Complete blood count rst what. What do thrombocrit values ​​mean? What is PCT in a blood test: determining the level of platelets and the danger of deviation from the norm

By studying the PCT decoding in blood tests, the doctor will be able to accurately diagnose.

In addition to determining the state of the body, the presence of any disease, the PCT norm will help to identify the level of calcium metabolism.

Comparing this indicator with the norm, cancer is diagnosed. thyroid gland.

Thrombocrit is the proportion of blood taken up by platelets. This indicator is difficult to determine.

When platelets get from the bloodstream to any surface, for example, into a test tube, pseudopodia begin to form.

As a result, the size of the particles increases, and then they stick together. After that, not only the norm of the PCT indicator is rather difficult to determine, but also the delivery of the biomaterial to the place of study is not possible.

An automatic analyzer is used to determine PCT. The blood taken in it constantly rotates, which prevents the platelets from increasing and sticking together.

The results of the survey contain a transcript.

The doctor may prescribe a PCT test in the following situations:

• in the diagnosis of a septic condition, determining its severity;
• the patient has a suspicion of back infection, which is very difficult;
• the patient has a fever, the etiology of which is not clear;
• to control the implementation of therapeutic measures in a state of shock, sepsis;
• to determine complications of an infectious nature in patients who underwent organ transplants, operations, during intensive care;
• for patients who are on a ventilator;
• the patient suffers from neutropenia or immunosuppression - PCT decoding will make it possible to determine the correct course of therapeutic actions;
• to determine the nature of complications as a result of bacterial, infectious pathology;
• in diseases of pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis, the PCT norm is being studied.

How is the analysis carried out?

To determine the PCT indicator, the doctor will prescribe a general analysis to the patient. This will require venous blood.

Using a special apparatus, the biomaterial will be examined by a laboratory assistant and the PCT norm will be determined.

In order for the results of the analysis to be reliable, for women, men, children, there are certain rules that must be followed.

General analysis is always given on an empty stomach. The best time for the procedure is in the morning. The day before the examination, you should refuse fatty foods, do not eat fried, salty, do not drink alcoholic beverages.

From reception medicines should also be avoided. If medications must be taken without fail, it is important to tell the name and dosage to your doctor. It is permissible to drink some water immediately before blood sampling.

Before doing a general analysis to determine PCT for women, you need to take into account the menstrual cycle. There are days on which this survey is most favorable.

To determine this period of time, you should contact your doctor.

Not always the PCT norm and its reference limits in a healthy and sick patient will be very different. You should not independently draw a conclusion if this indicator is lowered or increased.

Deciphering should be carried out by a specialist with extensive experience, because the conclusion about the presence of the disease will depend on the history, urinalysis, tumor markers, and other data.

Thrombocrit exceeds the norm: what does it mean?

Platelets in human blood are plate-shaped. They take an active part in the formation of blood clots. If a vessel is damaged, then blood clots prevent blood loss.

General analysis will show increased rate PCT in patients suffering from blood disorders.

In children, PCT may rise sharply after treatment with certain medicines. At the end of the course of treatment with such drugs, the indicator will return to normal.

When deciphering the examination, the doctor must take into account the intake of medicines.

A malignant tumor can cause an increase in thrombocrit. If the analysis showed an increased PCT, then it is recommended to undergo a second examination.

In this way, a false result can be excluded. If in the second case the indicator is increased, then the doctor will prescribe an ultrasound of the abdominal organs.

The doctor will prescribe treatment based on the results of the analysis and the reasons for the increase in thrombocrit.

In primary thrombocydosis, drugs that thin the blood are most often prescribed.

If the disease is in advanced form, then excess platelets are removed from the blood. For this, a special device is used.

Patients undergoing treatment must strictly follow the diet: fried, fatty foods should be excluded from the menu, alcohol should not be consumed.

Every day you need to eat foods that thin the blood. The patient should drink fluids as much as possible.

Thrombocrit is below normal: what does it mean?

If in deciphering the level of PCT is low, then platelets have decreased either in size or in volume. This disease is called thrombocytopenia.

Its symptoms are increased bleeding, which brings a large number of problems. Only 2 percent of the population has this condition.

Symptoms this disease may present with hematological disorders. Sometimes they appear as independent diseases.

Thrombocrit can be lowered for the following reasons:

• the child at birth has an extremely low weight;
• the patient has isoimmune problems;
• the patient has autoimmune, heteroimmune problems;
• anemia;
• asphyxia;
• hemangioma;
• hemoblastosis.

The PCT indicator can be lowered as a result of diseases of an immunodeficiency nature. Deciphering the indicator in children can show that the PCT level is lowered if the diseases were treated respiratory system medicines.

With insufficient amount in the body folic acid thrombocytopenia may also develop. Allergic manifestations can also provoke a decrease in PCT.

In women, the level of thrombocrit after pregnancy may be lowered. Cause - crashes menstrual cycle in which menstruation is very frequent.

Deciphering thrombocrit

General analysis and its decoding is carried out by a specialist. When analyzing the results, not only his knowledge is important, but also his experience.

Some patients make a mistake: having received a decoded analysis, they compare the result with the norm from the tables.

Many factors can affect platelet concentration. Conclusions should be made only by the attending physician, who has studied the patient's medical history, the severity of the course of the disease, and other circumstances.

If the PCT rate in the blood is less than 0.5 ng / ml, it can be concluded that there is no risk of developing sepsis. The rate of the indicator is from 0.5 to 2 ng / ml - the condition cannot be considered dangerous.

The norm of procalcitonin in the blood exceeds 10 ng / ml - the patient has severe sepsis or shock. This condition can lead to the death of the patient if urgent action is not taken.

General analysis allows you to find out a large number of indicators. Many of them have different norms for children and adults. But the norm of the PCT indicator is the same in children and adults.

Only in newborns does this indicator differ from the level of procalcitonin in women and men. Enhanced level persists for several days, after which it decreases, the norm is reached.

Almost all patients who turn to the doctor are prescribed a general analysis. Today, PCT analysis is not common.

It is prescribed only to those patients who have clear signs of an increase or decrease in procalcitonin.

But more and more experts understand the importance this indicator in diagnosing many diseases, in clarifying the patient's condition and in the effectiveness of the treatment, in determining the risk of bleeding or thrombosis.

You should not independently establish a diagnosis for yourself according to the numbers that the decoding contains. Only a doctor can correctly draw conclusions about the patient's condition.

As in many other cases in medicine, foreign terminology is used to refer to the data obtained as a result of the analysis, in this case, the phrase platelet crit taken from the English language, abbreviated as PCT. So, what does the PCT value in a blood test say and what is it? As already mentioned, thrombocrit is the volume fraction of human blood platelets that was taken for analysis.

The essence of the analysis and the norms of indicators

What is thrombocrit in a blood test? This element of the blood test appeared relatively recently. Previously, the technologies that were at the disposal of hematologists made it possible to massively carry out only the so-called. hematocrit is the mass fraction of red blood cells in a blood sample. But with the advent of modern diagnostic complexes, it became possible, if necessary, to do an analysis for thrombocrit - the volume of platelets. This is an important parameter that serves as an indicator of the patient's health status.

It may be necessary to determine thrombocrit in order to identify a patient's tendency to form blood clots, as well as increased bleeding. The information obtained as a result of the diagnosis is used by a specialist when he prescribes therapeutic and preventive procedures for patients suffering from various blood clotting disorders.

Previously, the PCT analysis procedure was very time-consuming and expensive, and it was carried out only when absolutely necessary. The reason for this is in the characteristics of platelets. These blood cells have a property that makes them difficult to study, as well as sample storage: they stick together and increase in size, forming a platelet mass. But in recent years, special analyzers have appeared in the arsenal of hematologists, which have simplified the diagnostic process and made it, like a general blood test, available before mass use.

Deciphering PCT is interpreted ambiguously, thrombocrit does not have a single established norm, doctors disagree on what figure is considered normal.

There are different approaches:

• some experts say that the norm ranges from 0.12-0.36 percent of the total blood volume;
• there is an opinion that the normal rate should be from 0.12 to 0.38 percent;
• the third point of view says that the thrombocrit norm should be at least 0.11% and not more than 0.28%.

Today, the difference from 0.15 to 0.4 percent is often taken as the average rate of the norm.

