehensive care for disorders various bodies and systems that can affect the ears, throat, and nose.

A common reason for contacting an otolaryngologist is that it interferes with breathing. In addition to discomfort, such a problem generates many side effects, which are associated with the work of the brain and cardiovascular system. This is due to the fact that an insufficient amount of oxygen enters the body, from which many diseases arise. The ENT surgeon will help align the septum and adjust the respiratory system.

The topic of plastic surgery deserves special attention. Otolaryngologists are also involved in simple cosmetic operations. Before surgery, the doctor himself examines, excludes contraindications, and then performs surgery to eliminate the cosmetological problem (curvature of the bridge of the nose, protruding ears, etc.).

Doctors of this profession carry out examinations that are associated with cancer, plastic surgery and reconstruction of individual parts of the face.

It is important to note that the human body is a single mechanism, the work of the organs of which is closely related to each other. In this regard, it is important to visit a doctor at the first symptoms of poor health. ENT deals with all pathologies of the ear, throat and nose. This also includes banal snoring, which disrupts the supply of oxygen, impairs blood circulation and provokes the development of many diseases. Dizziness may indicate an inflammation of the inner ear. speaks of pathology of the ligaments or throat cancer. In short, an otolaryngologist specializes in a wide range of various diseases, and therefore is one of the most demanded specialists.

Otolaryngologist is a medical specialization of a doctor who treats diseases of the ears, throat and nose. Most likely, you have already had to be treated by this doctor, because diseases of these organs are quite common, but more often we call this doctor an ENT doctor.

Who is an otolaryngologist

Otorhinolaryngology is a science that studies diseases of organs that are closely related physiologically and anatomically: larynx, pharynx, nose, ear. And the doctor who treats these diseases is called an otorhinolaryngologist. The abbreviation ENT was formed from another name of this medical specialty, which has not received widespread use in everyday life - a laryngotorinologist.

What the otolaryngologist treats

The field of activity of the otolaryngologist is the treatment of all diseases and pathological conditions associated with impaired functions of the nose, throat, ears: hearing impairment, difficulty in nasal breathing, throat ailments. In addition, an otorhinolaryngologist may have a narrow specialization, for example, an otoneurologist (a specialist in the pathology of the connection between the inner ear and various parts of the brain), an audiologist (a hearing restoration specialist), a phoniatrist (a doctor who specializes in the treatment of vocal cords).

The patient needs an otorhinolaryngologist if he has complaints of deterioration in the functions of organs such as:

throat;
larynx;
vocal cords;
paranasal sinuses;
tonsils;
esophagus;
bronchi.

When you need to contact an ENT

Make an appointment with a doctor - an otorhinolaryngologist is necessary in case of pain, discomfort or any other unusual sensations in the throat, ears or nasal cavities:

long-term runny nose;
loss or decrease in the sensitivity of smell;
difficulty swallowing;
difficulty in nasal breathing in the absence of discharge from the nasal passages;
headaches with shortness of breath;
discharge from the ear;
discomfort or pain in the upper jaw and temples;
the development of swelling of the oral mucosa, mucous membranes of the nose;
hearing impairment or loss;
inflammation, increase in size, soreness of the cervical lymph nodes.

Significant deterioration in health, fever, weakness, headache do not necessarily occur due to dysfunction of the ENT organs, but if these symptoms are combined with one of the above, you cannot do without visiting an otorhinolaryngologist.

In addition to inflammatory-degenerative and infectious diseases, the otorhinolaryngologist deals with the elimination of the consequences of injuries to the ear, throat, nose, pharynx. Removing foreign objects from the ear or nose is a fairly common reason for contacting an ENT doctor, especially when it comes to children. Another of the most common complaints when visiting an otolaryngologist in children is the proliferation of tissues of the palate and nasopharynx - tonsils and adenoids. The doctor prescribes the necessary medication and physiotherapy. In especially severe cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the abnormally overgrown tissue.

Sinusitis is one of the most common diseases of the ENT organs. With sinusitis, the inflammatory process occurs in the maxillary (maxillary) sinuses. The disease is characterized by an increase in body temperature, difficulty in nasal breathing, severe headaches, purulent nasal discharge. It is very important to start the therapy of sinusitis at an early stage, when the disease has not yet passed into a chronic purulent form, otherwise sinusitis can provoke other diseases. Self-medication will not bring the expected result: a qualified otolaryngologist should develop treatment tactics and carry it out.

In case of imbalance, gait instability, development of vertigo, one cannot do without the help of an otorhinolaryngologist, because the cause of the pathology can "hide" in the inner ear - a complex functional department organ, which is responsible not only for hearing, but also for balance.

If your hearing is impaired, be sure to consult an ENT. Often the cause of hearing loss can be a sulfur plug, which is formed due to the peculiarities of the structure of the ear, improper hygiene, and infections. The ENT doctor will diagnose by visual examination and prescribe adequate treatment - removing the plug by washing.

The otorhinolaryngologist conducts a preventive examination when a patient is registered for work or study, a routine examination of pregnant women.

How is the inspection

Like a doctor of any other specialization, an otorhinolaryngologist begins an appointment with taking an anamnesis and finding out the cause of the patient's complaints. As a rule, the doctor is interested in the transferred infectious diseases, allergies to pollen, pet hair, medicines. In addition, the otorhinolaryngologist must necessarily find out whether the patient has a genetic predisposition to diseases or congenital pathologies of the larynx, nose, ears.

After talking with the patient, the doctor proceeds directly to external examination and palpation. During an external examination, the doctor can use medical instruments and devices:

frontal reflector - a special spherical mirror used to illuminate the examined ENT organs by reflecting light;
rhinoscope - an optical device for examining the nasal cavities;
otoscope - a tool for examining the ear canals;
laryngeal or nasopharyngeal mirror;
double-sided spatulas;
ear funnel to assess the functional state of the tympanic membrane.

If the doctor did not receive enough information to make a diagnosis, he can use laboratory diagnostic methods:

blood test;
nasal and pharyngeal swabs for microflora content;
puncture.

In modern otorhinolaryngology, such examination methods are widely used as:

radiography;
diaphanoscopy
CT scan;
endoscopy;
Magnetic resonance imaging.

The use of modern instrumental and hardware methods allows you to make the diagnosis as informative as possible.

If you have to visit an otorhinolaryngologist, this entire list of tools and methods for diagnosing diseases of ENT organs should not cause fear: if the patient is calm and relaxed, all the studies carried out by the doctor do not bring pain and discomfort. Upon receipt of these analyzes and other types of examination, the doctor establishes a diagnosis and prescribes adequate medication and physiotherapy, and, if necessary, surgery.

Where does ENT take

If you need an otorhinolaryngologist consultation in St. Petersburg, we invite you to visit the Panacea Medical Center. Reception is carried out by experienced ENT doctors who can provide qualified assistance in the most difficult diagnostic cases and help patients with advanced forms of diseases.

The doctors of the Panacea clinic have at their disposal modern hardware and instrumental support, powerful laboratory and diagnostic facilities, high-quality consumables. In the treatment of diseases, the doctors of our clinic adhere to high world standards of medical care.