Medicine does not distinguish thrombocrit readings between adults and children.

The number of platelets shows their percentage in the blood, and with age it changes in proportion to the increase in the total volume of blood flow, and there are no significant changes in the percentage.

However, even in a healthy organism, this parameter can fluctuate following physiological changes.

Reasons for this may include:

• changes in the daily rhythm, as well as seasonal. The level of platelets can vary up to 10% in both directions, being at the upper or lower limit of the norm;
• during menstruation in the fair sex, thrombocrit pct can fall by half. It also decreases in women during childbearing, because at this time the physiological mechanism is activated in the body, designed to protect future mother from the risk of thrombosis;
• physical activity provokes an increase in the number of platelets: their volume after intense sports or physical labor can almost double.

High and low thrombocrit

If the PCT blood test shows serious deviations from normal level- this may indicate the presence of a particular pathology, sometimes quite serious.

Why the parameter can be high:

• one of the main reasons is blood diseases. It can be Werlhof's disease, myeloid leukemia, erythremia, thrombocythemia;
• the phenomenon is also observed after surgery to remove the spleen (splenectomy). High thrombocrit can be diagnosed up to 2 months after successful surgery;
• anemia associated with iron deficiency (ferrodeficiency);
• various inflammatory processes;
• diseases of viral origin - influenza, chickenpox, measles and others;

• tuberculosis;
• presence on the background of diabetes mellitus;
• abnormal functioning of the thymus (hyperfunction);
• colitis with ulcers;
• blood vessels clogged with cholesterol;
• inflammation of bone tissue, including the periosteum;
• inflammation of the brain tissue;
• bone fractures;
• necrosis;
• profuse loss of blood;
• pancreatitis;
• nicotine poisoning;
• consequences of major surgical interventions.

High thrombocrit can lead to various unpleasant consequences:

• the patient can survive a stroke if a blood clot clogs the cerebral vessels;
• a blood clot can form in the heart's blood vessels, leading to myocardial infarction.

With this in mind, a pct analysis is performed to identify possible complications and prevent them in patients undergoing treatment in a hospital, in patients who have undergone complex operations and are experiencing a long rehabilitation period.

An equally alarming sign for a specialist is low thrombocrit. Such an indicator may be an indicator of a disease of the hematopoietic organs that inhibits the cells producing blood cells, or a sign of an abnormally high death of already mature platelets.

The main reasons for reducing RST include:

• aplastic anemia. The level of not only platelets decreases, but also of all blood cells in general. Diagnosis does not reveal any tumors, benign or malignant;
• lack of folic acid in the body, as well as vitamin B12;
• dysfunction of the hematopoietic organs;
• pernicious anemia;
• various allergies;
• rheumatoid arthritis, diseases from the spectrum of collagenoses, lupus;
• oncological lesions of the hematopoietic system, associated leukemia and hemoblastosis;
• complications after chemotherapy;
• poisoning;
• exposure to radiation;
• side effects after taking medications;
• damage to the body by viral pathogens;

• liver and kidney failure.

In addition, low platelet levels are observed in newborns who were born underweight, or in survivors of asphyxiation during childbirth.

If a patient is low in platelets, he will have a high tendency to bleed. Even the smallest injury will be able to cause profuse blood loss in such patients.

As a result, the risks of dangerous hemorrhages in the internal organs in case of damage increase, the most dangerous of which can be considered an outpouring to the brain.

Diagnosis and treatment

A patient with low thrombocritic disease may exhibit a number of symptoms characteristic of this disease:

• frequent, almost non-stop headaches;
• general weakness;
• numbness of the fingers and toes, their blueness;
• pain in the fingertips;
• blurred vision;
• spontaneous occurrence of hematomas and bruises on the body, while the patient may not receive any external injuries;

• nosebleeds;
• scabies;
• traces of blood in urine and excrement;
• abnormally heavy discharge during menstruation.

By themselves, these symptoms can already clearly indicate problems with the content of platelets. Additionally, the doctor can do a general and pct blood test.

But it may not be enough, additional methods are required to make an accurate diagnosis:

• fibrinogen level analysis;
• elucidation of the protein composition;
• analysis for clotting factors and the duration of bleeding in case of damage;
• determination of the prothrombin index;
• analysis for sugar and iron content;
• liver diagnostics;
• urine tests.

In addition to the above, an ultrasound and x-ray examination is carried out. Doppler scanning is used to check the patency of blood vessels. Sometimes, in difficult cases, the brain is additionally scanned by MRI, bone marrow punctures are taken.

The treatment strategy depends on whether thrombocrit is increased or decreased, on the causes and concomitant ailments.

If the PCT is high, then the patient is prescribed medications that thin the blood and reduce its clotting, as well as reduce the likelihood of blood clots. Specific drugs, their doses and timing of administration should be established only by the attending physician, since if used incorrectly, drugs can be dangerous.

In some cases, when thrombocrit is high, but no clinical manifestations is not observed, treatment is not carried out, limited to monitoring the patient's condition. Doctors also recommend caution in the use of diuretics and hormonal contraceptives.

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1. Cessation of alcohol consumption, refusal of cigarettes.
2. Plentiful drinking of pure water.
3. Eating a healthy diet that excludes bananas, lentils, walnuts and chokeberry.

Reduced thrombocrit indicates a deficiency of platelets, as a result, blood clotting deteriorates significantly. Doctors in such situations prescribe a number of agents that stimulate thrombocytogenesis: Thrombopoietin, the drug Cyanocobalamin and, as an auxiliary dietary supplement, folic acid.

If a patient with this dysfunction is injured with bleeding, he should be admitted to a hospital as soon as possible, where a set of measures to stop the bleeding will be carried out.

To prevent possible consequences, the patient should protect themselves from injury (including stopping the administration of vaccines through injections), maintain a healthy lifestyle, eat more fruits, vegetables and red meat, and get more rest.

Today, it is carried out using special analytical hematological systems, which makes it possible in a short time to obtain comprehensive data on the number and ratio of blood cells. One of its points is the definition of such a parameter as PCT.

What is PCT in a blood test?

PCT, or thrombocrit, is the proportion of platelets in the total volume of whole (not divided into plasma and formed elements) blood, expressed as a percentage. Before the advent of hematological analyzers, this indicator was most often omitted due to the difficulties of its calculation and was studied exclusively on doctor's orders in some cases.

Why is it necessary to define it? The main purpose of this study is to assess the risk of developing thrombosis or, conversely, bleeding, which in both cases can pose a threat to the life of the patient. However, PCT can also help in the diagnosis of a number of diseases.

Deciphering the analysis

Since PCT is the ratio of platelet volume to blood volume, this indicator is the same for patients of all ages.

Thrombocrit rate - table

Factors affecting the indicator

In a healthy person, the number of platelets can fluctuate:

• during the day (at night, the PCT decreases within 10%);
• when playing sports (may increase 2 times);
• if you are addicted to smoking;
• depending on the time of year (in the spring there is often a decrease in thrombocrit);
• when eating before the delivery of the KLA.

If deviations of thrombocrit from the norm are detected, the analysis should be repeated after 3 days.

Possible deviations from the norm

Elevated PCT: what does it say?

An increase in PCT above the norm indicates a high risk of blood clots, which is often associated with the occurrence of disorders in the hematopoietic system or the development of a number of pathologies that stimulate platelet synthesis. This:

• hyperthyroidism;
• diabetes;
• Iron-deficiency anemia;
• osteomyelitis;
• myeloproliferative diseases;
• amyloidosis;
• atherosclerosis;
• tuberculosis;
• recovery period after operations;
• pancreatitis;
• ulcerative colitis;
• fractures;
• tissue necrosis;
• splenectomy;
• exacerbation of rheumatism;
• viral infections.

Elevated thrombocrit can be observed while taking corticosteroids, adrenaline, epinephrine and others.

At high PCT values, there is a high risk of thrombosis, which can lead to the development of thrombosis, stroke, thromboembolism pulmonary artery and other life-threatening conditions.

What is the danger of low platelets?

Low thrombocrit is observed when:

• aplastic and megaloblastic anemia;
• bone marrow tumors;
• allergic diseases;
• collagenoses and hemablastoses;
• systemic lupus erythematosus;
• viral infections;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• poisoning;
• chronic renal failure.

Some drugs are capable of causing a decrease in thrombocrit, in particular antibiotics and cytostatics - Aspirin, Warfarin, Heparin, as well as exposure to ionizing radiation and certain chemicals.

Low thrombocrit values ​​indicate the possibility of bleeding, including internal bleeding. Therefore, in such cases, it is necessary in every possible way to avoid situations that can lead to a violation of the integrity skin and minor injuries.

Platelets and complete blood count - video

Thus, the definition of PCT is mainly used to assess the risk of blood clots and bleeding, which in both cases can be life-threatening. But due to the difficulties of conducting the study, it is assigned only to certain categories of patients.

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The material is published for informational purposes only and under no circumstances can be considered a substitute for medical advice from a specialist in a medical institution. The site administration is not responsible for the results of using the posted information. For diagnostics and treatment, as well as prescribing medications and determining the scheme for taking them, we recommend that you contact your doctor.

Deciphering a blood test in children

Deciphering a blood test in children allows doctors to detect pathology in time and take timely measures to eliminate it. If this is not done, developing in children's body pathological processes can have an extremely negative impact on the health of the child and affect his future life.

Why donate blood?

A general blood test is considered one of the simplest and most informative examination methods that can be used at any age. It allows you to find out if the components of the plasma (the liquid part of the blood) and the particles dispersed throughout it (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) have deviated from the norm, as well as their ratio in relation to each other.

To monitor the state of health, doctors prescribe blood donation every six months, as well as with the following indications:

• feeling unwell for no apparent reason;
• protracted simple diseases;
• to assess the condition of a sick baby and the effectiveness of therapy;
• complication during illness.

There is no need to prepare for the analysis, but to obtain accurate results, blood must be taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Therefore, after dinner and before passing the test, it is better not to feed the child, it is allowed to drink only water. If this is not possible, the time between the procedure and the last meal should be at least two, and even better - three hours.

Before donating blood, the child should not engage in active exercises. Physical activity temporarily causes an increase in certain components of the blood. A general analysis involves taking blood from the finger of the hand (less often, the foot), in newborns, the material can be taken from the heel. If an extended analysis is needed, for example, to assess the risk of thrombosis and bleeding (PCT), take venous blood.

Depending on the laboratory, the values ​​obtained may differ, so when browsing online tables on the Internet, you can find different data. Because of this, it is necessary to focus on the words of a doctor who interprets the results based not only on the readings of red blood cells, but also on other values.

Characterization of erythrocytes

Red blood cells transport oxygen, transfer it to the cells, take carbon dioxide from them and take it to the lungs for removal to the outside. It is erythrocytes that give the blood a red color due to the hemoglobin in their composition, which is also responsible for the attachment and detachment of oxygen or carbon from the erythrocyte.

Since every cell in the body needs oxygen, erythrocytes are the largest group of particles dispersed throughout the plasma. Especially a lot of them in newborns, who, while in the womb, could receive oxygen only through red blood cells. After birth, they do not need such an amount of hemoglobin, which is why the number of red blood cells decreases. Therefore, in children, the rate of red cells depends on age, while the sex of the child does not matter, which can be seen from the following online table:

The level of red blood cells below normal indicates oxygen starvation (anemia). Happens with problems circulatory system, is also often a symptom of various diseases. The number of red blood cells in children increases when climbing mountains, dehydration. High values ​​can indicate diseases of the blood, lungs, heart disease, adrenal glands.

Also, when calculating, the number of reticulocytes (young red blood cells) is taken into account. In the blood of healthy children, their number should be:

• up to 1 year: from 3 to 12%;
• 1 to 2 years: 1.3 to 1.2%.

An increase in the number of reticulocytes in children is a good symptom in the treatment of anemia. Therefore, if during therapy their number does not change, or even worse, it decreases, this is considered a very bad symptom.

Other erythrocyte data

When analyzing blood, considerable importance is given to the study of hemoglobin, which is responsible for the attachment / detachment of oxygen and carbon dioxide. These data depend on age, and as the child grows, on gender, which can be seen from the following online table:

The amount of hemoglobin in children in the blood allows you to set the stage of anemia, if any. If the decoding showed values ​​\u200b\u200bless than the norm, but above 90 g / l - this is easy stage, from 70 to 90 g / l - medium, from 50 to 70 - severe. If the values ​​are less than 50 g / l, this is a very dangerous condition, and the child needs a blood transfusion. If hemoglobin is less than ten percent, it is fatal.

The color indicator allows you to find out how much hemoglobin an erythrocyte contains. The figure changes depending on age:

Deciphering this indicator helps determine the type of anemia. Values ​​below normal indicate that the bone marrow does not absorb iron well, disrupting the synthesis of hemoglobin. Indicators above the norm signal anemia provoked by a deficiency of vitamins B9 and B12. If the indicators deviated slightly (from 0.85 to 1 g / l) - this signals anemia, which can be caused by problems with the endocrine system, blood loss, increased destruction of red blood cells.

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) allows you to assess the dynamics of the course of the disease in children. To do this, the blood is placed in a test tube and waiting for the red blood cells to settle. When this happens, there will be yellowish plasma on top, red blood cells on the bottom. The task of the laboratory assistant is to determine the settling time. They settle under the influence of gravity, and also due to the ability to stick together with each other. In a healthy person, the gluing speed is low.

A high level of ESR indicates inflammation, poisoning, chronic infections, cancer, myocardial infarction, and happens after severe blood loss. A low amount of ESR occurs with diseases of the liver and gallbladder, an increased amount of proteins, the use of certain drugs.

Features of leukocytes

Leukocytes protect the body from germs, allergies, malignant cells. Therefore, there are several types of white blood cells, each of which has its own purpose. During the examination, first consider total number leukocytes, then they decipher how many of them are in relation to each other as a percentage (leukocentric formula).

An online table looks like that describes the leukocytes in the blood of a child, as follows:

The number of leukocytes always increases after eating, active exercises, baths, and stress. Such changes are short-lived, but if not properly prepared for the analysis, they can affect the results.

Also, an increased number of leukocytes can provoke various diseases, among them:

• ailments of an infectious, purulent, inflammatory nature;
• infarction of the heart, brain, lungs, kidneys;
• burns;
• blood loss;
• kidney disease;
• splenectomy.

A reduced number of leukocytes occurs in some infectious diseases (flu, measles, viral hepatitis). It can signal diseases of the thyroid gland and other organs of the endocrine system. It happens with problems with the spleen or ailments that have reduced the synthesis of leukocytes, with benzene poisoning, after certain medications. Radiation can reduce the number of white blood cells.

Having determined the total number of leukocytes in the blood, they decipher each type separately:

• neutrophils - absorb and dissolve pathogens, the first ones react to the penetration of foreign bodies;
• basophils - fight allergies, activate platelets, promote the dissolution of clots;
• eosinophils - fight allergies;
• monocytes - absorb and digest not only pathogens, but also damaged body cells, relieve inflammation, prepare tissues for regeneration;
• lymphocytes - produce antibodies, are responsible for immune memory, create difficulties in organ transplants or blood transfusions.

By determining the ratio of these leukocytes to each other, the doctor can conclude what kind of pathological process occurs in the body. But for a more accurate diagnosis, additional tests are needed.

Platelets are part of the blood coagulation system. They instantly react to damage to tissues or blood vessels, quickly concentrate near the gap, stick together with each other and the torn tissue, forming a clot and stopping the blood flow. They also secrete various substances that promote rapid healing.

To get a clearer picture, your doctor may order a blood test to measure a blood platelet count (PCT). This value allows you to determine the risk of thrombosis and bleeding in children. PCT is elevated up to two months after the removal of the spleen, as well as in myeloproliferative diseases (diseases that cause increased production of white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells, for example, leukemia).

Low PCT occurs with anemia, diseases of the spleen, with chronic renal failure, cirrhosis. A low PCT can signal diseases that can turn into an acute form of leukemia (myelodysplastic syndrome).

Immediately panic, having received negative results of a general blood test, is not worth it. Also, there is no need to scour the Internet, comparing the data received online, which often show different values ​​​​on different sites. To obtain accurate data, the doctor will prescribe additional examinations that will determine the nature of the pathological processes in the body.

Thrombocrit: what is it, norm and deviations, causes of high and low

Before the advent of analytical hematology systems that produced clinical analysis blood in automatic mode, such an indicator as thrombocrit did not appear at all in the number of laboratory tests. However, earlier platelets, although they were included in the list of parameters of the general blood test (CBC), were counted at the individual request of the attending physician (these cells require special approach: pre-lysis and separate staining method).

Hematological analyzers not only count all blood cells without problems, but also calculate erythrocyte and platelet indices, hematocrit and thrombocrit, thereby freeing doctors laboratory diagnostics from the tedious work associated with mathematical formulas.

Thrombocrit and its norm

Thrombocrit (PCT) is the proportion of whole blood that is taken up by platelets (platelets). Thrombocrit is an analogue of hematocrit (HCT), but if hematocrit can still be somehow, albeit approximately, determined after spontaneous erythrocyte sedimentation, then this number does not work with this parameter. Platelets outside the bloodstream, falling on a surface that is foreign to them (for example, a container in which blood was placed), acquire pseudopodia, significantly (up to 10 times) increase in size (what thrombocrit is there already?), Then stick together and form aggregates. This feature of platelets creates difficulties in their study, as well as in storage for transfusion (they must rotate all the time), so an automatic analyzer in this case is indispensable. Meanwhile, such a parameter as thrombocrit has not yet been widely used.

Thrombocrit as part of a general blood test characterizes the percentage of platelet mass in the volume of whole blood and informs about an unacceptable decrease or increase in platelets in a particular patient. The norm of this indicator in the blood is 0.15 - 0.4 (in different sources: 0.12 -0.36, 0.12 - 0.38, 0.11 - 0.28 ...).

Science does not distinguish between normal values ​​in children and adults, platelet levels increase or decrease in proportion to each other in accordance with age, therefore, one should not expect any special differences in a child. Another thing is the physiological fluctuations in the number of platelets:

• Daily and seasonal fluctuations can change the number of plates by 10% (depression at night and in the spring) - PCT may be below normal or at the lower limit;
• Menstruation in women can lower the rate by 50%, there will be a lower PCT in pregnant women (this is due to natural protection against thrombosis);
• Platelets are also "not indifferent" to physical activity: a change in thrombocrit upwards (perhaps 2 times higher than normal).

However, this parameter in the KLA is by no means studied to reveal its physiological abilities. Perhaps he has another purpose?

Above and below normal

Thrombocrit is determined in order to assess the degree of risk of bleeding and / or thrombosis, and this, as you know, is already a threat to human life and health.

The causes of increased are most often associated with a violation in the hematopoietic system or may be the result of the body's reaction to other pathological processes that lead to stimulation of platelet production and change the indicators of the state of the platelet link. A platelet level above normal (high or somewhat elevated) can be expected in the following pathological conditions:

1. Myeloproliferative diseases (polycythemia, chronic myeloid leukemia);
2. For some period (usually 2 months) after the removal of the spleen;
3. Conditions associated with iron deficiency in the body;
4. viral infections and inflammatory diseases other etiology;
5. Enhanced thyroid function;
6. atherosclerotic process;
7. Diabetes;
8. Bad habit in the form of smoking.

It should be noted that platelet, thrombocrit and thrombus have the same root, I think it is not necessary to explain to the reader what happens if PCT is significantly higher than normal? Thrombosis, heart attack, stroke...

Not less dangerous are the values ​​​​of the indicator below the norm. Severe hematological pathology, which is the main reason for the decrease in the number of platelets, tends to 0 and thrombocrit. The reasons leading to a reduced content of thrombus mass in the blood volume (thrombocytopenia) may be related to:

• With inhibition of the megakaryocytic germ and a decrease in the production of platelets;
• With increased destruction and utilization of platelets.

Thus, thrombocrit can be lowered in many diseases of the blood system, chronic pathological processes. internal organs, as well as the impact of other factors that negatively affect the number and functional abilities of platelets:

1. aplastic anemia;
2. myelodysplastic syndrome;
3. Megaloblastic anemia;
4. collagenoses;
5. Hemoblastoses;
6. Ionizing radiation, chemicals, including some drugs (antibiotics, cytostatics);
7. Tumors of the hematopoietic tissue;
8. viral infections;
9. Intoxication;
10. Cirrhosis of the liver;
11. CRF (chronic renal failure).

Of course, these are not all diseases that are characterized by increased or decreased thrombocrit. But if the reader is interested, then more full information about this indicator and other characteristics of platelets can be found in the sections on the general blood test and platelets separately.

Thrombocrit - PCT decoding in a blood test

By studying the PCT decoding in blood tests, the doctor will be able to accurately diagnose.

In addition to determining the state of the body, the presence of any disease, the PCT norm will help to identify the level of calcium metabolism.

Comparing this indicator with the norm, thyroid cancer is diagnosed.

When is an analysis ordered?

Thrombocrit is the proportion of blood taken up by platelets. This indicator is difficult to determine.

When platelets get from the bloodstream to any surface, for example, into a test tube, pseudopodia begin to form.

As a result, the size of the particles increases, and then they stick together. After that, not only the norm of the PCT indicator is rather difficult to determine, but also the delivery of the biomaterial to the place of study is not possible.

An automatic analyzer is used to determine PCT. The blood taken in it constantly rotates, which prevents the platelets from increasing and sticking together.

The results of the survey contain a transcript.

The doctor may prescribe a PCT test in the following situations:

• in the diagnosis of a septic condition, determining its severity;
• the patient has a suspicion of back infection, which is very difficult;
• the patient has a fever, the etiology of which is not clear;
• to control the implementation of therapeutic measures in a state of shock, sepsis;
• to determine complications of an infectious nature in patients who underwent organ transplants, operations, during intensive care;
• for patients who are on a ventilator;
• the patient suffers from neutropenia or immunosuppression - PCT decoding will make it possible to determine the correct course of therapeutic actions;
• to determine the nature of complications as a result of bacterial, infectious pathology;
• in diseases of pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis, the PCT norm is being studied.

How is the analysis carried out?

To determine the PCT indicator, the doctor will prescribe a general analysis to the patient. This will require venous blood.

Using a special apparatus, the biomaterial will be examined by a laboratory assistant and the PCT norm will be determined.

In order for the results of the analysis to be reliable, for women, men, children, there are certain rules that must be followed.

General analysis is always given on an empty stomach. The best time for the procedure is in the morning. The day before the examination, you should refuse fatty foods, do not eat fried, salty, do not drink alcoholic beverages.

You should also refrain from taking medications. If medications must be taken without fail, it is important to tell the name and dosage to your doctor. It is permissible to drink some water immediately before blood sampling.

Before doing a general analysis to determine PCT for women, you need to take into account the menstrual cycle. There are days on which this survey is most favorable.

To determine this period of time, you should contact your doctor.

Not always the PCT norm and its reference limits in a healthy and sick patient will be very different. You should not independently draw a conclusion if this indicator is lowered or increased.

Deciphering should be carried out by a specialist with extensive experience, because the conclusion about the presence of the disease will depend on the history, urinalysis, tumor markers, and other data.

Thrombocrit exceeds the norm: what does it mean?

Platelets in human blood are plate-shaped. They take an active part in the formation of blood clots. If a vessel is damaged, then blood clots prevent blood loss.

A general analysis will show an increased PCT in patients suffering from blood diseases.

In children, PCT can rise sharply after being treated with certain drugs. At the end of the course of treatment with such drugs, the indicator will return to normal.

When deciphering the examination, the doctor must take into account the intake of medicines.

A malignant tumor can cause an increase in thrombocrit. If the analysis showed an increased PCT, then it is recommended to undergo a second examination.

In this way, a false result can be excluded. If in the second case the indicator is increased, then the doctor will prescribe an ultrasound of the abdominal organs.

The doctor will prescribe treatment based on the results of the analysis and the reasons for the increase in thrombocrit.

In primary thrombocydosis, drugs that thin the blood are most often prescribed.

If the disease is in advanced form, then excess platelets are removed from the blood. For this, a special device is used.

Patients undergoing treatment must strictly follow the diet: fried, fatty foods should be excluded from the menu, alcohol should not be consumed.

Every day you need to eat foods that thin the blood. The patient should drink fluids as much as possible.

Thrombocrit is below normal: what does it mean?

If in deciphering the level of PCT is low, then platelets have decreased either in size or in volume. This disease is called thrombocytopenia.

Its symptoms are increased bleeding, which brings a large number of problems. Only 2 percent of the population has this condition.

Symptoms of this disease can manifest with hematological ailments. Sometimes they appear as independent diseases.

Thrombocrit can be lowered for the following reasons:

• the child at birth has an extremely low weight;
• the patient has isoimmune problems;
• the patient has autoimmune, heteroimmune problems;
• anemia;
• asphyxia;
• hemangioma;
• hemoblastosis.

The PCT indicator can be lowered as a result of diseases of an immunodeficiency nature. Deciphering the indicator in children can show that the PCT level is lowered if the respiratory system diseases were treated with drugs.

With insufficient amounts of folic acid in the body, thrombocytopenia can also develop. Allergic manifestations can also provoke a decrease in PCT.

In women, the level of thrombocrit after pregnancy may be lowered. The reason is the failure of the menstrual cycle, in which menstruation passes very often.

Deciphering thrombocrit

General analysis and its decoding is carried out by a specialist. When analyzing the results, not only his knowledge is important, but also his experience.

Some patients make a mistake: having received a decoded analysis, they compare the result with the norm from the tables.

Many factors can affect platelet concentration. Conclusions should be made only by the attending physician, who has studied the patient's medical history, the severity of the course of the disease, and other circumstances.

If the PCT rate in the blood is less than 0.5 ng / ml, it can be concluded that there is no risk of developing sepsis. The rate of the indicator is from 0.5 to 2 ng / ml - the condition cannot be considered dangerous.

The norm of procalcitonin in the blood exceeds 10 ng / ml - the patient has severe sepsis or shock. This condition can lead to the death of the patient if urgent action is not taken.

General analysis allows you to find out a large number of indicators. Many of them have different norms for children and adults. But the norm of the PCT indicator is the same in children and adults.

Only in newborns does this indicator differ from the level of procalcitonin in women and men. The elevated level persists for several days, after which it decreases, the norm is reached.

Almost all patients who turn to the doctor are prescribed a general analysis. Today, PCT analysis is not common.

It is prescribed only to those patients who have clear signs of an increase or decrease in procalcitonin.

But more and more specialists understand the importance of this indicator in diagnosing many diseases, in clarifying the patient's condition and in the effectiveness of the treatment, in determining the risk of bleeding or thrombosis.

You should not independently establish a diagnosis for yourself according to the numbers that the decoding contains. Only a doctor can correctly draw conclusions about the patient's condition.

General blood analysis

Blood tests

general description

Leukocytes (WBC)

Leukocytes (WBC) are the backbone of the body's antimicrobial defenses. Under normal conditions, there are five types of leukocytes in the peripheral blood: granulocytes (neutrophils), eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

• Infections (bacterial, fungal, viral);
• Inflammatory conditions;
• Malignant neoplasms;
• Crushing of tissues;
• Leukemia;
• Uremia;
• The action of adrenaline and steroid hormones.

A blood test is characterized by a decrease in the number of leukocytes (leukopenia) with:

• Aplasia and hypoplasia of the bone marrow;
• Damage to the bone marrow by chemicals, drugs;
• Irradiation;
• hypersplenism;
• Aleukemic forms of leukemia;
• myelofibrosis;
• myelodysplastic syndrome;
• plasmacytoma;
• Metastases of neoplasms in the bone marrow;
• Addison-Birmer disease;
• sepsis;
• Typhoid and paratyphoid;
• Anaphylactic shock;
• Collagenoses.

Red blood cells (RBC)

Red blood cells (RBCs) are highly specialized cells whose main job is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

• congenital and acquired heart defects, cor pulmonale, emphysema, stay at considerable heights;
• polycystic kidney disease, dropsy of the renal pelvis, hemangioma, hepatoma, pheochromocytoma, corticosteroid effects, Cushing's disease and syndrome;
• dehydration.

A blood test is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells (erythropenia) in the following diseases:

• anemia;
• Acute blood loss;
• In late pregnancy;
• Hyperhydration.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein that binds and transports oxygen. It makes up approximately 98% of the mass of the erythrocyte cytoplasm.

• Primary and secondary erythremia;
• dehydration;
• Treatment with iron preparations.

A blood test is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin with:

Hematocrit (Hct)

Hematocrit (Hct) is the volume fraction of red blood cells in whole blood and depends on their number and volume.

• Erythrocytoses (chronic lung diseases, being at high altitudes, kidney neoplasms, polycystic kidney disease);
• Conditions of a decrease in the volume of circulating plasma (burn disease, peritonitis);
• Dehydration (profuse diarrhea, indomitable vomiting, diabetes, excessive sweating).

A decrease in hematocrit is observed when:

• Anemiah;
• States of increasing the volume of circulating plasma (second half of pregnancy, hyperproteinemia);
• Hyperhydration.

Mean red cell volume (MCV)

Mean red blood cell volume (MCV) is used primarily to characterize types of anemia.

• Microcytic anemia (iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia);
• Anemia accompanied by microcytosis (hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinopathies).

MCV value > 80 fl and< 100фл:

• Normocytic anemia (aplastic, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinopathies, anemia after bleeding);
• Anemia accompanied by normocytosis (regenerative phase of iron deficiency anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes).

MCV value > 100fl.:

• Macrocytic and megaloblastic anemia (deficiency of vitamin B12, folic acid);
• Anemia accompanied by macrocytosis (myelodysplastic syndromes, hemolytic anemia, liver disease).

Mean erythrocyte hemoglobin (MCH)

• Hyperchromic anemia (megaloblastic, accompanying cirrhosis of the liver).

• Hypochromic iron deficiency anemia;
• Anemia in malignant tumors.

Mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

The average concentration of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte (MCHC) characterizes the average concentration of hemoglobin in an individual erythrocyte, determines the saturation of erythrocytes.

• Hyperchromic anemia (spherocytosis, ovalocytosis);
• Hypertensive disorders of the water-electrolyte system.

Downgraded to< 31 г/дл при:

• Hypochromic anemia (iron deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia);
• Hypotonic disorders of the water-electrolyte system.

Platelets (Plt)

Platelets (Plt) are involved in primary hemostasis, play an important role in the inflammatory response, tissue repair, and atherogenesis.

• myeloproliferative disorders (erythremia, myelofibrosis);
• bleeding;
• splenectomy;
• reactive thrombocytosis;
• iron deficiency;
• malignant neoplasms;
• chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis);
• acute hemolysis;
• treatment with corticosteroids;
• physical stress.

A decrease in the number of platelets (thrombocytopenia) is observed when:

• decreased production of platelets;
• increased destruction of platelets;
• hemolytic-uremic syndrome;
• splenomegaly;
• DIC;
• autoimmune diseases;
• neonatal isoimmune thrombocytopenia.

Neutrophils (Neut)

Neutrophils (Neut) are the first line of defense against various invasions, especially bacterial ones.

• Physiological neutrophilia in newborns, during physical exertion, during stress;
• acute infections;
• Intoxications: metabolic (uremia, diabetic acidosis), poisoning (lead, digitalis, insect bites, foreign protein);
• Acute bleeding;
• Malignant non-hematological diseases;
• Chronic myeloneoplastic diseases;
• serum sickness;
• Systemic diseases;
• The action of certain medications: glucocorticosteroids, lithium preparations, androgens;
• Gout.

Downgraded under the following conditions:

Lymphocytes (Lymph) - their main function is to recognize the antigen and participate in an adequate immunological response of the body. Lymphocytosis is defined as a condition in which the absolute lymphocyte count is greater than 4.0×109/L in adults. Relative lymphocytosis is an increased percentage of circulating lymphocytes.

An increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes (more than 2.8 × 109 / l) is noted with:

• reactive lymphocytosis with normal lymphocytes: viral infection (influenza); acute infectious lymphocytosis; whooping cough;
• reactive lymphocytosis with reactive lymphocytes: viral infection (adenovirus); Infectious mononucleosis; acute viral hepatitis; CMV infections;
• hyperplastic diseases of the lymphatic system: chronic lymphatic leukemia; Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.

Absolute lymphopenia (less than 1.5 × 109 / l) is observed with:

• infectious diseases (AIDS, miliary tuberculosis, purulent and septic processes);
• aplastic anemia, chlorosis, hypoplastic anemia);
• systemic lupus erythematosus, splenomegaly, myasthenia gravis;
• under stress;
• diseases or Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome;
• hereditary diseases immune system(Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, combined immunodeficiency, ataxia-telangiectasia);
• lymphosarcoma, lymphogranulomatosis,
• chemotherapy, radiation therapy,
• taking corticosteroids.

Monocytes (Mono)

Monocytes (Mono) remove dying cells, remnants of destroyed cells, denatured protein, bacteria and antigen-antibody complexes from the body, play an important role in the immune response of cells, interacting with lymphocytes.

• Bacterial infections (tuberculosis, syphilis, brucellosis, endocarditis, typhoid and paratyphoid);
• The period of recovery after acute conditions;
• Diseases caused by protozoa;
• Inflammatory reactions;
• Surgical interventions;
• collagenoses;
• Crohn's disease;
• Leukemias: monocytic and myelomonocytic leukemia; preleukemia.

Monocytopenia: less than 0.03×109 /l:

• After treatment with glucocorticosteroids;
• In infections with neutropenia.

Eosinophils (Eo)

Eosinophils (Eo) are cells that phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, mainly represented by immunoglobulin E. The action of eosinophils is actively manifested in sensitized tissues.

Eosinopenia (less than 0.05 × 109 / l) is observed with:

• Exposure to adrenal hormones and ACTH;
• Reactions to various kinds of stress;
• acute infections;
• sepsis;
• Injuries, burns, surgical interventions;
• Physical stress.

Basophils (Baso)

Basophils (Baso) are blood cells produced in the bone marrow. Their main function is in immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions through lymphocytes, in inflammatory, allergic reactions, in the regulation of vascular wall permeability.

• allergic conditions;
• Acute leukemia;
• Chronic myeloproliferative syndromes (chronic myeloid leukemia, myelofibrosis, erythremia);
• Chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract;
• Ulcerative inflammation of the intestine;
• Hypothyroidism;
• estrogen treatment;
• Hodgkin's disease.

Reduction below 0.01×109/L:

• acute infections;
• Acute inflammation of the lungs;
• Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland;
• Stress.

Mean platelet volume (MPV)

Mean platelet volume (MPV) is the average value of measured platelets. As platelets age, their volume decreases.

• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura;
• Macrocytic thrombocytic dystrophy of Bernard-Soulier;
• May-Hegglin anomalies;
• Posthemorrhagic anemia;
• Hyperthyroidism;
• splenectomy;
• Diabetes;
• Thalassemia;
• Systemic lupus erythematosus.

• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome;
• Splenomegaly;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• Megaloblastic anemia;
• aplastic anemia;
• myelodysplastic syndrome;
• Cytostatic and radiation therapy.

Platelet Heterogeneity Index (PDW)

The index of platelet heterogeneity (PDW) is the variance of the distribution of platelets by volume. Platelet anisocytosis > 15% occurs in immune thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathy, hypoplastic conditions, myeloproliferative diseases.

• immune thrombocytopenia;
• Some thrombocytopathy;
• Myeloneoplastic diseases.

• aplastic anemia;
• myelodysplastic syndrome;
• Leukemia;
• Metastases malignant tumors into the bone marrow
• Gaucher storage diseases, Niemann-Pick;
• radiation sickness;
• Treatment with cytostatics;
• immune thrombocytopenia;
• Splenomegaly;
• DIC;
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome;
• Viral infections;
• Septicemia;
• Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver tumors;
• Megaloblastic anemia.

Thrombocrit (Pct)

Thrombocrit (Pct) is an indicator that characterizes the percentage of platelet mass in the blood volume. Used to assess the risk of bleeding and thrombosis.

• Myeloproliferative diseases (essential thrombocythemia, erythremia, chronic myeloid leukemia, sudleukemic myelosis);
• For two months after splenectomy;
• Reactive thrombocytosis (iron deficiency states, infectious diseases, inflammatory processes).

• aplastic anemia;
• myelodysplastic syndrome;
• Myelosuppression during radiation or cytostatic therapy;
• Hemoblastoses;
• Megaloblastic (B12-folate deficiency) anemia;
• Splenomegaly;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• Chronic renal failure.

Leukogram

Leukogram - leukocyte formula - percentage various kinds leukocytes. Count in stained blood smears.

• Acute infectious diseases;
• Acidosis, coma;
• Physical stress.

Shift to the left with rejuvenation (there are metamyelocytes, myelocytes, promyelocytes, myeloblasts and erythroblasts in the blood):

• Chronic leukemia;
• erythroleukemia;
• myelofibrosis;
• Metastases of malignant neoplasms;
• Acute leukemia.

Shift to the right (hyper-segmented granulocytes appear in the blood):

• Megaloblastic anemia;
• Diseases of the kidneys and liver;
• Conditions after blood transfusion.

segmented neutrophils 40-70%,

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is the rate of separation of unclotting blood into two layers: the lower one, consisting of settled erythrocytes, and the upper one, transparent plasma. ESR, as a non-specific indicator of the disease process, is often used to monitor its course.

• Pregnancy, postpartum, menstruation;
• Inflammatory diseases (acute and chronic infections, pneumonia, rheumatism, myocardial infarction, trauma, bone fractures, shock, surgical interventions, collagenosis, Raynaud's disease, poisoning with chemical compounds);
• Anemiah;
• Hyper- and hypofunction of the thyroid gland;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• malignant tumors;
• monoclonal gammopathy;
• Hyperfibrinogenemia;
• hypercholesterolemia;
• Taking certain medications (morphine, dextran, methyldopa, vitamin A).

ESR is slowed down at:

• erythremia;
• Chronic circulatory failure;
• Hypofibrinogenemia.

Norms

Complete blood count: decoding in adults (normal in the table)

Diseases for which a doctor may prescribe a complete blood count

Infective endocarditis

With endocarditis, monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 /l.

myocardial infarction

With myocardial infarction, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is accelerated.

Rheumatoid arthritis

At rheumatoid arthritis anemia, leukocytosis, an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate are noted (the degree of its increase correlates with the degree of intensity of the inflammatory process).

Chicken pox

With chickenpox, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

B12 deficiency anemia

With B12-deficiency anemia, the average content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MSH) is increased; thrombocrit (Pct) is lowered; mean cell volume (MCV) > 100 fl. In severe anemia due to deficiency of vitamin B12, folic acid, the number of neutrophils is reduced (Neut).

Iron deficiency anemia, chronic

With hypochromic iron deficiency anemia, the average content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCH) is increased; the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte is lowered to the level< 31 г/дл. При анемии тяжелой степени вследствие дефицита железа понижено количество нейтрофилов (Neut). При микроцитарной железодефицитной анемии средний объем эритроцитов (MCV) < 80 фл. При регенераторная фазе железодефицитной анемии, сопровождающейся нормоцитозом, средний объем эритроцитов (MCV) >80 fl and< 100 фл.

Acute leukemia

With leukemia, there is an increase in the number of leukocytes (WBC) (leukocytosis). In acute leukemia, eosinophilia (Eo) is noted (more than 0.4 × 109 / l in adults); an increase in basophils (Baso) over 0.3×109/l; decrease in thrombocrit (Pct).

Diabetes mellitus (1 and 2 types)

In diabetes, the mean platelet volume (MPV) is elevated.

hyperthyroidism

In hyperthyroidism, mean platelet volume (MPV) is elevated.

Pheochromocytoma

In pheochromocytoma, there is an increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis).

chronic leukemia

With leukemia, there is an increase in the number of leukocytes (WBC) (leukocytosis). In chronic leukemia, thrombocrit (Pct) is lowered.

Bronchial asthma

At bronchial asthma eosinophilia (Eo) is noted (more than 0.4 × 109 / l in adults).

Crohn's disease

In Crohn's disease, monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 /l.

Lymphogranulomatosis

With lymphogranulomatosis, absolute lymphopenia (Lymph) is noted (less than 1.5 × 109 / l); an increase in basophils (Baso) over 0.3 × 109 / l.

erythremia

With erythremia, an increase in hemoglobin (Hb) is observed; an increase in the number of platelets (Plt) (thrombocytosis); an increase in basophils (Baso) over 0.3×109/l; increased thrombocrit (Pct); slowing down the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

Duodenal ulcer

With ulcerative inflammation of the intestine, an increase in basophils (Baso) over 0.3 × 109 / l is noted.

erythema nodosum

With erythema, eosinophilia (Eo) is noted (more than 0.4 × 109 / l in adults).

Peritonitis

With peritonitis, an increase in hematocrit (Hct) is observed.

nephrotic syndrome

In nephrotic syndrome, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is accelerated.

Flu

In influenza, the number of neutrophils is reduced (Neut). With influenza, there is an increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes (Lymph) (more than 2.8 × 109 /l).

Acute pyelonephritis

Marked leukocytosis, shift leukocyte formula blood to the left (the number of stab neutrophils is 20% or more).

Raynaud's disease

In Raynaud's disease, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is accelerated.

Diphtheria

With diphtheria, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

Hypocorticism

In Addison-Birmer disease, there is a decrease in the number of leukocytes (WBC) (leukopenia).

Pulmonary tuberculosis (miliary)

In tuberculosis, the number of platelets (Plt) (thrombocytosis) is increased, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) (more than 35%) is noted, monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 /l. With miliary tuberculosis, absolute lymphopenia (Lymph) is noted (less than 1.5 × 109 / l).

Polycystic kidney disease

With polycystic kidney disease, there is an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBC) (erythrocytosis), an increase in hematocrit (Hct).

Cushing's syndrome

In Cushing's syndrome, there is an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBC) (erythrocytosis); absolute lymphopenia (Lymph) (less than 1.5 × 109 / l).

Hemolytic anemia

In hemolytic anemia accompanied by microcytosis, the mean volume of erythrocytes (MCV)< 80 фл. При нормоцитарной гемолитической анемии средний объем эритроцитов (MCV) >80 fl and< 100 фл. При гемолитической анемии, сопровождающейся макроцитозом, значение MCV >100 vials

With measles, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

Rubella

With rubella, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

Scarlet fever

With scarlet fever, eosinophilia (Eo) is noted (more than 0.4 × 109 / l in adults).

Parotitis

With mumps, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

Infectious mononucleosis

In infectious mononucleosis, there is an increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes (Lymph) (more than 2.8 × 109 /l).

Whooping cough

With whooping cough, there is an increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes (Lymph) (more than 2.8 × 109 / l).

Syphilis

With syphilis, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) (more than 35%) is noted, monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 /l.

Chronic renal failure

In chronic renal failure, thrombocrit (Pct) is lowered.

chronic hepatitis

In chronic hepatitis, the platelet heterogeneity index (PDW) is lowered.

Cirrhosis of the liver

With cirrhosis of the liver, the number of platelets (Plt) is increased (thrombocytosis); mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet heterogeneity index (PDW), thrombocrit (Pct) are lowered.

Eczema

With eczema, eosinophilia (Eo) is noted (more than 0.4 × 109 / l in adults).

Pulmonary tuberculosis (focal and infiltrative)

In tuberculosis, the number of platelets (Plt) (thrombocytosis) is increased, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) (more than 35%) is noted, monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 /l.

Brucellosis

With brucellosis, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%), monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 /l.

Cytomegalovirus infection

With CMV infection, there is an increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes (Lymph) (more than 2.8 × 109 /l).

Toxoplasmosis

With toxoplasmosis, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

Typhoid and paratyphoid

In typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, there is a decrease in the number of leukocytes (WBC) (leukopenia), neutrophils (Neut), monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 /l.

Typhus

In typhus, the number of neutrophils is reduced (Neut).

Tularemia

In tularemia, the number of neutrophils is reduced (Neut).

Typhoid fever

In typhoid fever, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

Malaria

In malaria, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

With AIDS, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced, absolute lymphopenia (Lymph) is noted (less than 1.5 × 109 / l).

Goodpasture's syndrome

Iron deficiency hypochromic anemia, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, leukocytosis with a shift to the left, a pronounced acceleration of ESR are noted.

Bechterew's disease

Anemia, leukocytosis, ESR acceleration up to 40 mm/hour are noted in Bechterew's disease.

Sjögren's syndrome

Anemia, leukopenia, accelerated ESR are noted.

Systemic lupus erythematosus

With systemic lupus erythematosus, anemia, leukopenia (less than 4 109 / l), thrombocytopenia (less than 100 109 / l), accelerated ESR are noted.

scleroderma

Anemia, ESR acceleration more than 20 mm/h are noted.

Mixed connective tissue disease

Moderate hypochromic anemia, leukopenia, accelerated ESR are noted.

Autoimmune chronic gastritis

For autoimmune chronic gastritis characterized by a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, platelets, leukocytes, an increase in the numbers of the color index.

Primary biliary cirrhosis of the liver

Primary biliary cirrhosis is characterized by accelerated ESR, thrombocytopenia.

Nodular periarteritis

Characterized by anemia, accelerated ESR, neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left, hyperthrombocytosis.

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Thrombocrit became known to doctors after the introduction of imported laboratory analyzers into practice. It is not possible to determine the indicator manually. It should not be confused with the long-known hematocrit. They reflect different components of the blood. If hematocrit (ht) is used to judge the mass of red blood cells and its changes in relation to the liquid part, then thrombocrit indicates the proportion of platelets, the smallest formed elements.

In connection with the use in the equipment of decoding analyzes using terms in English language doctors had to get used to unusual abbreviations, norms. Thrombocrit is referred to as platelet crit (PCT or pct). The parameter has not yet received due practical use.

Why do I need a thrombocrit analysis?

The purpose of determining thrombocrit:

• determine the patient's tendency to bleeding or increased thrombosis;
• use in assessing the risk of complications for the choice of preventive treatment.

The doctor needs to take into account the platelet count when examining the patient's blood clotting. Usually, platelets are not included in the total number of indicators, and the analysis is carried out at the special request of doctors.

This is due to the difficulties in technology: preliminary lysis, peculiarities of coloring and "behavior" of cells. The fact is that platelets have the ability to grow in size by almost 10 times during the transition to a “foreign” space due to the formation of false legs (pseudopodia). After that, they stick together into small particles - aggregates.

Such changes create difficulties not only in the study, but also in the storage of platelet mass for the needs of blood transfusion.

Automatic analyzers do not have such difficulties, indicators and coefficients are calculated

This means that it is easy to determine the proportion of platelets and obtain objective information about a decrease or increase in their level in a patient.

The indicator correlates with the average volume of measured platelets (MPV): the higher the MPV, the greater the PCT, respectively, both values ​​will be reduced.

What is considered normal?

According to various sources, the lower limit of 0.11–0.15% is taken as the norm, and 0.28–0.40 is taken as the upper limit. Over the years, human platelets do not change, so the norms for children and adults are the same.

Physiological fluctuations are observed depending on the time of day and seasonality. In spring, thrombocrit can be 10% lower. A similar decrease is observed at night.

In women, the indicator is lowered with heavy menstruation, as well as during pregnancy. This mechanism protects the body from possible thrombosis.

Thrombocrit is increased during exercise, PCT is observed in athletes almost 2 times higher than normal.

With the addition of "relative width of distribution of cells depending on the volume", these three indicators form a group of platelet indices

When does thrombocrit rise?

The reasons for the increase in thrombocrit are associated with stimulation of the platelet germ of hematopoiesis, the body's response to pathology. The most common elevated PCT is found when:

• blood diseases associated with irritation of the myeloid germ (chronic myeloid leukemia, essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia, thrombocytopenic purpura);
• after splenectomy (removal of the spleen), the increase lasts up to two months;
• iron deficiency anemia;
• inflammatory diseases of various etiologies (including bacteria, fungal infections);
• tuberculosis;
• viral attack (influenza, measles, chicken pox The child has);
• hyperthyroidism;
• diabetes mellitus;
• ulcerative colitis;
• widespread atherosclerosis of vessels;
• osteomyelitis;
• fractures of tubular bones;
• rheumatic attack;
• large-scale operation;
• nicotine intoxication in smokers;
• any tissue necrosis (acute pancreatitis).

Blood loss causes a decrease in the level of red blood cells and platelets, followed by increased cell reproduction during the rehabilitation period

If an increase in the indicator is detected, the patient is included in the risk group for the likely development of:

• acute thrombosis of coronary vessels with outcome in myocardial infarction;
• violations of the blood supply to the brain (thrombotic stroke).

The possibilities of increased thrombus formation are taken into account during inpatient treatment, upcoming surgery, and prolonged bed rest.

Why does thrombocrit decrease?

Low rate points to:

• inhibition of platelet synthesis by action on progenitor cells (megakaryoblasts);
• increased destruction.

The most common reasons are:

• anemia (aplastic and megaloblastic);
• myelodysplastic syndrome;
• nutritional deficiency of folic acid, if its content is below the normal requirement is maintained for a month or more;
• systemic lupus erythematosus and other collagenoses;
• allergic diseases;
• blood tumors (leukemia, hemoblastosis);
• consequences of a course of chemotherapy;
• exposure to penetrating radiation;
• intoxication with toxic substances;
• the negative effect of drugs (cytostatics, antibiotics, diuretics, corticosteroids);
• viral infectious diseases;
• chronic liver and kidney failure.

A dangerous consequence in the prognosis for the patient's life is a tendency to bleeding. Any minor injury can be accompanied by a large blood loss. A severe manifestation is hemorrhage in the brain and other organs.

Clinical manifestations of altered thrombocrit

The attending physician necessarily prescribes a blood test for thrombocrit in case of suspicion of the listed diseases. It is necessary to take into account the symptoms associated with changes in the content of platelets.

A person has:

• general weakness;
• regular headaches;
• blue fingers and toes;
• bruises form on the body;
• soreness in the fingertips;
• impaired vision;
• skin itching;
• nosebleeds;
• admixture of blood in urine and feces;
• Women have heavy periods.

Bruises appear without injury and cause bewilderment of the patient

What additional testing is needed?

For diagnostic purposes, it is important to find out the cause of the altered thrombocrit. For this, only a general blood test is not enough.

Checked:

• clotting factors;
• bleeding time;
• prothrombin index and fibrinogen;
• protein composition;
• liver tests;
• blood sugar;
• iron;
• residual nitrogen and creatinine;
• general urine analysis;
• if necessary, hormonal composition.

The patient is assigned hardware studies of internal organs with the help of: ultrasound, radiography. To check the patency of the vessels, a Doppler examination is used, with certain symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is indicated.

If a blood disease is suspected, a bone marrow puncture is made and the correctness of the hematopoiesis process is checked.

Preventive measures in case of deviation of the indicator from the norm

With increased thrombocrit, the doctor prescribes anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. They are necessary to prevent vascular thrombosis. The dosage and duration of the course is determined by the attending physician. You can not stop taking it or increase the dose on your own.

With a doctor, you should reconsider the feasibility of hormonal contraceptives, the need for diuretics (diuretics).

• stop smoking;
• stop taking alcoholic beverages;
• drink at least 2 liters of clean filtered water per day;
• include in the daily diet: garlic, onions, fish, tomatoes, lemons, linseed vegetable oil, berries and fruits, beef, liver, buckwheat, seafood, dairy products.

If thrombocrit is below normal, the diet should include:

• more fruits and vegetables;
• necessarily daily dishes of meat or fish;
• fresh berry juices with cranberries, sea buckthorn, viburnum.

• refrain from physical activity;
• avoid minor injuries if possible;
• refuse vaccinations;
• organize sufficient rest and sleep.

The specific need for treatment can be determined by the doctor. If you find these symptoms in yourself, you should not self-medicate. advertised folk remedies won't help, but can hurt. The patient, having spent precious time searching for the “best” type of treatment, loses the opportunity to use the minimum doses of the necessary drugs, and worsens the prognosis of recovery.

The PCT value in a blood test allows you to determine the quantitative content of platelets. The purpose of a blood cell count is to establish thrombocytopenia, which can be hypoproliferative or hyperdestructive. Platelet indices are a simple diagnostic tool made available by automated cell counts.

Thrombocrit refers to the percentage of platelets in a blood volume. Deviation from the norm is a prerequisite for further research. It is important to compare the obtained value with the number of platelets responsible for the clotting index in the general blood test.

The level decreases against the background of B12 deficiency, folic acid, as well as hematopoietic disorders (Fanconi and aplastic anemia), viral infections, leukemia and granulomatosis after taking corticosteroids and cytostatics. An increase is observed with immune thrombocytopenic purpura, but more often with diseases of cardio-vascular system. Inflammatory processes and infections, tuberculosis, tumors, blood loss, ulcers and necrosis, anemia and diabetes mellitus, and surgical interventions can change the indicator upwards. Platelets are important for wound healing because they help:

• stop bleeding;
• stimulate tissue regeneration.

Platelet indices are useful markers for the early diagnosis of thromboembolic diseases. Thrombocrit is considered in conjunction with the other two indicators - the average volume and distribution range of platelets. Their values ​​make it possible to identify the causes of thrombocytopenia, as well as to determine immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

The range of distribution of platelets increases due to their activation with an increase in cells in volume, the formation of pseudopodia. An increase in the average value is associated with the following conditions:

• inflammatory processes in the intestines;
• immune thrombocytopenic purpura;
• myeloproliferative diseases;
• preeclampsia and recovery from hypoplasia.

A decrease in the level of platelets occurs against the background of bleeding.

Deciphering the analysis

Thrombocrit normally ranges from 0.2 to 0.36%, but is not treated alone.

It is necessary to focus on the indicators of platelet indices presented in the table:

A blood test with PCT decoding is useful for confirming some diseases:

• suspicion of sepsis and determination of its danger;
• heavy bacterial infections and their complications
• unknown fevers;
• suspected meningitis, peritonitis and pneumonia.

The indicator helps to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy in shock conditions, sepsis, immunosuppression and neutropenia, after organ transplantation and removal of the spleen, while on a ventilator.

Factors affecting the indicator

Thrombocrit, by analogy with hematocrit, determines the mass of settled cells. platelets during external environment undergo changes: form pseudopodia, increase in size, stick together or undergo aggregation, and therefore it is difficult to count them. After the development of automatic blood analyzers, this became much easier to do, which is why thrombocrit appeared in the list of research results. The number of platelets is counted only at the direction of the doctor, since the process requires the use of special conditions and reagents.

A false decrease in thrombocrit may be due to the following factors:

1. Partial clotting of a blood sample with platelet activation and aggregation during injections.
2. Platelet aggregation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a stabilizer.
3. Platelet satelliteism, or their adherence to neutrophils when using various anticoagulants for analysis, which is associated with the production of IgG or IgM antibodies.
4. Detection of giant cells that cannot be identified by automatic counters.

A false level increase occurs against the background of the following conditions:

1. Fragmentation of erythrocytes, when small cells or their fragments were counted as platelets.
2. Cryoglobulinemia (detection of serum immunoglobulins) is associated with pseudothrombocytosis and pseudoleukocytosis.

Low and high performance confirmed by repeated blood tests.

Differences in the level of thrombocrit for children and adults are not clinically determined. All platelet indices usually change proportionally with age, and PCT is determined by multiplying the mean platelet volume (MPV) by the number of cells.

It is necessary to pay attention to fluctuations in the number of platelets, which can be physiological and pathological. The following factors influence the indicator:

1. In the spring and during depression, as well as at night, the level of platelets and thrombocrit decreases by 10% compared to normal.
2. During menstrual bleeding and pregnancy, the norm in women decreases by 50%.
3. Thrombocrit doubles after exercise.

Causes of deviation from the norm

The thrombocrit index determines the risk of bleeding and thrombosis - conditions that threaten a person's life. The ratio of blood cells reveals hematopoietic disorders or hidden pathologies that cause the body to produce more platelets.

An elevated thrombocrit level is characteristic of the following pathologies:

• hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus;
• atherosclerosis, heart attacks and strokes;
• iron deficiency anemia (a common cause in a child);
• viral and inflammatory processes;
• myeloproliferative diseases.

Smoking also increases the PCT score.

A sharp decrease in thrombocrit means a severe hematological condition - thrombocytopenia, which is associated with two pathologies:

• damage to the megakaryocytic germ, leading to reduced production of blood cells;
• accelerated destruction and utilization of platelets.

The cause of low thrombocrit is blood diseases, chronic pathologies of internal organs and conditions that affect cellular functions. Low thrombocrit indicates or confirms the following ailments:

• megaloblastic and aplastic anemias;
• viral infections;
• cirrhosis of the liver and renal failure;
• intoxication;
• tumors of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues;
• autoimmune lesions of connective tissues.

Under the influence of radiation, chemotherapy and prolonged use of antibiotics, the PCT value also changes.